Research Article| April 01, 2005 ACTIN PHYLOGENY OF FORAMINIFERA Jérôme Flakowski; Jérôme Flakowski Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, University of Geneva, Sciences III 30, Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Ignacio Bolivar; Ignacio Bolivar Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, University of Geneva, Sciences III 30, Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar José Fahrni; José Fahrni Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, University of Geneva, Sciences III 30, Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Jan Pawlowski Jan Pawlowski * Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, University of Geneva, Sciences III 30, Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland *E-mail: Jan.Pawlowski@zoo.unige.ch Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Journal of Foraminiferal Research (2005) 35 (2): 93–102. https://doi.org/10.2113/35.2.93 Article history received: 09 Jul 2004 accepted: 05 Jan 2005 first online: 03 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Jérôme Flakowski, Ignacio Bolivar, José Fahrni, Jan Pawlowski; ACTIN PHYLOGENY OF FORAMINIFERA. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 2005;; 35 (2): 93–102. doi: https://doi.org/10.2113/35.2.93 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyJournal of Foraminiferal Research Search Advanced Search Abstract Molecular phylogenies of foraminifera are commonly inferred from the small subunit rRNA (SSU) genes, which can easily be obtained from single cells isolated from environmental samples. The SSU phylogenies, however, are often biased by heterogeneity of substitution rates, and their resolution of higher level relationships is often very low. The sequences of protein-coding genes provide an important alternative source of phylogenetic information, yet their availability from foraminifera has been limited until now. Here, we report the first extensive protein sequence data for foraminifera, which comprises 90 actin sequences for 27 species representing five major foraminiferan groups. Our analysis enables grouping foraminiferan actins into two main paralogs, ACT1 (actin type 1) and ACT2 (actin type 2), and several actin-deviating proteins. Phylogenetic analyses of ACT1 and ACT2 confirm the general structure of foraminiferan phylogenies inferred from SSU rDNA sequences. In particular, actin phylogenies support (1) the paraphyly of monothalamous foraminifera, including the allogromiids, astrorhizids and athalamids; (2) the independent divergence of miliolids and their close relationship to Miliammina; (3) the monophyly of rotalids; and (4) the rotaliid ancestry of globigerinids. Some foraminiferan taxa can be distinguished in actin sequences by the presence of group-specific introns (rotaliids, allogromiids) or absence of any introns (soritids ACT1). You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.