Soybean Protein Content Research Articles

Nitrogen and Nickel Foliar Application on Grain yield, Yield Components, and Quality of Soybean

ABSTRACT Foliar fertilization with nitrogen (N) and nickel (Ni) at the end of the vegetative stage can decrease the abortion of flowers and pods of the plants and increase the productivity and protein content of soybean. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of N and Ni foliar application on the yield components and oil and protein content in soybean. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with six treatments (control [only inoculation], urea, ammonium sulfate [AS], nickel chloride [NiCl2], NiCl2+ AS, and NiCl2+ urea) and five replicates. Foliar application with urea increased the soybean grain yield (GY) by 46%, whereas the NiCl2 foliar application or NiCl2+ urea and NiCl2+ AS applications decreased the GY, shoot dry weight (SDW), weight of pods per pot, root volume, and grain size. N (AS and urea) and NiCl2 foliar applications had no effect on the oil and protein content in the grains, and application of 60 g ha−1 of Ni (132.4 g of NiCl2) caused a toxic effect on the plants and negatively influenced the GY and quality of grains.

Impact of altitude on grain yield, oil, and protein content of soybean

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is one of the most important commodities in the world, with grains that show variations in their chemical composition, mainly in oil and protein content. These variations can be related to genotype (G), environment (E), and G × E interaction. Thus, the objectives of this study were to determine the environments which maximize oil and protein yields, and to identify potential soybean cultivars that have increased grain yield, and oil and protein content in high-and low-altitude environments. Twenty-eight soybean cultivars were evaluated at high (846–963 m, Cfb climate) and low (336–480 m, Cfa climate) altitude environments, in the 2017/18 and 2018/19 crops, for grain yield, thousand grain weight, and oil and protein contents and yields. Growing environment affected the chemical composition of soybean grains. Altitude had a positive effect on protein content and a negative effect on oil content. The high-altitude environment increased the protein content by 6.15% (380 g kg-1), whereas the low altitude environment promoted an increase of 5.58% in oil content, with a mean value of 220 g kg-1. We identified soybean cultivars with potential for greater oil and protein yields in high-and low-altitude environments. Knowledge of the associations between environments and the chemical composition of soybean grain is valuable for developing direct breeding efforts, recommending cultivars and growing locations, in order to meet the demand of the oil and protein market

Changes in soybean cultivars released over the past 50\xa0years in southern Brazil

On-farm soybean yield has increased considerably in the last 50 years in southern Brazil, but there is still little information about how selection and breeding for yield increase has changed the agronomic attributes of cultivars. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the changes in soybean yield, seed oil and protein concentration, and changes in plant attributes that might be associated with yield improvement of 26 soybean cultivars released over the past 50 years in southern Brazil, sown simultaneously in a common field environment for two growing seasons. The average rate of yield gain was 45.9 kg ha−1 yr−1 (2.1% ha−1 yr−1), mainly due increased seed number per area and harvest index. Over year of cultivar release, cultivars became less susceptible to lodging, as well as plant mortality reduced. Meanwhile, the seed oil concentration increased, and seed protein concentration decreased, which could have negative consequences for soybeans use and requires further attention for breeding of future cultivars. Breeders have successfully contributed to the annual rate of soybean yield increase in southern Brazil. By our results, as well as the official on-farm production data, there is no evidence of soybean yield reaching a plateau in the near future in southern Brazil.

Características agronômicas de cultivares de soja com aplicação tardia de nitrogênio em suplementação à inoculação de Bradyrhizobium spp.

ABSTRACT Late season nitrogen (N) applications may serve as cultural practices to increase soybean yield and grain protein concentration in modern high-yielding cultivars. A study to evaluate the response of soybean cultivars to late N application in supplementation to Bradyrhizobium spp. inoculation was conducted in two Brazilian Cerrado agricultural soils with medium and high fertility during the 2019/2020 growing season. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design in a 2×2×5 factorial scheme: two agricultural production environments [UFMS 1 (medium fertility) and UFMS 2 (high fertility)], two soybean cultivars (TMG 7067 IPRO and BMX Bônus IPRO), and five late N application rates (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg N ha-1), with four replicates. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was used to investigate the interrelationships between the groups of independent (agricultural production environments, soybean cultivars, and N application rates) and dependent (soybean agronomic traits) variables. Nitrogen rates were applied in topdressing at the R5.3 soybean growth stage. Late N applications did not affect soybean agronomic traits (plant height, first pod height, pod number per plant, grain number per pod, and 1,000-grain mass) and did not increase the grain protein concentration or yield of the soybean cultivars, regardless of the fertility level of the agricultural area. We conclude that when efficient strains of Bradyrhizobium spp. are used in soybean cropping in medium- and high-fertility Cerrado soils, there is no need to apply late rates of N fertilizer.

Planting date and maturity group impact on soybean seed quality in the southeastern United States

AbstractThe impacts on soybean seed quality from shifting to using earlier soybean planting dates (PDs) and earlier‐maturing varieties in the southeastern United States are not well understood. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of diverse PDs and maturity groups (MGs) on soybean protein content, oil content, seed damage, and purple seed stain. Studies were installed across seven North Carolina locations in 2019 and 2020 to determine the impact of PD (mid‐March through mid‐July) and MG (2–7) on seed quality. Protein content declined as planting was delayed for the early MGs (2–5) but was stable across PD for the later MGs (6–7). It was observed that early‐maturing varieties (MG ≤5) had a lower protein content than the later‐maturing varieties (MGs 6–7). The oil content was greater in the early MGs (MGs 2–4) compared with the later MGs (MGs 5–7), with oil content and protein content having an inverse relationship. Seed damage was greatest when planting before late April with early MGs (MGs 2–4). Less purple seed stain was found in MGs 5–7 compared with the earlier MGs across all PDs. Further research is needed to understand how to minimize seed damage and purple seed stain as producers consider shifting to an earlier production system for the associated yield benefits in North Carolina and across the southeastern United States.

국내산 대두 품종에 따른 대두 및 Rhizopus sp. 이용 템페의 품질 특성 및 대두 품종별 아미노산 조성

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of various Korean soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivars on physicochemical properties of tempeh. The appearance (size of seed and color) and physico-chemical (amino acid and proximate composition) properties of raw soybeans of ten cultivars were evaluated. The hardness, pH, titratable acidity, and proximate composition of tempeh were also examined. The size of soybeans was the largest in Cheongja4ho, Seonyu, and Daewonkong cultivars. Regardless of the soybean cultivar, the color values for L*, a*, and b* ranged from 82.48∼92.61, —2.54∼0.44, and 14.30∼17.31, respectively. Danbaegkong and Saedanbaek cultivars of raw soybean showed significantly higher amino acid content than those in other cultivars (p>0.05), and arginine from essential amino acids and glutamic acid from non-essential amino acids were detected at the highest level. The tempeh was prepared using Rhizopus oligosporus, and there was no difference in the appearance of the tempeh by cultivars. Although the pH of tempeh was different, most showed pH 6.34∼6.77, confirming that fermentation was progressed, and the hardness of tempeh ranged from 3,168.27 - 6,729.04 g. The protein, lipid, ash and carbohydrate content of raw soybean ranged from 32.51∼42.85%, 15.86∼21.57%, 5.44∼5.97%, and 27.95∼36.12%, respectively. The content of lipid, ash, and carbohydrates was decreased in tempeh, and the protein content was increased by 9.94∼12.32% compared to raw soybeans. Tempeh produced by Danbaegkong and Saedanbaek cultivars had significantly (p<0.05) higher content of protein and significantly (p<0.05) lower content of lipid than other cultivars. The results showed differences in the physico-chemical properties of different soybean cultivars, and can be used as basic data for selecting suitable cultivars when processing tempeh.

Dual-frequency multi-angle ultrasonic processing technology and its real-time monitoring on physicochemical properties of raw soymilk and soybean protein

To improve the soybean protein content (SPC), flavor and quality of soymilk, the effects of dual-frequency ultrasound at different angles (40 + 20 kHz 0°, 40 + 20 kHz 30°, 40 + 20 kHz 45°) on physicochemical properties and soybean protein (SP) structure of raw soymilk were mainly studied and compared with the conventional single-frequency (40 kHz, 20 kHz) ultrasound. Furthermore, the intensity of the ultrasonic field in real-time was monitored via the oscilloscope and spectrum analyzer. The results showed that 40 + 20 kHz 45° treatment significantly increased SPC. The ultrasonic field intensity of 40 + 20 kHz 0° treatment was the largest (8.727 × 104 W/m2) and its distribution was the most uniform. The emulsifying stability of SP reached the peak value (233.80 min), and SP also had the largest particle size and excellent thermal stability. The protein solubility of 40 + 20 kHz 30° treatment attained peak value of 87.09%. 20 kHz treatment significantly affected the flavor of okara. The whiteness and brightness of raw soymilk treated with 40 kHz were the highest and the system was stable. Hence, the action mode of ultrasonic technology can be deeply explored and the feasibility for improving the quality of soymilk can be achieved.

Late-Season Nitrogen Applications Increase Soybean Yield and Seed Protein Concentration.

Low seed and meal protein concentration in modern high-yielding soybean [Glycine max L. (Merr.)] cultivars is a major concern but there is limited information on effective cultural practices to address this issue. In the objective of dealing with this problem, this study conducted field experiments in 2019 and 2020 to evaluate the response of seed and meal protein concentrations to the interactive effects of late-season inputs [control, a liquid Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation at R3, and 202 kg ha−1 nitrogen (N) fertilizer applied after R5], previous cover crop (fallow or cereal cover crop with residue removed), and short- and full-season maturity group cultivars at three U.S. locations (Fayetteville, Arkansas; Lexington, Kentucky; and St. Paul, Minnesota). The results showed that cover crops had a negative effect on yield in two out of six site-years and decreased seed protein concentration by 8.2 mg g−1 on average in Minnesota. Inoculant applications at R3 did not affect seed protein concentration or yield. The applications of N fertilizer after R5 increased seed protein concentration by 6 to 15 mg g−1, and increased yield in Arkansas by 13% and in Minnesota by 11% relative to the unfertilized control. This study showed that late-season N applications can be an effective cultural practice to increase soybean meal protein concentration in modern high-yielding cultivars above the minimum threshold required by the industry. New research is necessary to investigate sustainable management practices that increase N availability to soybeans late in the season.

Soybean response and profitability upon inoculation and nitrogen fertilisation in Belgium

The recent introduction of soybean cultivation in Belgium and several other north-western European countries holds great potential for sustainable agriculture. Agricultural practices must be fine-tuned to optimise yield and quality before soybean will become a profitable crop for Belgian farmers. The effect of inoculation and N fertilisation on crop yield, protein content and relative profitability of soybean in Belgium was studied. Trials with nitrogen (N) fertilisation and inoculation of soybean were performed during two seasons (2016 and 2017) at two locations (Geel and Merelbeke) in Belgium. Nitrogen was applied as mineral fertiliser at different doses (0 N, 35 N, 70 N or 140 N) at the day of sowing and/or at the R1 stage. Highest yields and protein contents were obtained upon inoculation, showing that inoculation is the most appropriate practice to increase yield and protein levels of soybean in Belgium. Inoculation also increased thousand grain weight and improved several biophysical parameters calculated from chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements. Additionally, inoculation and N fertilisation raised chlorophyll content of the soybean leaves and N content and N uptake of the aboveground biomass. Application of N inhibited nodulation of inoculated soybeans. Tolerance to lodging and oil contents were lower upon inoculation or N application. Relative profitability (RP) of inoculated soybeans was higher than for non-inoculated soybeans. Application of N fertiliser to soybeans did not significantly increase RP. Optimisation of inoculation and nodulation is the best approach to maximise yield and protein content and thus to improve the economic viability of soybean cultivation for Belgian farmers in the short term.

Microbial Fertilizer Seed Coating Effect on Different Soybean (Glycine Max L.) Varieties Growth Yield and Quality in Altınekin (Konya) Ecological Conditions

In many studies it has been prooved that the efficieny of microbial fertilizers on plant quality and productivity. The coating of microbial fertilizers as fertilizing agent is a new process. Soybean is a very sensitive crop for growth and needs a specific condition to gain a feasible productivity. In this study, the effect of PGPB based microbial consortium (Bacillus subtillis, Bacillus megaterium and Lactococcus spp.) effect was tested as seed coating solution on two different conventional soybean varietes called as Ilksoy and Ceysoy. In this study it has been used N2 fixing and PO4 solubilizing microorganisms for seed coating to see the nutrient capabilities in seeding period of soybean. Seed coating systems are used in generally for seed protection but the usage for fertilization has not become spread. A good nutrition from seeding to 30 days period is essential for future growth period and quality of a product. In conventional farming regions mostly there is not given enough importance for fertilization due to tedious application and cost. Because of the reasons seed coating may be a solution to decrease fertilization application periods, amounts and cost. According to this idea, the study was made in Altınekin, Konya which has semi-arid and mostly known as conventional farming region. Domestic soybean varieties (Ilksoy and Ceysoy) growth potentiality with microbial fertilizer seed coating were examined in Konya region if it is an alternative product for farming in semi-arid regions. The yield and soybean protein and oil content has been determined due to soybean growth feasibility in the semiarid regions with the microbial seed coating fertilization. The field study was made according to the randomized block design in Altınekin, Konya region.

Effect of Heating by Microwave Oven on Weeds Seed Germination in Imported Shipments

LABORATORY and wirehouse experiments were conducted in Weed Research CentralLaboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt to investigate the possibility of using microwave energy to prevent the germination of weed seeds and find applicable treatments which can completely devitalize quarantine weed seeds. The present work evaluated the effect of microwave on germination of six weed species: wild oats, darnel, white bursage, Giant ragweed, field bindweed and dodder and improvement of some traits of two imported crops soybean and wheat (oil percentage of soybean seeds and protein content of wheat grains), which were contaminated by these weed species. Results showed that microwave power and time required for preventing germination varied considerably among the species studied. Microwave power 80% for 15min prevented completely germination percentage of wild oats and darnel and reduced germination percentage of field bindweed to 10%. The microwave power 50%, 15min was enough to prevent seeds germination completely and weaken dooder quarantine. In regard to Giant ragweed and white bursage, under all microwave power treatments, there were no germination of these weeds. Microwave powers 50% for 10min and 80% for 15min had no effect on the oil percentage extracted from soybean seeds and protein content of wheat grains, respectively. The present results suggest clearly that the exposure to microwave can weaken quarantine weed seeds in imported soybean and wheat without injury of oil percentage of soybean seeds and protein content of wheat grains.

Omics advances and integrative approaches for the simultaneous improvement of seed oil and protein content in soybean (Glycine max L.)

Genetic improvement of soybean, one of the major crops providing edible oil and protein-rich food, is important to ensure balanced nutrition for the growing world population. To make soybean cultivation more rewarding, an increase in seed oil and protein content is most desirable. Here, a critical review of the efforts employed over a half-century to accomplish the improvement of soybean oil and protein content has been presented. Many studies have used diverse parental lines to map and characterize quantitative trait loci (QTL)/genes regulating these two essential traits. Here, we highlighted such genomic loci that were consistently identified with different mapping approaches, like QTL mapping, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and meta-QTL analysis. In addition, the information generated through efforts utilizing omics approaches, such as genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics has also been compiled to anticipate the molecular mechanism. Several innovative approaches like multi-parental mapping, induced mutagenesis, genomic selection, transgenics, and genome-editing have been discussed in terms of effective utilization of technological advances to improve the oil and protein content in soybean. Information provided here will be helpful for better understanding and designing an effective strategy for simultaneous improvement in seed oil and protein content in soybean.

Multi-Environmental Evaluation of Protein Content and Yield Stability among Tropical Soybean Genotypes Using GGE Biplot Analysis

The yield and protein performance in a soybean genotype result from its interaction with the prevailing environmental conditions. This makes selecting the best genotypes under varied target production environments more complex. This study’s objectives were to determine protein content and protein stability of 30 elite soybean genotypes in major soybean-growing areas of Uganda, assess the yield performance and stability in soybeans and determine the relationship between the protein content and grain yield in soybeans. The genotypes were planted in a randomized complete block design of three replications for six seasons across eight locations in Uganda. Genotype and genotype-by-environment (GGE) biplot analyses classified the test locations into three mega-environments for soybean protein and grain yields. Genotype NII X GC 20.3 had the highest mean protein content of 43.0%, and BSPS 48A-9-2 and BSPS 48A-28 were superior for the mean grain yield (1207 kg ha−1). Bulindi was the most discriminating and representative test environment for soybean yield. A weak and negative correlation (r = −0.1**, d.f. = 29) was detected between the protein content (%) and yield (kg ha−1). The highest-yielding genotypes BSPS 48A-9-2, BSPS 48A-31, and Nam II × GC 44.2 are recommended for further evaluation under farmers’ production conditions for selection and release as new soybean varieties in Uganda.

Prediction of protein and oil contents in soybeans using fluorescence excitation emission matrix

To investigate the potential of fluorescence spectroscopy in evaluating soybean protein and oil content, excitation emission matrix (EEM) was measured on 34 samples of soybean flours using a front-face measurement, and the accuracy of the protein and oil content prediction was evaluated. The EEM showed four main peaks at excitation/emission (Ex/Em) wavelengths of 230/335, 285/335, 365/475, and 435/495 nm. Furthermore, second derivative synchronous fluorescence (SDSF) spectra were extracted from the EEMs, and partial least square regression and support vector machine models were developed on each of the EEMs and SDSF spectra. The R2 values reached 0.86 and 0.74 for protein and oil, respectively. From the loading spectra, fluorescence at Ex/Em of 230–285/335 nm and 350/500 nm mainly contribute to the protein and oil content prediction, respectively. Those results revealed the potential of fluorescence spectroscopy as a tool for a rapid prediction of soybean protein and oil content.

Conservation agriculture strengthen sustainability of Brazilian grain production and food security

Sustainability of Brazilian agriculture has been frequently addressed in debates about human influences on the environment. Sustainability of agricultural production is critical to meet the growing demand for food, fiber and energy, and involves economic and environmental components of agriculture. We tested the hypothesis that conservation agriculture (CA) contributes to sustainability of Brazilian soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merril) production through positive effects on one or more of the following: soil quality, grain yield and nutritional quality and growers profitability. We found that CA enhanced carbon sequestration, physical and especially biological quality of soil, which caused improved soybean grains yield, protein and flavonoids content and profit. In turn, the most expressive cropping sequence within Brazilian farmlands, the annual soybean and maize double crop (Zea mays), reduced soil physical quality with impacts on food security and agricultural sustainability. The hypothesis was proved once sustainability of Brazilian soybean production can be increased by inserting crop rotations involving cover crops in the rotation cycle.

The effect of lime of dolomite and NPK fertilizers on the response of growth, yield and protein content on black soybean (Glycine soja L.Merr) in acid soils

The development of cultivation from plant black soybeans (Glycine soja (L.) Merr.) in the acid soils can be an alternative to increase the yield of black soybean plants. However, the utilization of acid soils is plagued by soil pH value, high content of Al, Mn, and Fe as well as low availability of macro elements N (nitrogen), P (phospor), K (potassium), Ca (calcium), and Mg (magnesium). This study aims to determine the effect of dose of lime dolomite and NPK fertilizers on the response of growth, yield, and protein content of plant black soybeans on acid soils. This research used Complete Random Design (CRD) consist of 2 factors, each factor consists of 4 levels. The dose of lime dolomite 4,5 tons/ha was able to produce the highest total dissolved protein content amounted 4,30%, while giving the lime of dolomite and NPK fertilizers showed significant results in plant’s height, weight of fresh pods, weight of seeds/plant, number of seeds/plant, weight of 100 seeds, dry weight of stover, and dry weight of roots.

Terahertz spectroscopy combined with data dimensionality reduction algorithms for quantitative analysis of protein content in soybeans

Protein content in soybean is a key determinant of its nutritional and economic value. The paper investigated the feasibility of terahertz (THz) spectroscopy and dimensionality reduction algorithms for the determination of protein content in soybean. First of all, the THz sample spectrum was data processed by pre-processing or dimensionality reduction algorithms. Secondly, by calibration set, using partial least squares regression (PLSR), genetic algorithms-support vector regression (GA-SVR), grey wolf optimizer-support vector regression (GWO-SVR) and back propagation neural network (BPNN) were respectively used to model protein content determination. Afterwards, the model was validated by the prediction set. Ultimately, the BPNN model combined with linear discriminant analysis (LDA) for related coefficient of prediction set (Rp), root mean square error of prediction set (RMSEP), relative standard deviation (RSD), the time required for the operation was respectively 0.9677, 1.2467%, 3.3664%, and 53.51 s. The experimental results showed that the rapid and accurate quantitative determination of protein in soybean using THz spectroscopy is feasible after a suitable dimensionality reduction algorithm.

Promoting Home Prepared Soy-dishes for Fighting Protein-Energy Malnutrition: Evidence from Demonstration Training

Malnutrition is a persistent problem in developing countries, and protein-energy malnutrition is the worst form of malnutrition associated with lack of energy and proteins. Malnutrition at the early stages of life can lower child resistance to infections, increase child morbidity and mortality, and decrease mental and cognitive achievement. Worldwide the most important step in the treatment of protein energy malnutrition is to correct nutritional imbalances. Increasing the amount of protein in cereal staple foods is the ideal solutions to problem related to malnutrition. Several studies reported that, increased protein content in soybean fortified cereals and tubers, which makes significant contribution towards the alleviation of protein-energy malnutrition. Soybean can be utilized mainly as fermented (e.g., sauce, miso, natto) and non-fermented (e.g., oil, milk, tofu, flour) foods. Therefore, this paper aimed to revise the contribution of home-prepared soy-dishes to combat protein-energy malnutrition. Keywords : Malnutrition; protein-energy malnutrition; soybean; soy-dishes DOI: 10.7176/FSQM/105-03 Publication date: February 28 th 2021

Fine mapping QTL and mining genes for protein content in soybean by the combination of linkage and association analysis.

Soybean is one main source of dietary protein; therefore, improving protein content is an important objective in breeding programs. There is a significant negative correlation between protein and oil content, which influenced mapping quantitative trait locus (QTL) and quantitative trait nucleotides for these two traits. In this study, a linkage map was created with 2232 single-nucleotide polymorphism markers for the four-way recombinant inbred line (FW-RIL) population derived from the cross (Kenfeng 14 × Kenfeng 15) × (Heinong 48 × Kenfeng 19), and then conditional and unconditional QTL analyses were carried out by inclusive complete interval mapping based on the phenotypic data of protein and oil content collected in 10 different environments. As shown in the results of linkage analysis, a total of 85 QTL have been detected. We have performed association analysis using 109,676 markers after quality filtering for FW-RIL, and the results have shown that a total of 60 QTNs were detected. We have performed association analysis using 63,306 markers after quality filtering for resource population, and the results have shown that a total of 123 QTNs were detected. We have combined linkage and association analysis, and there are six QTNs verified by FW-RIL and resource population. We have performed pathway analysis on the genes in these six QTN attenuation regions, and the result shows that a total of four candidate genes are related to the synthesis or metabolism of soybean protein. These findings will facilitate marker-assisted selection and molecular breeding of soybean.

Effect of water deficit and sowing date on oil and protein contents in soybean co-inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense

ABSTRACT The soybean chemical composition is strongly influenced by genetic factors, as well as their interaction with the environment and management practices. Among the environmental factors, water deficit and temperature are those that most contribute to modify the chemical composition of beans, especially oil and protein contents. The present study aimed to assess the effects of co-inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense on soybean oil and protein contents. Two field experiments were carried out on different sowing dates. The design consisted of randomized blocks, in a split-split-plot arrangement, with four replications, including two irrigation depths (25 % and 100 % of the ETc), two inoculation methods [Bradyrhizobium japonicum (strains Semia 5079 and Semia 5080) and Azospirillum brasilense (strains AbV5 and AbV6 + Bradyrhizobium japonicum)] and two cultivars (ANTA 82 and TMG 132). The co-inoculation did not affect the oil and protein contents of beans for any of the assessed management conditions. The water deficit in the reproductive stage, combined with the sowing dates, altered the oil and protein contents in both the assessed cultivars, showing, respectively, a higher average protein and oil content in the beans for the cultivars TMG 132 and ANTA 82.