Soybean Protein Content Research Articles

Gamma-rays induced mutations increase soybean oil and protein contents.

Mutation breeding is one of the effective techniques used for improving desired traits such as yield quality and quantity in economic crops. The present study aims to develop oil and protein contents in addition to high yield attributes in soybean using gamma rays as a mutagen. Seeds of the soybean genotypes Giza 21, Giza 22, Giza 82, Giza 83 and 117 were treated with gamma rays doses 50, 100, 200 and 300 Gy. Plants were then scored based on morphological parameters correlated with yield quantity including plant height, seed weight and valuable protein and oil contents. Mutant lines exhibiting the highest yield attributes were selected and used as parents for M2 generation. The M2 progeny was further assessed based on their ability to maintain their yield attributes. Twenty mutant lines were selected and used as M3 lines. The yield parameters inferred a positive effect of gamma irradiation on the collected M3 mutant lines compared to their parental genotypes. 100 Gy of gamma rays gave the highest effect on the number of pods, branches and seeds per plant in addition to protein content, while 200 Gy was more effective in increasing plant height, number of pods per plant, and oil content. Six mutant lines scored the highest yield parameters. Further assessment inferred an inverse relationship between oil and protein content in most of the tested cultivars with high agronomic features. However, four mutant lines recorded high content of oil and protein besides their high seed yield as well, which elect them as potential candidates for large-scale evaluation. The correlation among examined parameters was further confirmed via principal component analysis (PCA), which inferred a positive correlation between the number of pods, branches, seeds, and seed weight. Conversely, oil and protein content were inversely correlated in most of yielded mutant lines. Together, those findings introduce novel soybean lines with favorable agronomic traits for the market. In addition, our research sheds light on the value of using gamma rays treatment in enhancing genetic variability in soybean and improving oil, protein contents and seed yield.

Genomic analysis and characterization of new loci associated with seed protein and oil content in soybeans.

Breeding for increased protein without a reduction in oil content in soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is a challenge for soybean breeders but an expected goal. Many efforts have been made to develop new soybean varieties with high yield in combination with desirable protein and/or oil traits. An elite line, R05-1415, was reported to be high yielding, high protein, and low oil. Several significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) for protein and oil were reported in this line, but many of them were unstable across environments or genetic backgrounds. Thus, a new study under multiple field environments using the Infinium BARCSoySNP6K BeadChips was conducted to detect and confirm stable genomic loci for these traits. Genetic analyses consistently detected a single major genomic locus conveying these two traits with remarkably high phenotypic variation explained (R2 ), varying between 24.2% and 43.5%. This new genomic locus is located between 25.0 and 26.7 Mb, distant from the previously reported QTL and did not overlap with other commonly reported QTL and the recently cloned gene Glyma.20G085100. Homolog analysis indicated that this QTL did not result from the paracentric chromosome inversion with an adjacent genomic fragment that harbors the reported QTL. The pleiotropic effect of this QTL could be a challenge for improving protein and oil simultaneously; however, a further study of four candidate genes with significant expressions in the seed developmental stages coupled with haplotype analysis may be able to pinpoint causative genes. The functionality and roles of these genes can be determined and characterized, which lay a solid foundation for the improvement of protein and oil content in soybeans.

QTLs and Candidate Genes for Seed Protein Content in Two Recombinant Inbred Line Populations of Soybean.

This study aimed to discover the quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with a high seed protein content in soybean and unravel the potential candidate genes. We developed two recombinant inbred line populations: YS and SI, by crossing Saedanbaek (high protein) with YS2035-B-91-1-B-1 (low protein) and Saedanbaek with Ilmi (low protein), respectively, and evaluated the protein content for three consecutive years. Using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-marker-based linkage maps, four QTLs were located on chromosomes 15, 18, and 20 with high logarithm of odds values (5.9-55.0), contributing 5.5-66.0% phenotypic variance. In all three experimental years, qPSD20-1 and qPSD20-2 were stable and identified in overlapping positions in the YS and SI populations, respectively. Additionally, novel QTLs were identified on chromosomes 15 and 18. Considering the allelic sequence variation between parental lines, 28 annotated genes related to soybean seed protein-including starch, lipid, and fatty acid biosynthesis-related genes-were identified within the QTL regions. These genes could potentially affect protein accumulation during seed development, as well as sucrose and oil metabolism. Overall, this study offers insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying a high soybean protein content. The identified potential candidate genes can aid marker-assisted selection for developing soybean lines with an increased protein content.

Genome-wide association study and high-quality gene mining related to soybean protein and fat

BackgroundSoybean is one of the most important oil crops in the world, and its protein and fat are the primary sources of edible oil and vegetable protein. The effective components in soybean protein and fat have positive effects on improving human immunity, anti-tumor, and regulating blood lipids and metabolism. Therefore, increasing the contents of protein and fat in soybeans is essential for improving the quality of soybeans.ResultsThis study selected 292 soybean lines from different regions as experimental materials, based on SLAF-seq sequencing technology, and performed genome-wide association study (GWAS) on the phenotype data from 2019–2021 Planted at the experimental base of Jilin Agricultural University, such as the contents of protein and fat of soybeans. Through the GLM model and MLM model, four SNP sites (Gm09_39012959, Gm12_35492373, Gm16_9297124, and Gm20_24678362) that were significantly related to soybean fat content were associated for three consecutive years, and two SNP sites (Gm09_39012959 and Gm20_24678362) that were significantly related to soybean protein content were associated. By the annotation and enrichment of genes within the 100 Kb region of SNP loci flanking, two genes (Glyma.09G158100 and Glyma.09G158200) related to soybean protein synthesis and one gene (Glyma.12G180200) related to lipid metabolism were selected. By the preliminary verification of expression levels of genes with qPCR, it is found that during the periods of R6 and R7 of the accumulation of soybean protein and fat, Glyma.09G158100 and Glyma.09G158200 are positive regulatory genes that promote protein synthesis and accumulation, while Glyma.12G180200 is the negative regulatory gene that inhibits fat accumulation.ConclusionsThese results lay the basis for further verifying the gene function and studying the molecular mechanisms regulating the accumulation of protein and fat in soybean seeds.

Effects of genotype, environment and their interaction on protein and amino acid contents in soybeans

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is an important source of protein and oil. Genotype, environment and the interaction of genotype × environment influence the protein composition in soybean seeds. The main objectives of this study were to i) study the influence of genotype, environment and their interaction on soybean protein and amino acid contents; ii) evaluate the stability of soybean genotype across various environments, with a focus on soybeans grown in a northern latitude; and iii) identify the correlation between crude protein and critical amino acid value (CAAV). Twenty-three soybean genotypes were grown at four locations in Manitoba, Canada for two years (2018 and 2019). Soybean seeds were analyzed for protein and amino acids (nine essential amino acids and cysteine). The effects of genotype, environment and genotype × environment interaction on all traits were significant (P < 0.05). Genotype and environments explained the main part of variation for all traits. G13 and G15 cultivars performed better in favorable environments (bi > 1), and G22 cultivar showed greater resistance to environmental change. Protein and amino acids responded differently to various environments, but the optimal environments for greater soybean protein and amino acid remains to be established. The CAAV had a negative linear relationship with protein content in soybean (k = −0.17). This work expands our knowledge of the factors impacting the protein quality of soybeans grown in northern latitudes.

Nondestructive identification of soybean protein in minced chicken meat based on hyperspectral imaging and VGG16-SVM

A rapid and nondestructive method for identification of soybean protein in minced chicken meat based on visible-near infrared hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technology and VGG16-SVM model was proposed in this study. The hyperspectral data from 400.89 nm to 1000.19 nm of samples with different soybean protein contents were collected. Spectral data was transformed into spectrograms through Continuous wavelet transform (CWT). Comparing with other methods, the optimum data preprocessing results were obtained for the subsequent research. Then, VGG16-SVM model based on VGG16 network in which fully connected layer was replaced by support vector machine (SVM) was established to identify soybean protein in minced chicken meat. The results showed that VGG16-SVM model with radial basis function (RBF) as kernel function performed best and the classification accuracy reached 98.1%. Meanwhile, the proposed model was superior to the SVM, convolution neural network (CNN) and VGG16 model. It is feasible and effective for combining HSI technology and VGG16-SVM to realize nondestructive identification of soybean protein in minced chicken meat.

Differential gene expression provides leads to environmentally regulated soybean seed protein content.

Soybean is an important global source of plant-based protein. A persistent trend has been observed over the past two decades that soybeans grown in western Canada have lower seed protein content than soybeans grown in eastern Canada. In this study, 10 soybean genotypes ranging in average seed protein content were grown in an eastern location (control) and three western locations (experimental) in Canada. Seed protein and oil contents were measured for all lines in each location. RNA-sequencing and differential gene expression analysis were used to identify differentially expressed genes that may account for relatively low protein content in western-grown soybeans. Differentially expressed genes were enriched for ontologies and pathways that included amino acid biosynthesis, circadian rhythm, starch metabolism, and lipid biosynthesis. Gene ontology, pathway mapping, and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping collectively provide a close inspection of mechanisms influencing nitrogen assimilation and amino acid biosynthesis between soybeans grown in the East and West. It was found that western-grown soybeans had persistent upregulation of asparaginase (an asparagine hydrolase) and persistent downregulation of asparagine synthetase across 30 individual differential expression datasets. This specific difference in asparagine metabolism between growing environments is almost certainly related to the observed differences in seed protein content because of the positive correlation between seed protein content at maturity and free asparagine in the developing seed. These results provided pointed information on seed protein-related genes influenced by environment. This information is valuable for breeding programs and genetic engineering of geographically optimized soybeans.

Protein and lipid content estimation in soybeans using Raman hyperspectral imaging.

Unlike standard chemical analysis methods involving time-consuming, labor-intensive, and invasive pretreatment procedures, Raman hyperspectral imaging (HSI) can rapidly and non-destructively detect components without professional supervision. Generally, the Kjeldahl methods and Soxhlet extraction are used to chemically determine the protein and lipid content of soybeans. This study is aimed at developing a high-performance model for estimating soybean protein and lipid content using a non-destructive Raman HSI. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) techniques were used to develop the model using a calibration model based on 70% spectral data, and the remaining 30% of the data were used for validation. The results indicate that the Raman HSI, combined with PLSR, resulted in a protein and lipid model Rp2 of 0.90 and 0.82 with Root Mean Squared Error Prediction (RMSEP) 1.27 and 0.79, respectively. Additionally, this study successfully used the Raman HSI approach to create a prediction image showing the distribution of the targeted components, and could predict protein and lipid based on a single seeds.

Assessment of the Physical, Chemical, Yield and Nutritional Quality Traits of Tropical, Temperate and Wild Dry Bean Species in Vietnam

Background: Assessing agronomic and nutritional characteristics is one of the primary goals for assisting plant scientists in selecting promising grain legume crops for future food and nutritional security and increasing the income of smallholder farmers. Methods: The experiment was conducted from September 2021 to February 2022 at the greenhouse of GRIS, Ton Duc Thang University, Vietnam. Yield components, agronomic characteristics and biochemical and nutritional parameters of two varieties of tropical beans (Velvet White Bean and Red Cowpea), two varieties of temperate beans (Dwarf Stick Bean and Soybean) and two varieties of wild beans when grown in Vietnam were evaluated in the present study. Result: The results revealed the presence of a wide range of phenotypic variations in dry bean germplasm. The biochemical and nutritional properties of the bean types investigated revealed that the Velvet White Bean had a higher phenol content (0.42 mg GAE g-1) and a lower phytic acid concentration (2.87 µg mL-1) than the other species. The Dwarf stick vean had the highest flavonoid concentration among the types (0.017 mg RE g-1) while the crude protein content of soybean (38.2 mg g-1) was the highest. These findings serve as a foundation for breeders in selecting promising legumes to breed for Vietnam.

Study on Tillage, Organic and Inorganic Nutrient Sources: A Short-term Agronomic and Economic Analysis of Soybean (Glycine max L.) under Sub Humid Agro-climatic Conditions

Background: Tillage systems such as zero tillage and minimum or reduced tillage leave more crop residues and offer greater protection to soil erosion. Besides appropriate selection of tillage practices, the improvement in average yield per hectare can be achieved by maintaining the soil fertility through proper rate and mode of application of fertilizers. Inorganic and organic sources of nutrients have potential in reversing the declining soil-health and crop productivity by correcting the marginal deficiencies of secondary and micro-nutrients, micro-flora and fauna and their beneficial influence on physical and biological properties of soil. Methods: Experiment was laid out for two years (2020 and 2021) at the Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur. There were twelve treatment combinations comprising three tillage practices (zero tillage, reduced tillage and conventional tillage) and four organic and inorganic nutrient sources (75 and 100% recommended dose of nitrogen through FYM and 75 and 100% recommended dose of fertilizer through urea, single super phosphate and muriate of potash) which were tested in split plot design with tillage practices in main plots and different nutrient sources in sub plots. Result: Among different tillage practices adapted, reduced tillage recorded higher yield, nutrient uptake, protein content, oil content and economics of soybean, whereas among different nutrient sources tested, use of 100 per cent recommended dose of fertilizers provided highest profitability and productivity of soybean under mustard-soybean cropping system.

Soybean seed yield and protein response to crop rotation and fertilization strategies in previous seasons

Annual crops dominate Argentinean landscapes with a majority of fields dedicated to soybean production. Consecutive years with full-season soybean crops are frequent and this practice is associated with organic carbon losses affecting soil chemical and physical properties. It is proposed that more intensive and diverse cropping sequences coupled with targeted fertilization may allow keeping near-neutral nutrient and carbon balances while improving successive crops performance. We conducted four on–farm experiments along six seasons in the Argentine Pampas where three crop rotations and two fertilization strategies (high and regular rates of N, P, and S) were evaluated. Crop rotations involved were i) soybean monoculture, ii) a typical wheat-soybean/maize/soybean rotation, and iii) a more intensified rotation consisting of wheat-soybean/field pea-maize/soybean. After five years, soil organic carbon was consistently lower under soybean monoculture compared to that under more intensive and diverse rotations. During the sixth and last season, identically managed soybean crops were grown in all treatments to determine the influence of previous management history on soil, plant nutrients, and on crop performance. Results indicate that crop rotation largely influenced soybean seed yield (range from 120 to 690 kg ha−1 yield increase) mainly through changes in water use affecting solar radiation interception and, by a lesser extent, the conversion efficiency of radiation into biomass and partition to seeds. Comparatively, increased fertilization rates in preceding seasons resulted in a lower seed yield response (range from nil to 180 kg ha−1), which indicates that fertilization strategies alone are ineffective to restore productivity levels after years of soybean monoculture. However, in most cases, the high fertilization strategy in previous seasons resulted in greater soybean protein concentration in seeds and in overall protein yield.

Evaluation of the contents and ratios of five fractionated proteins to elucidate the protein composition in soybean seeds

AbstractSelecting suitable soybean cultivars is important for food processing and exploring their endowment with desirable physiological functions. We applied the fractionation method previously established to compare soy protein composition among cultivars to promote such a selection. More than 95% of the proteins in soybean cotyledons were extracted from 13 soybean cultivars using a high‐concentration salt solution. The extracted proteins were fractionated into five fractions, namely oil body‐associated protein (OBAP), polar lipid‐associated protein (PLAP), globulins (11S and 7S), and whey by centrifugation after tuning the solubility behavior of the proteins with various solutions. Protein species in each fraction were analyzed by SDS‐PAGE. Protein content in the total extract and five fractions was quantified to characterize the protein composition of soybean cultivars. The correlation between the protein content of each fraction and the total protein in cotyledon was investigated. A strong positive correlation was found only for the 11S fraction (r = 0.82), followed by a positive correlation in the 7S fraction (r = 0.65). Thus, we surmised that the increased protein content in soybean was due to increased globulin content. Furthermore, the calculation of the average ratio of protein content in each fraction indicated the globulin fraction (7S and 11S) to be 52%, the lipophilic protein fraction (OBAP and PLAP) to be 33%, and the whey fraction to be 13%. The preparation method employed in this study is a promising tool for efficiently comparing the protein composition of soybean cultivars to evaluate the potential use of cultivars for food production.

Effects of Potassium Application on Yield, Protein and Oil Content of Selected Soybean Varieties in Trans Nzoia County, Kenya

There is low soybean production due to poor agronomic techniques, such as sub-optimal application of fertilizer among other factors. There are limited studies on the effects of potassium fertilizer application which is crucial in productivity, quality, and drought resistance. A study was conducted at the Kenya Agricultural Livestock and Research Organization, Kitale demonstration farm to determine the effects of potassium fertilizer application on the yield and quality of soybean varieties. A 3 x 4 factorial experiment was laid down in Randomised Complete Block Design and replicated three times. The study had two factors, that is three soybean varieties (DPSB19, Gazelle and SB24) and four levels of potassium (0 [control], 22.5, 45, and 67.5 kg K2O ha-1) applied as sulphate of potash fertilizer (50% K2O) at planting, making a total of 12 treatments. Data collected included number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, weight of seed per plant and 1000-seed weight, grain yield, protein and oil content. Data collected was subjected to analysis of variance using Statistical Analysis System version 9.3 and significantly different means separated using Least Significance Difference at α = 0.05. Application of potassium at the rate of 67.5 kg K2O ha-1 resulted to higher number of pods per plant and number of seeds per plant at 78.97 and 243.40, and 44.47 and 141.20 in the varieties DPSB19 and Gazelle, while in SB24 higher recording of 51.23 and 162.40 was observed with 22.5 kg K2­O ha-1. The higher 1000-seed weight was recorded in 22.5 kg K2O ha-1 in DPSB19 and Gazelle varieties, while for SB24 it was recorded in 67.5 kg K2O ha-1. The highest grain yield recorded was 9156.45 kg per ha, in DPSB19 in 22.5 kg K2O ha-1, 4517. 67.5 kg per ha in Gazelle variety in 67.5 kg K2O ha-1 and 6432.78 kg per ha in SB24 variety in 22.5 kg K2O ha-1. The higher percentage oil content was observed in 45 K2O kg ha-1 in DPSB19 (28.48%) and SB24 (23.38%) varieties, and in 22.5 kg K2O ha-1 in Gazelle (19.38%) variety and the higher percentage protein content was recorded in 45 K2O kg ha-1 in DPSB19 (42.99%) and Gazelle (40.56%), and in 45 K2O kg ha-1 in SB24 (48.87%). These findings show that soybean farmers should apply potassium fertilizer for appropriate growth, increased yield, protein and oil content in different soybean varieties. It is recommended that application of potassium at 67.5 kg K2O ha-1 be done for better soybean growth, yield and protein content and application of potassium at 45 kg K2O ha-1 is done for high oil content.

Density, not tillage, increases soybean protein concentration in some southeastern US environments

AbstractManagement decisions like planting density and tillage could influence soybean seed composition through their impacts on competition and soil properties. To determine if either of these management decisions could help improve soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed quality in the southeastern United States, field experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of planting density and tillage on seed composition. Five soybean genotypes were examined in multiple environments across three plant densities from 204,000 to 476,000 plants ha−1, and in conventional tillage compared to no‐till. In two of the three environments, seed protein concentration was higher at higher plant densities. Tillage did not affect seed protein concentration, but conventional tillage improved yield when compared with no‐till in two of four environments, resulting in higher protein yield under conventional tillage in these environments. Plant density may be an important management decision to consider for improving soybean seed protein in specific environments in the southeastern United States, and further research could help determine the specific environmental attributes that lead to a density benefit for seed protein.

Genetic analysis of protein content and oil content in soybean by genome-wide association study.

Soybean seed protein content (PC) and oil content (OC) have important economic value. Detecting the loci/gene related to PC and OC is important for the marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding of soybean. To detect the stable and new loci for PC and OC, a total of 320 soybean accessions collected from the major soybean-growing countries were used to conduct a genome-wide association study (GWAS) by resequencing. The PC ranged from 37.8% to 46.5% with an average of 41.1% and the OC ranged from 16.7% to 22.6% with an average of 21.0%. In total, 23 and 29 loci were identified, explaining 3.4%-15.4% and 5.1%-16.3% of the phenotypic variations for PC and OC, respectively. Of these, eight and five loci for PC and OC, respectively, overlapped previously reported loci and the other 15 and 24 loci were newly identified. In addition, nine candidate genes were identified, which are known to be involved in protein and oil biosynthesis/metabolism, including lipid transport and metabolism, signal transduction, and plant development pathway. These results uncover the genetic basis of soybean protein and oil biosynthesis and could be used to accelerate the progress in enhancing soybean PC and OC.

Fully non-invasive measurement of protein content in soybean based on spectral characteristics of the pod

Cultivation and breeding of legumes as protein sources in the human or animal diet could benefit from accurate, rapid, and non-invasive measurements of protein content. A study was conducted into the feasibility of a fully non-invasive, in vivo protein measurement methodology applied to soybean (Glycine max. L.). The proposed methodology works by recording spectral images of the soybean pods in the visible and near-infrared (Vis-NIR), a rule-based segmentation approach, and partial least squares (PLS) regression to predict the crude protein content of the beans contained within the imaged pods. Using all 150 channels of the spectral camera, a model could be calibrated with a mean absolute precision error (MAPE) of 4.8 % (R2 = 0.92). Applying a tailored feature elimination approach to select only eight spectral bands and degrading the spectral resolution to 25 nm yields a model with a MAPE of 6.0 % (R2 = 0.88), indicating the potential for multispectral cameras in this application.

Exploring practical nutrition options for maximizing seed yield and protein concentration in soybean

Soybean seed yield and protein concentration are functions of the genetic, environmental, and management interactions. Both traits are frequently reported as negatively correlated since increases in seed yield are normally not accompanied by increases in seed protein concentration. The main goal of this study was to explore the impact of practical management decisions like (i) nutrition at sowing, and (ii) foliar fertilization at the beginning of seed-filling on seed yield and protein concentration of GMO and non-GMO soybean, across two regions with contrasting historical seed yield and protein concentrations: (i) high yielding and low protein region – Central region, and (ii) low yielding and high protein region – North-West region of Argentina. Within regions, fields were further classified as high and low productivity according to farmers' expertise. For Central region, improved nutrition at sowing yielded 5.4% (p < 0.05) and showed 0.9% more seed protein concentration than conventional treatment (p < 0.001). Non-GMO genotypes presented 9.6% less seed yield but 0,7% more seed protein concentration than GMO ones (p < 0.01). Seed yield differences between foliar treatments were variable between field productivities (p < 0.05) with no effects on seed protein concentration. High productivity fields showed ∼16% more seed yield and 0.7% higher seed protein concentration than low productivity fields (p < 0.001). For North-West region, seed yield was not affected by sowing treatments. Seed protein concentration of improved treatment was 0.3% higher than conventional treatment at sowing (p < 0.05). Likewise, non-GMO genotypes showed 0.7% more seed protein concentration than GMO ones (p < 0.001). Regardless of the region, changes in seed protein concentration due to the changes in tested factors were not correlated with changes in seed yield (p > 0.05). Our findings highlighted that (i) fertilization and inoculation constitute practical options for farmers to modify soybean productivity and seed quality, (ii) the effectiveness of changes in some input practices like foliar fertilization depended on the region where soybean was cultivated and (iii) not all changes in tested factors that allowed increased yields, impacted negatively on soybean seed protein concentration.

MOTHER-OF-FT-AND-TFL1 regulates the seed oil and protein content in soybean.

Soybean is a major crop that produces valuable seed oil and protein for global consumption. Seed oil and protein are regulated by complex quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and have undergone intensive selections during the domestication of soybean. It is essential to identify the major genetic components and understand their mechanism behind seed oil and protein in soybean. We report that MOTHER-OF-FT-AND-TFL1 (GmMFT) is the gene of a classical QTL that has been reported to regulate seed oil and protein content in many studies. Mutation of MFT decreased seeds oil content and weight in both Arabidopsis and soybean, whereas increased expression of GmMFT enhanced seeds oil content and weight. Haplotype analysis showed that GmMFT has undergone selection, which resulted in the extended haplotype homozygosity in the cultivated soybean and the enriching of the oil-favorable allele in modern soybean cultivars. This work unraveled the GmMFT-mediated mechanism regulating seed oil and protein content and seed weight, and revealed a previously unknown function of MFT that provides new insights into targeted soybean improvement and breeding.

ПРОДУКТИВНІСТЬ СОЇ ЗАЛЕЖНО ВІД ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ОРГАНІЧНИХ ДОБРИВ, ІНОКУЛЯЦІЇ НАСІННЯ ТА РЕГУЛЯТОРІВ РОСТУ РОСЛИН

Вивчено вплив комплексу технологічних чинників на формування врожайності та якості насіння різностиглих сортів сої. Виявлено співвідношення заходів, що дають можливість прискорити ріст і розвиток рослин, збільшити площу листкової поверхні, підвищити врожайність та якість насіння досліджуваних сортів. Авторами встановлено, що інокуляція насіння штамом 634б збільшувала вміст білка в насінні порівняно з контролем у сорту Легенда на 1,6%. Аналіз олійності насіння засвідчив, що найвищий вміст олії (21,4%) становив у варіанті з обробкою насіння штамами 634б і 614А на фоні внесення зеленого добрива.

Soybean seed protein content is lower but protein quality is higher in Western Canada compared with Eastern Canada

Low seed protein content in soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] grown in Western Canada can result in soybean meal that does not meet the 48% protein standard. The objectives of this study were to quantify seed composition, agronomic differences between Eastern and Western Canada-grown soybeans, and to determine the yield cost of raising Western soybean protein. Twenty high-to-low protein, including one non-nodulating, genotypes were grown at two locations in Eastern Canada, and eight locations in Western Canada from 2018 to 2021 to determine seed protein, seed composition, and agronomic traits. Over all environments, genotype seed protein ranged from 36.8% to 46.9% with 35.0% for the non-nodulating line. Average seed protein was significantly higher in Eastern Canada (41.6%) compared with Eastern Prairie (39.3%) and Prairie sites (39.7%). There are not separate east–west mega-environments for seed protein in Canada; a high protein genotype is high protein across Canada. With an increase of seed protein by 1%, seed yield dropped by 45.3 kg ha−1 in Eastern Canada, 53.1 kg ha−1 in the Eastern Prairie, and 78.4 kg ha−1 in Prairie sites. In Western Canada, plants were taller but lower yielding with fewer and smaller seeds, and produced lower fixed nitrogen protein yield compared with Eastern Canada. Seed protein quality, quantified with the 11S:7S ratio, was higher in Western Canada compared with Eastern Canada. Plant breeders and growers may need to select higher protein genotypes at the cost of lower yield, if the soybean industry is unable to exploit the protein quality advantage in Western Canada.