Tree Protection Research Articles

Variation in ecosystem services of street tree assemblages can guide sustainable urban development

Abstract Urban afforestation is an important strategy for promoting sustainable urban development. In cities where large new green spaces are not available, the planting of curbside trees is deemed to be an important afforestation strategy. However, variations in the ecosystem services provided by street tree assemblages across socioeconomic gradients have been unexplored. We examined such variations in ecosystem services provided by street tree assemblages along an urban–suburban continuum. Our findings were as follows. (i) Not all ecosystem services showed increasing trends along the urban–suburban continuum. Some ecosystem services at the street tree assemblage level, such as air purification and rainfall interception were prominent in areas of high urbanization intensity. (ii) Diverse ecosystem service trends were found in relation to differential characteristics of street trees assemblages. Structural properties of street tree assemblages, such as tree density and age structure, are likely key factors influencing variations. (iii) Although street tree density could partially compensate for the loss of large old trees, the protection of such trees is important because of their close associations with key ecosystem services, such as total carbon storage. To maximize the value of street trees in promoting urban sustainable development, trade-offs among multiple ecosystem services should be integrated within the overall planning process and adjustments of planting regimes.

Intelligent Survey Technologies and Applications for Urban Forests in Taiwan

Background: Roadside trees play an important role in urban landscaping. They are not only related to urban scenes, traffic safety, quality of life, and health, but also closely related to ecology and cultural development. Thus, effective, intelligent management of an area of urban roadside trees will become an important topic. Methods: This paper evaluates survey technologies and management techniques utilized in many cities of Taiwan, including surveys of roadside trees, risk assessment, and precious protected trees. A roadside tree management database was built using a geographic information system (GIS). Results: The number of urban forest trees exceeded 100,000 in our surveys, and many types of intelligent survey instruments were used to survey the trees, including real-time kinematic (RTK) and non-destructive detection instruments, radio frequency identification (RFID), in-vehicle light detection and ranging (LiDAR), and panoramic streetscape systems. A tree management system can be constructed by introducing the digitized information, which is based on a basic survey of trees. The survey stage primarily relies on manual surveys, in-vehicle LiDAR, and RFID, and then a visualized database retrieval system will be proposed using GIS. This system can be utilized for the health and foundation management of trees and the whole spatial planning of urban forests, among others. Conclusion: This research attempts to summarize the trends in intelligent management of urban forests using our practical experiences with the goal that it will be a reference for the future intelligent construction of urban forests.

Homebuilder Activities and Knowledge of Tree Preservation during Construction: Comparison of Practitioners in Rural and Urban Locations

Preservation of existing trees is one of the few tools available to communities seeking to maintain or increase tree canopy coverage. This study compared the knowledge and activities of builders in an urban locale with a strict tree preservation ordinance and rigorous enforcement against a rural locale with no tree preservation ordinance. Overall, there were more similarities than differences between the two groups though some of those differences are very important. Urban builders and rural builders scored a very similar average of correct responses on questions testing their knowledge: 63% and 65%, respectively. The major difference between urban and rural appears to be in activities as dictated by ordinance. Urban builders were more likely to consult tree preservation experts and use tree fence to create tree protection zones. The successful tree preservation outcomes in the urban community are likely a direct result of ordinance requirements and enforcement by the City Forester, not builders’ knowledge or their conscious decisions.

Anti-attractant activity of (+)-trans-4-thujanol for Eurasian spruce bark beetle Ips typographus: Novel potency for females.

Eurasian spruce bark beetles (Ips typographus) use both attractant and anti-attractant semiochemicals to find suitable mature host trees. Trans-4-thujanol is abundant in young, unsuitable spruce trees. Electrophysiological studies have demonstrated its high activity levels, but field data are lacking. Enantioselective GC-MS analysis showed that only (1R,4S)-(+)-trans-4-thujanol was present in Norway spruce bark volatiles. In a factorial design field-trapping experiment, trans-4-thujanol alone was not attractive to Ips typographus. Traps baited with I. typographus' aggregation pheromone and trans-4-thujanol or the known anti-attractant 1,8-cineole caught fewer beetles than those baited with the aggregation pheromone alone. Catches for trans-4-thujanol and 1,8-cineole were dose-dependent. Intermediate doses of trans-4-thujanol and 1,8-cineole had a similar effect. Surprisingly, in contrast to 1,8-cineole and other known Ips anti-attractants, which all inhibit males more strongly than females, the addition of trans-4-thujanol to the aggregation pheromone reduced the attraction of females more. The Norway spruce volatile (+)-trans-4-thujanol is a novel I. typographus anti-attractant with potency comparable to the known anti-attractants 1,8-cineole and verbenone, and is more effective for females than for males. Incorporating (+)-trans-4-thujanol into anti-attractant lures could improve protection of trees from mass attack by I. typographus.

Diagnosis and recommendations for management of trees and shrubs in green squares in Warsaw based on research on fungal diseases

Key messageComprehensive management of urban greenery is a key approach to control fungal diseases of trees and shrubs to avoid the deterioration in their health status.Preliminary investigations on the health status related to fungal diseases of trees and shrubs growing in four green squares in Warsaw were conducted in 2017–2019. The examined plants were affected by diseases that are commonly identified in urban greenery, e.g., powdery mildew (causal agents: Sawadaea tulasnei, S. bicornis, Podosphaera leucotricha, Podosphaera sp., Erysiphe alphitoides, E. magnifica, E. berberidis, E. flexuosa and E. adunca), rusts (Gymnosporangium sabinae, Melampsora laricis-populina), apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), tar spot of maple (Rhytisma acerinum), and oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). The causal agents of the diseases were identified based on their morphological (macro- and microscopic) features. Preventing and managing fungal plant diseases and reduction of their effects are the key tasks in conscious management of urban greenery. To address this issue, the study presents basic guidelines based on the application of various recommended actions and good practices, which constitute a comprehensive and sustainable strategy for integrated protection of trees and shrubs against these diseases. The implementation of the strategy for complex management of urban greenery is a crucial measure aimed at maintenance of a high health status of urban plants.

울진 소광리 금강소나무림 식생구조 특성에 따른 관리방안†

The Geumgang Pine (<italic>Pinus densiflora</italic>) Forest in Sogwang-ri, Uljin has traditionally been a pine tree protection area (prohibited forest) for timber production purposes, and is now designated and managed as a protected area for forest genetic resource conservation by the Korea Forest Service. This study, we analyzed topographical characteristics, existing vegetation, tree age, and plant community structure, and proposed a sustainable management method for the Geumgang Pine (<italic>Pinus densiflora</italic>) Forest in Sogwang-ri, Uljin for timber havesting purposes. The topographical characteristics of the target area were 36.7% ridges and 38.7% valleys; the ratio of ridges to valleys was similar, and the slopes formed 24.7% of the total area. The types of pine forest communities are divided into six types based on the progress of pine forest renewal, the competition with other species such as deciduous broadleaf trees, and the formation of layered structures. It has been confirmed that the age of the large-diameter pine trees (40～60cm in diameter) is approximately 60～70 years, which is relatively low. As a result of the analysis of the relative importance percentage and layered structure, differences depended on the progress of the pine forest renewal project, and not only the maintenance of the pine forest, but also the creation of a secondary growth forest, the density adjustment of pine trees, and the active management of competitive trees. The average basal area by the community was 12,642.1～25,424.4cm² for the tree layer and 1.8～1,956.5cm² for the low tree layer based on a quadrat of 400m². The difference in the basal area appeared to depend on the size and number of trees forming the tree layer and the degree of pine forest renewal (the degree of time elapsed after thinning pine trees). The average number of species that appeared in each community was 8.7–20.3; there were many species located in valleys, and the type competes with deciduous broadleaf trees due to the lack of management. The diversity of species ranged from 0.6915-1.0942, and was evaluated as low compared to pine communities in central temperate zones. In this paper, we determined the management goals of Geumgang Pine (<italic>Pinus densiflora</italic>) Forest in Sogwang-ri, Uljin to produce timber with high economic value, and suggested efficient vegetation management for continuous afforestation, the establishment of a timber production system, and improvement of wood production as a management direction.

Efficacy of synthetic lures for pine bark beetle monitoring

The Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) plantations in central Europe are currently damaged by a large-scale infestation by bark beetles (Scolytinae). Ips acuminatus and Ips sexdentatus are among the most aggressive species causing infestations of pine trees that are currently simultaneously attacked by Ips typographus. In pine plantations prone to damage, it is therefore necessary to carry out the bark beetle monitoring. One of the used methods is the pheromone bark beetle trapping using synthetic lures. The efficacy of synthetic lures differs. We tested the efficacy of commercially available lures used in the protection of pine trees. In total, we deployed 10 trap series, each consisting of traps with eight different lures and two unbaited traps (controls). Ips acuminatus and I. sexdentatus were most abundantly captured in Pheagr-IAC- and Sexowit-baited traps. Interestingly, the spruce species I. typographus was also captured and most often found in traps with Pheagr-IAC and Erosowit Tube lures. The number of captured beetles was consistent with the gradation phase of bark beetles. Our results suggest the suitability of pheromone traps for bark beetle monitoring. The use of Sexowit can be recommended especially in southwestern Moravia, where I. sexdentatus occurs in high numbers in the long run. In other parts of the Czech Republic, Pheagr-IAC alone can be used with sufficient efficacy. The use of the Erosowit Tube lure is also suitable for I. typographus and I. sexdentatus monitoring.

Analysis of the development of fruit trees diseases using modified analytical model of fuzzy c-means method

The use of digital technologies in agriculture has become very important to ensure the protection of trees from disease and limit their development, which leads to increased production, so the paper proposes a modified analytical model to analyze the data and graphical parts of the leaves of fruit trees using priority fuzzy C-means (PFCM). Based on the proposed distance scale to obtain a clustering with a less error rate and fairly close to accuracy for the purpose of monitoring the development of diseases of fruit trees, by classifying the diseases and medications needed for each disease, a database was created containing large samples of data and images, where the results of Analysis of previous studies that analyzes of large amounts of data give accurate results. The proposed method was used in smart gardens with large areas and we got the desired results.

Evaluation of sensitivity of apple scab pathogen to difenoconazole using the discriminatory dose technique

The most serious disease of the apple tree in all areas of its growth is scab. In the integrated apple tree protection system, the main method is chemical. However, the use of chemical fungicides is characterized by the risk of developing resistance to them by pathogen. The sensitivity of 118 monospore isolates of Venturia inaequalis was studied from three orchards of Jeromine, Reinette Simirenko and Gala cultivars, differing in the frequency of application of difenoconazole. Sensitivity was determined using the discriminatory dose technique (0.01 mg/l of active substance) in terms of RG, the relative growth of the mycelium. RG was expressed as the degree of change in mycelium growth in a nutrient medium with fungicide relative to the control variant in percent. All pathogen populations studied differed significantly in mean RG values. Populations treated three times per season with difenoconazole had higher RG values compared to populations treated two times. From Gala orchard, for some isolates, a stimulating effect of a discriminatory dose of difenoconazole on their growth was observed, that is, a hormesis effect was manifested. The proportion of isolates with RG values above the cutoff value, which was 84 and 100 % for the Reinette Simirenko and Gala orchards, may indicate that the pathogen populations studied are resistant, and in these orchards, there may be a decrease in the effectiveness of protection against apple scab. The discriminatory dose technique allowed us to objectively and promptly assess the sensitivity of V. inaequalis populations from orchards with varying intensity use of difenoconazole.

Modeling the effect of rockfall on forest development in a dynamic forest landscape model

AbstractMountain forests below rocky cliffs are regularly impacted by falling blocks. Rockfall thus increases tree mortality and can locally alter the forest structure. At the same time, trees can decelerate or stop falling blocks and play an important role in protecting settlements and infrastructure from rockfall impacts. Furthermore, trees in the upper part of a slope protect trees further downslope. Considering the interaction between forest dynamics and rockfall disturbance in dynamic forest models is necessary to accurately predict the development of rockfall protection forests in the long term. In this study, we integrated the disturbing effect of rockfall on trees in the dynamic forest landscape model TreeMig through a coupling with three‐dimensional rockfall simulations and analyzed the rockfall‐forest feedback over time. We introduced an additional mortality per cell, based on the probability and severity of rockfall disturbance derived from rockfall simulations. We implemented the potential feedback effect between rockfall disturbance and forest development using a meta‐model of the rockfall simulations and analyzed the sensitivity of forest development to varying disturbances for a case study in the Swiss Alps. With increasing disturbance, the total biomass of the forest decreased, whereby differences were relatively small at the scale of the forest complex, but more pronounced at local (cell) scale. Generally, the comparison to light detection and ranging (LiDAR)‐derived forest data showed a better agreement between the modeled forest and reality when considering the rockfall disturbing effect. The coupled simulations further revealed a positive feedback effect of rockfall disturbance and forest development. Disturbance probability and severity clearly decreased with advancing forest growth, which, however, lead to an overestimated recolonization of the disturbed areas. Still, the rockfall disturbance module clearly improved the simulations of a rockfall protection forest with TreeMig. Future improvement of the model should include a better representation of soil formation and water availability in the disturbed areas and the consideration of long‐term effects of the rockfall disturbances, such as pests and diseases. The consideration of the rockfall disturbance in forest modeling is particularly relevant for small‐scale studies requiring a detailed representation of spatial differences in forest cover, as this is the case in protection forest management.

Study on Characteristics of Triterpenoids and Hepatoprotective Effects of Fruit Body of Stout Camphor Mushroom, Taiwanofungus camphoratus (Agaricomycetes), Cultivated with Apple-Wood.

Taiwanofungus camphoratus is a parasite medicinal fungus with significant hepatoprotective activity that grows in Cinnamomum camphora, a class II protected tree species in Taiwan. Currently, commercial cultivation of T. camphoratus is limited by the resources of C. camphora. To broaden the range of substrates, this study investigated the feasibility of using apple-wood as a substrate for T. camphoratus cultivation and examined the content of fruit body triterpenoids and liver-protective activity as quality indicators. The triterpenoids were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and compared with T. camphoratus cultivated in C. camphora. The ICR mouse acute alcoholic liver injury model was used to explore the hepatoprotective effects of the apple-wood cultivated fungus. T. camphoratus grew on apple-wood medium within 7 months; a total of 62 fungal triterpenoid components were detected, including the seven characteristic triterpenoids. Only three were higher in T. camphoratus cultured on C. camphora. The medium-dose fungal extracts (150 mg/kg) produced significant protective effects against acute alcoholic liver injury in mice. These results indicate that apple-wood cultivation is a feasible method compared to C. camphora for commercial cultivation of T. camphoratus.

Environmental Benefits of Urban Trees: A Case Study of Gwagwalada Town in the Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria

The study examined the importance of urban trees in Gwagwalada town in the Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria. Purposive sampling technique was used to select thirty respondents for the study. Data obtained for the study were collected in the months of June and July of 2021 and descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data collected. The findings of the study showed what residents of the town value most about urban trees is the natural ventilation that they provide as indicated by nearly 67% of the respondents while about 47% of them revealed that they like urban trees because of the fruits they produce. The respondents (73%) also indicated that it is very important to them to protect mature trees from being cut down either on private or public property; 90% of the respondents indicated that they will support one-way street and creative design in order to protect mature trees. In spite of the benefits of urban trees, 53% of the respondents revealed that they will support removal of trees from public property if they constitute threats to life and property. It is recommended that rural and urban dwellers should promote trees planting and protection as they play significant roles in providing natural ventilation, fruits and also help in pollutants removal, rain water interception and erosion prevention.

Community Analysis of Culturable Sapwood Endophytes from Apulian Olive Varieties with Different Susceptibility to Xylella fastidiosa

Endophytes are symptomless fungal and/or bacterial microorganisms found in almost all living plant species. The symbiotic association with their host plants by colonizing the internal tissues has endowed them as a valuable tool to suppress diseases, stimulate growth, and promote stress resistance. In this context, the study of culturable endophytes residing the sapwood of Apulian olives might be a promising control strategy for xylem colonizing pathogens as Xylella fastidiosa. To date, olive sapwood cultivable endophytes are still under exploration; therefore, this work pursues a study of cultivable endophytes occurrence variation in the sapwood of different olive varieties under the effect of seasonality, geographical coordinates, and X. fastidiosa infection status. Our study confirms the stability of sapwood endophytic culturable communities in the resistant olive variety and presents the seasonal and geographical fluctuation of olive trees’ sapwood endophytes. It also describes the diversity and occurrence frequency of fungal and bacterial genera, and finally retrieves some of the sapwood-inhabiting fungal and bacterial isolates, known as biocontrol agents of plant pathogens. Thus, the potential role of these bacterial and fungal isolates in conferring olive tree protection against X. fastidiosa should be further investigated.

Role of Mangrove Rehabilitation and Protection Plans on Carbon Storage in Yanbu Industrial City, Saudi Arabia: A Case Study

Mangroves are one of the main considerations that might be used to mitigate the effects of climate change in coastal areas. Mangrove populations can be affected by industrial and civil activities on coasts. According to the Kyoto Protocol, protection and rehabilitation programs may play a pivotal role in conserving mangroves in industrial areas. Therefore, this study was designed to examine and evaluate the possible impact of conservation plans, implemented by the Royal Commission of Yanbu, in preserving mangrove trees’ ability to store carbon in the soil. Soil and plant samples were collected from three distinct locations, including a mangrove conservation site in Yanbu and natural unprotected sites in Umluj and Ar-Rayis. Organic-carbon (OC) stock, in both soil and plants, was calculated. Our results showed that at different depths, soil bulk density (SBD) in Yanbu ranged between 0.32–0.94 g cm−3. In Ar-Rayis and Umluj, SBD ranged between 1.43 to 1.99 and 0.90 to 1.57g cm−3, respectively. The average SBD values in Yanbu, Umluj, and Ar-Rayis were 0.68, 1.71, and 1.20 g cm−3, respectively. Similarly, the average soil OC density in Yanbu, Umluj, and Ar-Rayis was 165.19, 30.82, and 18.90 g C cm−3, respectively. Generally, the conserved mangrove tress grown in Yanbu industrial city showed higher (P ≤ 0.001) soil OC stock (0.39 t C ha−1) compared to the unprotected trees grown in Umluj (0.12 t C ha−1) and Ar-Rayis (0.11 t C ha−1) cities. Similarly, the highest (P ≤ 0.001) plant OC stocks (13.93 t C ha−1) were observed in protected mangroves of Yanbu, compared to the plant OC stocks observed in Umluj (8.06 t C ha−1) and Ar-Rayis (8.80 t C ha−1) cities. The results of the current study showed that the protected mangrove trees grown in Yanbu industrial city store more carbon in their sediments than those grown in the Umluj and Ar-Rayis sites without conservation or rehabilitation. These findings may provide evidence for the beneficial role of protecting mangrove forests in mitigating the effects of climate change.

Analysis of agroforestry tree species composition and coffee cultivation production tropical highlands, Aceh Tengah - Indonesia

Agroforestry system is a mixed plantation between cultivation planting and tree species in a forest land area. Coffee with a shade tree is commonly found out as an agroforestry system in Aceh Tengah highlands. Many farmers choose tree species suit for coffee to support coffee productivity. This research aimed to identify the planting of shade trees and coffee; what kinds of species mainly be grown by farmers. The research found that most farmers prefer to plant Leucaena leucocephala than other species causes the benefit of Leucaena leucocephala species. Coffee farmers should use trees as a protective crop to increase the total coffee production. Use Leucaena leucocephala as a protective tree because Leucaena leucocephala root contains rhizobium, helping coffee production.

Protecting habitats in low-intensity tropical farmland using carbon-based payments for ecosystem services

Tropical land-use change for agricultural expansion is the primary driver of global biodiversity decline. Efforts to stem this decline often focus on protecting pristine habitats or returning farmland to forest, yet such approaches fail to protect vulnerable taxa reliant on habitats within low-intensity farmland. We assess the economic viability of carbon-based payments for ecosystem services (PES) to protect farmland trees and fallowing in Ghana, which provide vital wintering sites for imperiled Afro-palearctic migrant birds and enhance landscape-level carbon storage. We estimate the carbon breakeven prices (BEPs) associated with alternative agricultural management scenarios that protect existing farmland trees. BEPs associated with tree protection on existing farmland were very low, ranging from US$2.49 to US$6.45 t−1 CO2. Extending and reintroducing fallow periods also carried competitive BEPs, US$4.67—US$15.45 t−1 CO2, when combined with the protection of 50 trees per hectare. Accounting for leakage and economic uncertainty increased BEPs considerably, but scenarios protecting farmland trees and extending fallow periods remained below EU Emissions Trading Scheme prices. Protecting low-intensity farmland habitats and associated biodiversity is cost-effective under carbon-based PES. Implementation should be combined with efforts to close yield gaps, providing greater local food security and resilience.

Individual Protective Covers (IPCs) for Young Tree Protection from the HLB Vector, the Asian Citrus Psyllid

Psyllid exclusion is the most effective strategy to keep citrus trees free from HLB. Individual protective covers (IPCs) are a novel strategy based on psyllid exclusion of individual trees using a protective mesh bag. This new 3-page publication summarizes the knowledge we have accrued from our 3-year-long field studies using the IPC system and provides recommendations that can help with effective use of this technology. By F. Alferez, U. Albrecht, S. Gaire, O. Batuman, J. Qureshi, and M. Zekri.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1425

Electric Bicyclist Injury Severity during Peak Traffic Periods: A Random-Parameters Approach with Heterogeneity in Means and Variances.

Accidents involving electric bicycles, a popular means of transportation in China during peak traffic periods, have increased. However, studies have seldom attempted to detect the unique crash consequences during this period. This study aims to explore the factors influencing injury severity in electric bicyclists during peak traffic periods and provide recommendations to help devise specific management strategies. The random-parameters logit or mixed logit model is used to identify the relationship between different factors and injury severity. The injury severity is divided into four categories. The analysis uses automobile and electric bicycle crash data of Xi’an, China, between 2014 and 2019. During the peak traffic periods, the impact of low visibility significantly varies with factors such as areas with traffic control or without streetlights. Furthermore, compared with traveling in a straight line, three different turnings before the crash reduce the likelihood of severe injuries. Roadside protection trees are the most crucial measure guaranteeing riders’ safety during peak traffic periods. This study reveals the direction, magnitude, and randomness of factors that contribute to electric bicycle crashes. The results can help safety authorities devise targeted transportation safety management and planning strategies for peak traffic periods.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE APPLICATION OF BIOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS IN THE APPLE PROTECTION SYSTEM IN THE RIGHT BANK FOREST STEPPE OF UKRAINE

Based on long-term monitoring of the phytosanitary state of apple plantations in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, the species composition of diseases was established, among which scab (Venturia inaegualis (Cooke) Wind) – 32.4 % and fruit rot (Monilia fructigena Pers.) – 23.7 %, mealy dew (Podosphaera leucotriche) – 21.7 %; bacteriosis (Erwinia amylovora) – 17.8 %. The features of the use of tank mixtures of microbiological fungicides based on fungal and bacterial bioagents for the protection of apple trees from diseases have been studied. It has been established that the microbiological preparation “Glyocladin BT” (Trichoderma (Gliocladium) virens) with a consumption rate (6.0 l/ha) provides a reduction in leaf infestation from scab and powdery mildew by 64.0–66.3 %, fruits by 31.4–40.0 %, the weight of fruits increases by 13.0–18.4 % and the yield of standard environmentally safe products by 12.0 and 14.2 %, and the yield by 4.6–5.8 t/ha. Microbiological preparations “Gaupsin BT” and “Pentafag-S” reduce the infection of apple leaves and fruits with bacterial burns by 56.3–70.0 %; fruit rot – by 66.8–80.0 %, while the yield and standard of apple fruits in the experimental variants exceed the control by 0.6–1.1 t/ha and 13.6–18.1 %, respectively.

Pengetahuan dan Adaptasi Petani Kopi terhadap Perubahan Iklim di Kecamatan Air Hitam Kabupaten Lampung

Climate change has caused production declines and crop failures in some agricultural commodities. This study aims to identify the level of knowledge, adaptation practices, and types of protective trees used by coffee farmers in dealing with climate change. The research was carried out in Rigis Jaya Village, West Lampung District from May to July 2021. The number of respondents was 80 coffee farming households. Respondents were determined through a simple random sampling approach. The data collected consists of qualitative and quantitative data. Data collection was carried out through the survey method. The results of the study illustrate that coffee farmers have realized that climate change has occurred. 60% of coffee farmers are aware of climate change in the last 1-5 years and 20% of coffee farmers are more than 5 years old. From mitigation practices, 25% of coffee farmers mitigate climate change. Climate change mitigation practices carried out by farmers are through the use of superior coffee varieties, planting shade trees, setting coffee spacing, making vents, and utilizing the remaining coffee husks to increase soil fertility and moisture. There are 14 types of shade trees planted by farmers consisting of legumes and non-legume trees. Petai (Parkia speciosa) is the most widely planted shade tree in coffee plantations with 45% of the total respondents.