Protection Technology Research Articles

Iron Oxide Scale Formation Mechanism and Anti-Corrosion Technology from Induction Remelting of Boiler Coating in Waste Incineration Power Plant

High-frequency induction welding technology represents the development direction of the high-temperature corrosion protection technology for the heating surfaces of the boiler “four tubes”. However, when the high-frequency induction coil heats and remelts the coating on the tube’s outer wall, the tube’s inner wall is also heated, causing an iron oxide scale to form on the tube’s inner wall. When the remelting temperature rises and the temperature of the tube’s inner wall exceeds 580 °C, three layers of oxide films, FeO, Fe3O4, and Fe2O3 are arranged in sequence from the substrate surface of the tube’s inner wall to the outside, with a thickness ratio of approximately 1:10:100. From the XRD spectra of tube iron oxide scale, it can be seen that the oxidation of the tube. The skin is mainly composed of Fe3O4, with a certain amount of Fe2O3 and trace amounts of FeO. The iron in the diffraction peak originates from the metal matrix. However, when the remelting temperature continues to rise and the temperature of the tube’s inner wall exceeds 580 °C, the oxide film begins to thicken significantly, that is, the oxide film begins to transform into an oxide scale. Under the continuous action of high-temperature induction remelting, the reaction between iron and oxygen is accelerated, but because the oxygen ions of water slowly diffuse through two outer layers of oxide films, with a low oxygen concentration. Although the FeO film is thin, it has a loose structure and numerous lattice defects, is unstable and easy to decompose, and easily peels off from the tube’s inner wall. For a pipe wall thickness of 5 mm, if the thinning rate of the inner wall caused by detachment reaches 0.8 mm/year, it is highly likely to cause pipe burst accidents within 4–5 years. The influence of the iron oxide scale on the performance of the tube’s inner wall was evaluated by testing indexes, such as surface hardness and decarburization layer depth. Although the oxide scale reduces the surface hardness of the tube’s inner wall, the surface decarburization layer is very thin, so the effect on the mechanical properties of the tube’s substrate is limited. The technology of inhibiting the formation of the iron oxide scale in induction remelting is briefly introduced. During the high-frequency remelting process of water-cooled walls, as the tube bank moves forward relative to the high-frequency heating coil, nitrogen protection is used to suppress the formation of oxide scale, effectively eliminating the troubles caused by high-frequency induction remelting and achieving the goal of improving the service life of the tube bank. This technology of the nitrogen protection method is used to inhibit the formation of iron oxide scale, not only inhibiting the formation of the iron oxide scale on the tube inner wall and the back of the tube bundle, with remarkable experimental results and broad application prospects.

DEFINITION OF CERTAIN INDICATORS FOR CHOOSING A METHOD OF CORROSION PROTECTION FOR UNDERGROUND PIPELINES

Pipeline transportation of natural gas, oil, and petroleum products has become widely used both internationally and within Azerbaijan, as it is the most efficient and safe method of transportation. The durability and accident-free operation of pipelines directly depend on the effectiveness of their anti-corrosion protection. Therefore, the modernization of protection technologies is of critical importance. This study examines the main methods of pipeline anti-corrosion protection, considering the advantages and disadvantages of each. Calculations are provided for the pipeline wall thickness, anti-corrosion protection, and certain parameters of cathodic protection necessary to determine the most effective method for specific operating conditions. Keywords: corrosion, pipeline, sacrificial anode, passive protection, active protection.

High‐Throughput Design of 2D Coating Materials for the Corrosion Protection of Copper

Abstract2D coating materials represent a promising class of corrosion protection technologies for copper. The high‐throughput screening methodology, focusing on specific coating properties, is promisingly expected to expedite the design and development of 2D coating materials. Herein, the key features of 2D coating materials, including thermodynamic stability, electronic insulation, strong internal chemical bonds, weak interfacial adhesion, and resistance to corrosive medium adsorption, are identified based on a mechanistic analysis of established 2D coating materials. An automated workflow is formulated, encompassing heterostructure modeling, adsorption site selection, and lattice deformation assessments, to facilitate the high‐throughput derivation of the physical and chemical properties pertinent to coating applications. Among the 13 2D materials exhibiting weak interfacial adhesion and adsorption resistance to Cl, nine are fluorides, suggesting their substantial potential for coating applications. Furthermore, from an extensive pool of 15733 monolayer 2D materials and 11184 bilayer 2D materials, three monolayer 2D materials (IrSCl, IrSF, and TiNF) and four bilayer 2D materials (PdF‐1, PdF‐2, PdF‐3, and SiF‐2) are filtered out for 2D coating materials. These findings not only present promising candidates for 2D coating materials but also contribute valuable theoretical perspectives, guiding the rational design of 2D materials with targeted properties.

Research on the Application of Green Supply Chain in New Energy Automobile Industry under the Background of "Double Carbon" Goal

This paper adopts a case study approach to study the green supply chain of new energy vehicle enterprises represented by BYD. The SWOT method is used to analyze the advantages, disadvantages, opportunities and threats of BYD's green supply chain, and summarize the ways to implement the green supply chain in new energy vehicle enterprises, including: the construction of a reasonable vertical supply chain; increasing the research investment in new energy automobile environmental protection science and technology, as well as the digitization of supply chain management. Through the study of BYD's green supply chain management, it can be found that: the vertical supply chain enhances the stability of the green supply chain of new energy automobile enterprises; the green technology created by the continuous investment in scientific research promotes the supply chain of new energy vehicle enterprises to be more low-carbon and green; and the digitalization of the supply chain management is an effective tool for new energy automobile enterprises to carry out green supply chain management.

Corporate Governance and Corporate Green Innovation

After the COVID-19 pandemic, global economic growth has slowed down, trade has shrunk, and higher requirements have been placed on corporate innovation capabilities. While China's economy is developing at a high quality, environmental issues are increasingly attracting widespread social attention. Therefore, this article will focus on the impact of corporate governance on green innovation. The role of corporate governance in green innovation is gaining increasing attention, especially in promoting sustainable development and environmental responsibility. An effective corporate governance structure can provide strategic guidance, resource support, and regulatory guarantees for green innovation. An efficient board of directors and management can not only improve the quality of decision-making, but also ensure that while pursuing economic benefits, companies actively fulfill their social responsibilities and promote the research and development and application of environmental protection technologies. In addition, good corporate governance helps to enhance the trust of stakeholders, thereby promoting the smooth implementation of green innovation projects. Studies have shown that companies with green governance awareness are often more innovative and competitive in the market, driven by environmental regulations and market demand.

Recent Advances in Structural Design of Carbon/Magnetic Composites and their Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Applications.

Electromagnetic pollution protection and military stealth technologies underscore the urgent need to develop efficient electromagnetic wave-absorbing materials (EWAMs). Traditional EWAMs suffer from single absorption loss mechanisms, poor impedance matching, and weak reflection loss. To date, combining dielectric loss with magnetic loss in EWAMs have proven to be an effective approach to enhancing electromagnetic absorption performance. The structural design of composites plays a pivotal role in improving impedance matching and enhancing the attenuation of electromagnetic waves. It is widely regarded as one of the principal methods for fine-tuning electromagnetic parameters and response mechanisms. Among these, composites of carbon and magnetic materials have become a research hotspot due to their magnetoelectric synergistic effects and versatile microstructure design. Herein, the principles of electromagnetic wave absorption in terms of both the loss mechanism and impedance matching are outlined. The research progress on core-shell, skeleton, and hollow structure of carbon/magnetic composite EWAMs are summarized. The synthesis methods, absorption properties, and attenuation mechanisms of composites with these structures are described in detail. Finally, the limitations of carbon/magnetic composites in electromagnetic wave absorption are discussed, possible solutions are proposed, and future development directions for carbon/magnetic composite EWAMs are envisioned.

Optimization of Coating Process Parameters by Analysis of Target Powder Thickness and Regression Modeling

The development of corrosion mechanisms is a major issue that industrial experts are faced with while dealing with all phases of metal exploitation. Damage caused by corrosion affects the increase in both direct and indirect costs of manufacture. With adequate surface protection technology, it is possible to lessen the intensity of corrosion mechanisms’ development. In order for the selected surface protection technology to provide its full protective action, it is necessary to be familiar with its process parameters. This paper deals with a surface protection system that creates a barrier between the aggressive environment and the base material. The tested barrier was created on a base material surface by electrostatic powder spraying. In this experiment, three types of base material (carbon steel, aluminum and galvanized steel) were coated by applying different combinations of operating parameters. Operating parameters, i.e., the voltage and strength of the electric current, were taken as numerical input variables in the experiment. Each experiment design was focused on measuring the thickness of the protective layer. Analysis of the obtained results and statistical data processing confirmed that appropriate parameters (input variables) provided the target thickness of the protective coating on each of the tested materials. Optimization of parameters contributes to the efficiency of production, shortens the processing time and ensures that coating thickness stays within the limits defined either by the manufacturer or the end user.

Sustainable Technologies for Plant Variety Protection: A Legal Perspective

The agricultural industry plays a vital role in the country's economy and has a significant impact on climate change. The environmental concerns have raised the demand to investigate the traditional agricultural practices taking place and to adopt sustainable practices for increasing agricultural output by bringing innovative and sustainable technologies to improve the farm produce and to ensure the minimization of PPP products that emit harmful emissions to increase the sustainability outputs. The untailored use of these PPPs is extremely detrimental to the environment and therefore there must be use of products that might improve the yield but also are environment friendly. Sustainable agriculture is crucial for achieving the goals of Viksit Bharat which is possible through climate-resilient technologies. Therefore, it becomes important to incorporate sustainable technologies in this domain. The paper aims to understand the use of sustainable technologies in increasing the agricultural sector and ensuring sustainability.

Bioavailability of rumen-protected histidine, lysine, and methionine assessed using different in vivo methods.

The objective of this experiment was to estimate the bioavailability (BA) of rumen-protected (RP) His, RPLys, and 2 RPMet products using 3 in vivo methods: area under the curve (AUC), plasma dose-response (PDR), and fecal free AA (FFAA) methods. We used 8 rumen-cannulated cows in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square experiment with 16-d periods. Treatments were (1) abomasal infusion of water (control), (2) abomasal infusion of free His, Lys, and Met (FAA), (3) administration of RPHis + RPLys + RPMet1 (rumen-protected methionine protected with ethyl cellulose; RPAA1), and (4) administration of RPHis + RPLys + RPMet2 (rumen-protected methionine protected with a pH-sensitive polymer; RPAA2). On d 7 of each experimental period, a pulse-dose of water (control) or FAA were infused into the abomasum of the cows, or RPAA were placed directly in the rumen, and blood samples were taken from the jugular vein through a catheter 11 times over a 24-h period for the AUC method. Following the AA pulse-dose, infusion lines were installed into the abomasum for continuous infusion of FAA for the PDR method, or RPAA were fed from d 12 to d 16 and cows were fitted with urinary catheters for total collection of feces for the FFAA method. Fecal collection and blood sampling were conducted from d 14 to 16. Due to technical issues likely leading to unrealistic BA estimates, data for the PDR method are reported in the supplemental material. Relative BA based on the AUC method (computed as AUC of RPAA treatment plasma AA concentration divided by AUC of FAA treatment plasma AA concentration) was lower for RPMet1 compared with RPMet2 (43% vs. 61%) and was 45% (SEM = 3.35) and 72% (SEM = 5.99), for RPHis and RPLys, respectively. Rumen escape fractions of RPAA, estimated in a previous study using an in situ method, and digestibility data from the current study were used for calculations of BA for the FFAA method. Bioavailability based on the FFAA method was lower for RPMet1 (67%) compared with RPMet2 (91%) and was 87% (SEM = 0.71) and 75% (SEM = 2.75) for RPHis and RPLys, respectively. The relative differences in estimated BA based on both the AUC and FFAA methods between the RPMet products were as expected, based on literature, and data for all 4 RPAA products corresponded well with previously estimated BA using the FFAA method. The unrealistic data for the PDR method were likely caused by technical deviations from the original method (e.g., once-daily dosing of RPAA and inability to capture representative plasma concentration data with the sampling time points). Therefore, comparison of the PDR method with the AUC and FFAA methods were not possible in this study. Further comparisons are needed without deviations from the original PDR method. Variability in BA data and differences in estimated BA between the in vivo methods highlight the current challenges for accurate measurements of relative in vivo BA of RPAA products. Different protection technologies may call for different methodology to be used for BA estimations. Further research and standardization of in vivo BA methods are warranted.

Study on the Water Ecology Protection and Water Environment Remediation Technology, focusing on the heavy metal removal

Water environmental pollution has become a growing problem with the increase in pollutants released because of the expansion of human activities. Since water is peculiarly susceptible to pollution, water pollution control has garnered copious attention among the most crucial environmental conundrums. Therefore, water environment remediation is not only of great significance for river ecology, but also of theoretical and practical importance for sustainable human development. China’s central government passed the Yangtze River Protection Law in response to the need for changes in governance arrangements and cooperation. The purpose of this study is to explore the technology of heavy metal treatment in water environment remediation, to study and solve a series of problems such as water ecological maintenance methods, river desilting, and water body renewal. This paper will analyze the benefits of water environment remediation technologies and explore their potential for sustainable development, focusing on the removal of heavy metals from water body.

Traveling Wave Differential Protection Technology and Its Application in Ultra-Long-Distance UHVDC Transmission Line

Traveling Wave Differential Protection Technology and Its Application in Ultra-Long-Distance UHVDC Transmission Line

Airborne network security protection technology based on hybrid K-means algorithm

Airborne network security protection technology based on hybrid K-means algorithm

Research on airbag protection technology for ejection life-saving against windbalst at high speed

Research on airbag protection technology for ejection life-saving against windbalst at high speed

Planning Concept for the Circular Economy Industrial Park in Heyuan City

The circular economy industrial park built based on the 3R principle is not only for pursuing greater economic benefits and less resource consumption, but also an important measure for building zero-waste cities. The article first studied the circular economy industrial parks in Hong Kong and Japan, summarizing their advanced experience in pursuing lower pollution and sustainable use of materials and energy. Then the article selected Heyuan City in Guangdong Province as the object, and evaluate the necessity and feasibility of building a circular economy industrial park by analyzing the policy environment, location conditions, and current situation of general sanitation facilities. Preliminary planning will be carried out for the functional zoning, energy system, water resources system of the circular economy industrial park, and discuss the environmental protection technologies that can be applied in the proposed scenario. Finally, it is recommended that the park and enterprises minimize the impact of facilities on the surrounding environment to better integrate into the surrounding urban space.

The Impact of Systemic Insecticides: Cyantraniliprole and Flupyradifurone on the Mortality of Athalia rosae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) Based on the Biophoton-Emission of Oilseed Rape.

The selection of an appropriate and targeted crop protection technology for winter oilseed rape is crucial for the economic production of this crop. Insecticides belonging to the group of diamides and butenolides are available as seed treatments for winter oilseed rape and serve as effective tools for chemical crop protection. The objective of this study was to determine the multi-directional applicability of the active ingredients cyantraniliprole and flupyradifurone. Furthermore, the phenotypic detection of stress was conducted for these systemic insecticides. The results of our study show that these active ingredients acropetal and basipetal translocation are both effective against Athalia rosae (L. 1758) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). The findings from our laboratory studies indicated that the insecticidal active ingredients are effective against Athalia rosae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) via both acropetal and basipetal translocation. However, differences in the time of exertion of lethal effect were recorded. In both experimental groups, mortality was observed to reach 100% at the 96-h mark, regardless of the specific experimental conditions or the insecticide employed. An examination of the bio-photon emission of the experimental plants revealed a statistically verifiable correlation between the applied active ingredients and the photon emission intensity per unit plant surface area. The findings of our study indicate that due to their insecticidal activity, systemic insecticides also affect plant life processes by increasing photosynthetic activity per unit leaf area.

Integrated strategies for database protection: Leveraging anomaly detection and predictive modelling to prevent data breaches

In the era of digital transformation, safeguarding databases from breaches is critical to maintaining organizational integrity and trust. With the increasing complexity and volume of data, traditional database protection methods are often insufficient to counter sophisticated threats. This paper explores the integration of anomaly detection systems and predictive modelling as a robust strategy to mitigate database vulnerabilities. Anomaly detection systems play a pivotal role in identifying irregular activities, such as unauthorized access or unusual data usage patterns, by leveraging real-time monitoring and machine learning algorithms. These systems are capable of distinguishing between legitimate and malicious behaviours, significantly enhancing early breach detection capabilities. Predictive modelling, using historical breach data, complements anomaly detection by proactively identifying potential vulnerabilities and high-risk areas within database systems. By analysing patterns from past incidents, predictive models enable organizations to anticipate threats and implement targeted security measures. This combined approach not only fortifies databases against attacks but also ensures a proactive defense posture. The paper also presents case studies demonstrating the effectiveness of integrated strategies in real-world scenarios. For instance, organizations employing a dual approach of anomaly detection and predictive modelling have successfully mitigated breaches in critical infrastructures such as financial systems, healthcare databases, and government records. The findings highlight the importance of seamless integration between these methods to achieve a comprehensive security framework. By adopting such advanced strategies, organizations can strengthen their database security, minimize the risk of breaches, and ensure regulatory compliance. This paper underscores the transformative potential of leveraging data-driven technologies for proactive and adaptive database protection.

Data privacy in the era of AI: Navigating regulatory landscapes for global businesses

The convergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and data privacy has created a pivotal challenge for global businesses navigating complex regulatory landscapes. As AI systems increasingly depend on vast datasets to deliver insights and drive innovation, concerns about data protection, algorithmic transparency, and compliance with privacy laws have intensified. The global regulatory environment, encompassing frameworks such as the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), California’s Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), and China’s Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL), presents a fragmented legal landscape that requires careful navigation. This paper examines the multifaceted challenges businesses face in aligning AI adoption with regulatory compliance while maintaining ethical standards. Key concerns include managing cross-border data transfers, ensuring data minimization, addressing algorithmic biases, and safeguarding consumer rights in automated decision-making processes. Furthermore, the need for global harmonization of privacy standards is emphasized, given the inconsistencies in regulations across jurisdictions. Actionable insights are provided for businesses to adapt and thrive in this regulatory environment. These include the implementation of privacy-by-design in AI systems, the adoption of advanced data protection technologies like federated learning and differential privacy, and leveraging AI to enhance compliance processes, such as automated data audits and real-time breach detection. The paper also advocates for collaborative efforts among governments, industry stakeholders, and regulators to establish a cohesive framework for AI and data privacy. By strategically addressing these challenges, businesses can build trust with consumers, mitigate legal risks, and unlock AI’s transformative potential in a privacy-centric era.

Soil formation under different methods of cultivation and mineral fertilization of chernozem in agrocenosis

To determine the influence of soil protection tillage and different doses of fertilizer on the formation of the structure of the total phytomass of crops in crop rotations of different types and to assess the level of activity of root systems as a sign of the manifestation of cultural soil formation in the agrocenoses of the Central Forest-Steppe through humus accumulation in the thicknesses of chernozems. Methods. The methods of comparison, correlation and generalisation were used in the work, and the main method was a system analysis based on the description of the system, its individual structural components, their interaction with each other and external factors. Results. Strengthening of hydrothermal conditions of moistened chernozems provides high rates of reproduction of the humus profile of chernozem, and the systematic use of moldboardless tillage is a powerful factor in controlling the process of humus accumulation, which is diagnosed by darkening (increasing coarseness) of the transitional horizons of the soil stratum of chernozems typical of humus leakage. Under the influence of moldboardless tillage, the vector of soil formation is directed towards the formation of more moist chernozems (increased humus content), and the detected effect of increased humus formation should be considered a determinant criterion of the adaptation of the tillage system and, in general, the farming system to the conditions of increasing climate aridity in the agrocenoses of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The general pattern of formation of the ratio of marketable products to by-products, both above-ground mass and total by–products, regardless of the type of organic fertiliser, depends on the level of fertilisation, especially nitrogen fertilisation, and the method of cultivation, and lies in the fact that ploughing increases the amount of by-products in the structure of total biomass, while the share of marketable mass decreases. Conclusions. Soil formation in agrocenoses should be perceived as an increase in the cumulative effect of the biological factor of soil formation in the conditions of agricultural use of chernozem by improving hydrothermal soil conditions in seasonal and annual cycles under the influence of the systematic application of soil protection technologies based on no–till tillage, which ensures the process of managing the functional, ecological and facies regularities of organic matter deposition in the humus of chernozem in the agrocenoses of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.

Leveraging RNA interference technology for selective and sustainable crop protection.

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) has emerged as key player in gene silencing for the past two decades. Tailor-made dsRNA is now recognized a versatile raw material, suitable for a wide range of applications in biopesticide formulations, including insect control to pesticide resistance management. The mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi) acts at the messenger RNA (mRNA) level, utilizing a sequence-dependent approach that makes it unique in term of effectiveness and specificity compared to conventional agrochemicals. Two primary categories of small RNAs, known as short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), function in both somatic and germline lineages in a broad range of eukaryotic species to regulate endogenous genes and to defend the genome from invasive nucleic acids. Furthermore, the application of RNAi in crop protection can be achieved by employing plant-incorporated protectants through plant transformation, but also by non-transformative strategies such as the use of formulations of sprayable RNAs as direct control agents, resistance factor repressors or developmental disruptors. This review explores the agricultural applications of RNAi, delving into its successes in pest-insect control and considering its broader potential for managing plant pathogens, nematodes, and pests. Additionally, the use of RNAi as a tool for addressing pesticide-resistant weeds and insects is reviewed, along with an evaluation of production costs and environmental implications.

Copper catastrophic oxidation: Theory and mechanisms

Copper and its alloys with transition metals (as good conductors of electricity and heat) are extensively used in electrical industry, electronics, and cooling systems and can be the subject of surface degradation by oxidation. In certain circumstances, surface degradation of copper occurs catastrophically. Predicting catastrophic oxidation kinetics and developing protective technology require understanding the mass transfer mechanisms in the solid/liquid/gas composite scale formed on the copper surface during catastrophic degradation. However, these mechanisms are not clear enough. The role of capillary forces in the mass transport process in the composite scale with a high density of solid/liquid and liquid/gas interfaces has not been established. Here, we show the significant contribution of both electrochemical and solutocapillary forces to mass transfer and suggest the mechanisms, involving selective transport of ions, gas bubbles, and liquid, and their relationships with the microstructure of the composite scale. The bubble nucleation is discussed.