Protein Content Of Fruits Research Articles

Influence of Foliar Application of Panchagavya and Fish Extracts and Application of Organic Substances on Yield and Quality of Ash Gourd under Organic Farming

Recently, farmers are shifting to organic farming and are interested in the adoption of various plant and animal waste as nutrient sources in organic agriculture to supply the nutrients for getting the expected yield. Currently, farmers believe that the application of panchagavya and fish extracts play a major role in enhancing the biological efficiency of crop plants. Hence, a field study was conducted to assess the effect of foliar application of panchagavya, fish extracts and organic substances on yield and quality of ash gourd under organic farming during Kharif, 2020 at Murungai village in Tiruchirappalli district of Tamil Nadu. The results of the study indicated that foliar application of Panchgavya @ 3%, and fish extracts @ 0.5% along with soil application of FYM @25 t/ha, Groundnut cake @ 100 kg/ha and Neem cake @ 200kg/ha recorded significantly higher fruit yield (25.55 t/ha) compared to other treatments. Further, nutrient contents of ash gourd were studied under various foliar applications of organics and the fruit pulp was used for analysis. The quality parameters viz., protein content of fruit (0.54 g/100 g), Fat (0.13 g/100 g), carbohydrate (2.44 g/100 g), Fibre (1.14g/100 g), Zinc (0.14mg/100 g), Iron (0.44 mg/100 g) recorded were significantly higher with the application of Panchagavya, fish extract and oil cake application. Therefore, it is found that foliar application of Panchgavya @ 3%, and Fish extracts @ 0.5% along with FYM (25 t/ha), Groundnut cake (100 kg/ha) and Neem cake (200 kg/ha) could be used for getting more yield under organic farming system.

Adverse Effects of Long-Term Continuous Girdling of Jujube Tree on the Quality of Jujube Fruit and Tree Health

In order to improve fruit yield, girdling technology is widely used in fruit production. However, in the practice of Hui jujube planting in Southern Xinjiang, it was found that the jujube fruit quality declined and the health problems and death rate of jujube trees increased after jujube trees have been girdled continuously for many years, which seriously affected the economic benefits of jujube planting. So, this study was carried out to explore the specific influence law of continuously jujube-tree girdling for many years on the main nutrients (soluble solid, protein, total acid, vitamin C, total sugar, fat and so on), physical quality attributes (single-fruit weight, hardness and geometric-mean diameter) of jujube fruit and tree health. Through the detection of the nutrients of jujube fruit, it was found that the long-term girdling of jujube trees significantly reduced the main nutrients of jujube fruit. The total sugar and reducing sugar content of jujube-fruit samples from the trees without girdling were 134.23% and 109.62% of the corresponding indexes of jujube-fruit samples from girdled ones, respectively; furthermore, the sugar–acid ratio of jujube samples from the girdled trees was 149.95, while the sugar–acid ratio of fruit from non-girdled trees reached 183.78. Moreover, the protein content of fruit from non-girdled trees was 5.91% higher than that of fruit from girdled ones. In addition, the single-fruit weight, hardness and geometric-average diameter of jujube from non-girdled jujube trees were 20.25%, 13.31% and 20.21% higher than those of jujube from girdled ones, respectively. Moreover, microstructural analysis of the callus and the newly formed phloem showed that the adverse effects of girdling on the phloem function were persistent and permanent. It was also found that jujube-tree girdling can also cause damage, to a certain extent, to the xylem around the girdling wound. The above research results further explained the internal cause of jujube-tree death caused by long-term continuously jujube-tree girdling. The results of this study can provide some scientific basis for the effective application of fruit-tree-girdling technology in fruit production.

The Protein Paradox: Elucidating the Complex Nutritional Ecology of the Invasive Berry Pest, Spotted-Wing Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophila suzukii).

Spotted-wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii, has become one of the most widely studied insect species over the last decade, largely due to its recent invasion and rapid expansion across the Americas and Europe. Unlike other drosophilid species, which colonize rotting fruit, SWD females possess a serrated ovipositor that allows them to lay eggs in intact ripening fruit, causing significant economic problems for fruit/berry producers worldwide. Though an impressive amount of research has been conducted on SWD's ecology and physiology, aspects of their nutritional ecology remain ambiguous. This review synthesizes the research to date to provide a more comprehensive view of SWD's nutritional relationship with its fruit hosts and associated microbes. Overall, data suggest that SWD's ability to utilize novel resources is likely due to changes in their ecological, rather than physiological, niche that are largely mediated by microbial associations. Studies show that SWD's nutrient intake is comparable to other drosophilid species, indicating limited adaptation to feeding on lower-protein resources. Instead, data show that fruit protein content is a reliable predictor of host suitability and that fruit-microbe dynamics have a strong impact on protein availability. In particularly, fruit protein increases after infestation with SWD-associated microbes, suggesting that initially-suboptimal intact fruits can become protein-rich on a timeframe that is relevant for larval nutrition. This body of work suggests that microbial associations between flies and their fruit hosts can compensate for the nutritional differences between intact and rotting fruit, and that these relationships are likely responsible for SWD's expanded nutritional niche.

Size variation in wild Bactrocera tryoni (Diptera: Tephritidae): only a small amount is related to the host fruit

AbstractBody size is an indicator of fitness in fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), with larger males and females having increased mating success and egg production, respectively. Based on laboratory studies, the larval diet and its nutritional composition are considered the most important factors influencing juvenile growth and subsequent adult body size. However, a very limited literature is less clear on the importance of larval diet as an adult size modifier of wild fruit flies. Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) is a polyphagous species with larvae feeding within the fruit of over 200 plant species. To test the impact of larval host on adult size in wild individuals of this species, we collected naturally infested fruit from the field and then reared out adults in the laboratory. The wing length and dry body weight of emergent flies were measured. Linear mixed models were used to analyse the difference in size depending on fruit type, larval density, sex and their interactions. Separate measurements of body size, wing length and dry body weight were significantly influenced by the larval host fruit collected from the field. However, only 7% and 24% of the variation of the wing discal–medial cell length and dry body weight, respectively, could be explained by larval host fruit type with high individual body size variation both within and between host fruit types. Fruit protein content was positively correlated, and water content negatively correlated, to wing discal–medial cell length. Unexpectedly, the parameters of wing length and dry body weight were only weakly correlated with each other. The results support the large body of laboratory‐based fruit fly diet work, which identifies protein as a key component of the larval diet, but do not support a general assumption that larval host is the key driver of adult body size variation in wild frugivorous tephritids. Rather, and in agreement with a small number of laboratory‐based trials, the importance of larval diet to adult fitness appears to become less important as the larval feeding environment becomes more complex.

Nematode Extract and Acaciasides Use as Preventive Biomedicines Against Plant Diseases: Improved Earth-Environmental-Health-Research Science-TechnologyCommunication and May be Controlled 21st-Century Pandemic Diseases!

Traditional chemical control using chemical pesticides available for the last few decades is in a declining status internationally. Thus, there remains a need for developing effective biomedicines which would be cheap, non-phytotoxic, and non-pollutant. Animal-biomedicine, Nematode extract (NE) of the females of Meloidogyne incognita @ 0.14 mg/ plant- and plant-biomedicines, acaciasides (A and B; two triterpenoid saponins) isolated from the funicles of Acacia auriculiformis @ 20 mg/plant, applied by foliar spray on okra plants (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Cv. Ankur-40) reduced M. incognita and yellow vein mosaic virus (YVMV) infection of the host plants and enhanced their growth. Treatment with NE followed by the application of acaciasides gave better control of root-knot and YVMV diseases and promoted higher growth of plants. The protein content of fruits has also been increased in both cases. Using double the dose of acaciasides alone, by foliar spray and soil drench gave no better results with respect to the control of nematodes and viral diseases and growth of the test plants. An analysis of protein, by electrophoresis and densitometer scanning of the test plants, showed that treatment with both the extracts resulted in the increased number of proteins in the roots. This indicates that both the extracts can induce the expression of some new pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, which might have inhibited nematodes and YVMV infection like plant diseases. So, Nematode extract and acaciasides use as preventive potential biomedicines against plant diseases by improving agriculture, crop production, toxic-free earth-environmental-health and research, science-technology, and communication, and may be controlled 21st-century pandemic diseases by increasing natural immunity. And in the future synthetic production of biomedicine-NE will be cost-effective, easily maintainable supply-chains, accurate information, plans for ensuring sustainable developments, continuous supply of essential medicines by improving the biomedicines for the benefit of public health with the development of earth-environmental-health and research.

ACACIA AURICULIFORMIS-EXTRACT SYNTHESIS PR-PROTEINS DEVELOPED POTENTIAL BIOMEDICINES-VACCINE AGAINST OKRA-DISEASES AND COVID-19: IMPROVED SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS BIO-ECONOMY APPLICATIONS

The pandemic COVID19, effects on global health, educations, clinical research, human civilization, and the economy. So, it has been an urgency to develop proper vaccines against coronavirus. India emphasis on the most nutritious economically-important number-one-consumption-vegetable, okra, used in many human diseases, is naturally infected by different pathogens and significantly reduces production. Though pesticides are the most effective means of control, but they are expensive and toxic to the environment. So, it will require new and more efficient solutions, technologies, products, and methods. Present pre- and post-treatment with biomedicines; Acacia auriculiformis-extract, prepared from the funicles of Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn., dissolved in sterile tap water at 1mg/10ml, were applied by foliar spray once daily for 15 days @ 10 ml/plant, against Root-Knot (RK), Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus (YVMV) and Okra Enation Leaf Curl Virus (OELCV) diseases of okra, (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) cv.Ankur-40. The soluble root-proteins were separated by using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and were scanned with a recording densitometer electrophoretic scanner, measuring the molecular weight of proteins. Pre- and post-treatment with high-diluted-biomedicines; Acacia auriculiformis extract, were highly effective in reducing different okra-diseases by synthesis of new pathogenesis-related-protein (PR-proteins), inducing their natural defense-response against pathogens-infection and enhanced their growth as well as protein content of fruits and roots. The high-diluted-biomedicines; Acacia auriculiformis extract, not only used as a potential-biomedical-drugs or vaccine against various plant-diseases, by synthesis of new PR-proteins, increasing natural-defense-response, but also, it may help for the preparation of a vaccine against COVID-19, by increasing immunity and enriching science and technology communications applications, cost-effectiveness and biodiversity conservations as well as bio-economy-applications issues, reviving human civilizations in the old form. And in near future okra may itself be a ‘Potential Biomedicine as well as Vaccine’ and world will return in normal form by defeating COVID-19.

English

The aim of the experiment was to assess the effect of bio-stimulants of different composition (Asahi SL - based on three nitrophenol compounds, naturally occurring in plants, as active ingredients; Optisil – mineral growth stimulant containing 24 g L-1 of Fe and 200 g L-1 of SiO2; Kelpak SL – manufactured from Ecklonia maxima and containing auxins and cytokinins) on the content of macronutrients and micronutrients in cucumber fruits (Cucumis sativus L.) and on the fruit yield of the Akord F1 variety. With three replications, the field experiment was conducted in a completely randomised design on a private farm in Wolka LeA›na in Poland (N 52°11’59”, E 22°24’30”). The experiment was carried out in three growing seasons between 2015 and 2017. Three types of growth regulators and a cucumber variety were used as experimental factors. During the experiment, it was found that in response to bio-stimulants, fruit protein content and the yield significantly increased relative to control. The highest yield was noted after application of the bio-stimulant containing Fe and SiO2. Additionally, the above products applied to cucumber plants significantly increased magnesium content in the fruits but decreased the amount of sodium. Similarly, higher amounts of iron, manganese, and boron in relation to control were recorded, and in the case of Optysil the content of Zn and Co also increased. Key words: Cucumis sativus L., growth stimulators, macronutrients, micronutrients, protein.

DAMPAK KUALITAS AIR TANAH TERHADAP KUALITAS TANAMAN TOMAT CHERRY (Solanum L. var Cerasiforme)

<h1>Irrigation is important for plants so that if irrigation water needs are not met it can affect plant growth and development, irrigation water used in this study is ground water. Substitution of fertilizers using nutrient solutions becomes a solution so that the nutrient requirements in hydroponic cultivation are met. Mixing water and nutrients along with irrigation is known as fertigation. Fertigation using autopot that is self watering fertigation can make efficient use of water because it does not require electricity and pumps but gives good results. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of groundwater quality impacts on the quality of cherry tomato plants. The research method used is descriptive method. The quality parameters of cherry tomatoes used in this study are total dissolved solids, hardness, vitamin C, water content, fat content, protein content, carbohydrate content and ash content. The results of research on ground water quality indicate that the quality of ground water used has good quality. The results showed the quality of cherry tomatoes with the value of each parameter that is the total value of dissolved solids of fruit (ºbrix) 10; the value of fruit hardness (gForce) 2618.95 and; levels of vitamin C (mg / 100g) fruit 25.16; fruit ash content (%) 1.00; fruit protein content (%) 2.18; fruit fat content (%) 0.26; carbohydrate content of fruit (%) 6.01 and; fruit moisture content (%) 90.55. The results of groundwater quality and cherry tomato quality indicate that ground water affects the quality results of cherry tomato plants..</h1>

Identification of suitable media based on hydroponic culture for production Zucchini squash

An experiment was conducted to identify the hydroponic culture based suitable media for the production of Zucchini Squash in the Biochemistry Laboratory, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali, Bangladesh during 2014. Zucchini plant (Cucurbita pepo L.) were grown in closed soilless systems to determine the effect of four different hydroponics media on plant growth, yield and nutrient contents (fruit moisture content, ascorbic acid content on fruit, fruit protein content, protein content in leaves). Three types of substrates (coconut husk, jute, cotton) along with Hoagland solution were used in this experiment. Result revealed that media using Jute fiber showed significant effect on plant growth and nutritional values than the other media (media of cotton with Hoagland solution, coconut husk with Hoagland solution and only Hoagland solution). The plant grown using jute media showed the highest plant height (60.33 cm), number of leaves (17.33), yield (1.5 kg plant-1), fruit moisture content (97.33%), Ascorbic acid content in fruit (28.73 mg 100g-1), protein percentage in fruit (1.406%) and percentage (1.326%) in leaves than the other media. Therefore, with the controlled nutrient supply, less expense, less labor, no use of pesticides or fertilizer with controlled environment the use of jute fiber as a substrate with Hoagland solution can be an effective one.Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 6 (2): 1-4, December, 2016

New Strategy for Managing Damping-off and Root Rot Disease of Cucumber Caused by Rhizoctonia solani by Seed Soaking in Formula of Antioxidant with Micronutrients

of R. solani can be remain viable in soil for several years as important source of primary infection, In our laboratory trails, The soaking of R. solani sclerotia in Potassium tartarate as antioxidant and a mixture of micronutrients for 48 h showed a great reduction in colony diameter reach to 52% with complete inhibition of sclerotia formation after 24 d of incubation. For more investigation, the treated sclerotia examined under SEM which showed germ hyphae alterations, includes, changes in measurements of hyphae, increased branches, reduce length of branches, retardation of the plasmolemma and collapse of cytoplasm. By application of this formula in greenhouse, the seedling stands up increased by 46.4% on day 6 and 60.9% respectively on day 14 over check ones. In addition to seedlings protection, treatments also improve plant height, fresh weight of shoot and root with clear increase in total phenol contents. In field experiment highest fruit production as well as increase in nitrogen, phosphor, potassium and protein content of fruits. This information sheds new light on environmental factors that influence plant-pathogen interactions, and may be applied to develop a management strategy for R. solani control based on host nutrition.

Influence of cultivar and fruit ripening on olive (Olea europaea) fruit protein content, composition, and antioxidant activity.

Proteins of olive fruit mesocarp are not very well-known at present. However, they have been shown to pass, at least partially, to the olive oil during its elaboration and therefore might be contributing to some of the special characteristics of this vegetable oil. In this study, protein content and composition were determined in olive fruits, cv. Arbequina and Picual, at three stages of ripening: green, spotted, and purple. Mesocarp proteins constituted 1.3-1.8% of the dry weight of the olive fruit, and cultivar and fruit ripening did not produce important changes in mesocarp protein content or composition. In addition, this composition was also similar to the amino acid composition of a 4.6-kDa polypeptide, which is the major protein component of olive oils and of oil bodies of olive fruit mesocarp, suggesting that this polypeptide is likely to be a major component of mesocarp proteins. There was, also, a relationship between the oil content of the olive fruit and the protein content determined, suggesting a stabilizing function of these proteins in the oil bodies of the olive fruit, analogously to the role suggested for oleosins. This stabilizing function does not seem to be extended to olive oils because when the polypeptides isolated were added at 20 ppm to soybean oil, the stability of the oil increased only slightly, suggesting that if these compounds play some role in the stability of the oils, this should be mostly a consequence of the possible interactions among these protein components and other olive oil antioxidant constituents.

Protein Requirements of a Specialized Frugivore, Pesquet's Parrot (Psittrichas fulgidus)

Abstract For those few bird species that are exclusively frugivorous, the low protein content of fruits is likely a major nutritional constraint. Physiological mechanisms that allow strict frugivory remain enigmatic, but reduced protein requirements may suffice. We investigated protein requirements of Pesquet's Parrot (Psittrichas fulgidus), a highly specialized, obligate frugivore. Three isocaloric, fruit-based diets of varying protein content (6.1, 3.3, and 2.6% dry mass crude protein) were used in feeding trials lasting three to five days per diet. A minimum dietary protein requirement of 3.2% dry mass was estimated from balance trials. Endogenous nitrogen losses were 0.05 gN kg−0.75 day−1 and nitrogen equilibrium occurred at 0.32 gN kg−0.75 day−1. Those values are extremely low compared to those of granivorous and omnivorous bird species, but higher than those of nectarivorous species. In terms of nitrogen losses and requirements, Pesquet's Parrot most closely parallels the highly frugivorous Cedar Wa...

Why bears consume mixed diets during fruit abundance

In many ecosystems, grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) and black bears (Ursus americanus) feed heavily on berries and fruits in the fall. While a few birds and mammals are exclusively frugivorous, bears and most other animals consume fruit as part of a mixed diet. The mixed-diet strategy avoids potential calcium, protein, amino acid, or other nutrient deficiencies that can occur on fruit diets. However, we hypothesized that the high carbohydrate - low protein content of fruit would increase energy metabolism and force bears to use dietary mixing to meet protein requirements and, thereby, reduce energy metabolism. We examined the effects of six plant-based diets containing from 2.3 to 35% crude protein on intake, maintenance costs, and efficiency of gain of captive grizzly and black bears. In addition, the food habits of six populations of wild grizzly and black bears were analyzed, to determine the crude protein and digestible dry matter content of their diets. Efficiency of gain (0.53 ± 0.02 (±SD) g gain/g dig...

Ecological and evolutionary implications of energy and protein requirements of avian frugivores eating sugary diets.

To assess how the high-sugar/low-protein content of fruit diets affects digestive function and nutrition of frugivorous birds, I compared intake, passage rate, sugar utilization, protein requirements, and mass changes of cedar waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum), American robins (Turdus migratorius), and wood thrushes (Hylocichla mustelina) fed synthetic diets simulating the range of sugar (6.6%, 12.4%, and 22.0% solutes) and protein (4.5%, 3.0%, and 1.5% of dry matter) content of bird-dispersed fruits. The dietary emphasis on sugary fruits by cedar waxwings suggests the potential for digestive and physiological specializations to this food type. All birds increased volumetric food intake and passage rates as sugar concentration declined. Birds completely (22.0%-12.4% sugar solute concentration) or incompletely (12.4%-6.6% sugar solute concentration) compensated for dietary dilution. Cedar waxwings consumed each diet at higher rates than did thrushes, as they do when eating sugary fruits, demonstrating that interspecific differences in ingestion rates of sugary fruits are a consequence of nutrient composition, rather than seed bulk or secondary compounds of fruits. Passage rate was not responsible for interspecific differences in short-term food intake rate, implicating gut morphology as the key functional feature limiting intake. Most sugary fruits are nutritionally deficient in apparent protein for thrushes but are nutritionally adequate in protein for cedar waxwings because of this species' relatively high intake rates and low protein requirements. The digestive systems of frugivorous birds respond flexibly to dietary sugar concentration, but protein content of fruits can present a nutritional limitation, potentially influencing the proportions of fruit and animal foods in birds' diets.