Protection Tripping Research Articles

Особенности роста вяза приземистого на бурых почвах Астраханской полупустыни

The article presents the current state assessment and suggests the methods for additional moisture supply of soils under stable tree plantations of Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila L.) on brown soils of semi-desert. The research area belongs to the arid zone. This is a treeless zone of dry steppe and semi-desert, where about 1,000 ha of plantations with a predominance of elm of different species have been planted since 1949–1953: shade clumps, pasture protection strips, massifs, separated forest stands. The soils are brown desert-steppe alkaline sandy loam and light clay-loam in combination with solonetz (10 %). Siberian elm stands form plantations of different ages and for different purposes. The research is based on biomonitoring materials and field experiments using standard forest inventory techniques. Test sites of a rectangular shape with an area of 0.4 ha were laid out in order to study the Siberian elm stands. We described in detail the location of the test sites, the soil composition thereon, and gave a comprehensive assessment of the growth and durability of the plantations. It is shown that the stand state is determined by 2 sets of factors: zonal-edaphic and pastoraleconomic. Viable stands of Siberian elm at the age of 57–64 have been preserved on sandy loam and dark-colored soils located in micro- and inter-hill depressions. The dynamics of soil moisture under plantations is largely independent of the tree location method. Satisfactory indicators of growth and durability of plantations depend on the level of availability of soil moisture and the degree of its salinity. The moisture supply of soils under elm plantations can be increased by using melt water runoff in hollows and micro-depressions and increasing the growing space of a tree to 25 m2. Formed elm plantations respond positively to the presence of resting animals. The “alliance” relationship between the stand and livestock does not arise immediately, but rather from a certain age of the stand and the moment it forms a certain structure of the tree layer, which should be provided by forest cultivation and silvicultural measures in conjunction with the regulation of pasture load. There is a positive effect of resting animals at the appropriate load on the growth, state and durability of the Siberian elm stands.

Dendroflora diversity in the coastal zones of the Dnipro river within the Northern steppe subzone of Ukraine

Coastal tree and shrub vegetation is an important component of river catchment ecosystems, it performs a wide range of ecological functions and ecosystem services; their effectiveness largely depends on species richness and diversity. Coastal habitats are among the main centers of biodiversity, but they often perform a function of centers of active anthropogenic activity and undergo significant transformation. The creation of a cascade of the Dnipro reservoirs (Kamenske, Zaporizhia (Dniprovske), Kakhovske reservoirs) has already caused the transformations of the Dnipro river flow regime and all biological components of the aquatic and wetland ecosystems in the Northern steppe subzone of Ukraine. In the current period, on the background of global climate change, dendroflora transformation on this territory is enhanced by the anthropogenic impact of industrial cities (Kamenske, Dnipro, Zaporizhzhia). Assessment of dendroflora diversity in coastal zones was carried out within the protective strip of the Dnipro river (100 m): in native phytocenoses; semi-native vegetation associations; water protection plantings; public green spaces (excluding private plots and collections). It was determined that the dendroflora in the coastal protective strips of the Dnipro river within the Northern steppe subzone of Ukraine is characterized by significant taxonomic diversity and includes 184 plant species (excluding their decorative forms) belonging to 37 families. The highest species saturation was typical for the following families: Rosaceae (40 species), Salicaceae (23 species), Fabaceae (11 species), and Oleaceae (9 species). The dendroflora consists of 61 tree species, 78 shrubby species (including lianas) and 45 species that can be represented by both tree and shrubby forms. The highest species richness was recorded in public recreational green spaces: 181 species (98% of the total species number). The coastal tree and shrubby associations included 8 species that belong to rarity ones (the Red List of the Dnipropetrovsk region). The coenomorphic spectrum of dendroflora in coastal protective strips is dominated by culturants (70.7%), autochthonous silvants (19%), stepants (3.2%), silvomargoants (species of forest margins, 4.3%), pratants (1.6%), and paludants (1.1%). There is the dominance of mesophytes (55%) and species with a wide range of adaptations to the humidification conditions of hygrotopes in hygrospectrum (22.8%); mesotrophic species among trophomorphs (53.8%), and sciogeliophytes in heliospectrum (57%). In the dendroflora of the coastal zones of the Dnipro river, alien species completely predominated (71% of the species composition). Among them, 6.9% were invasive, mainly belonging to neophytes. In the current period, an increase in invasive activity is recorded in another 5.3% of adventive (potentially invasive) species. The significant taxonomic and ecomorphic diversity of dendroflora in the coastal zones of the Northern steppe subzone of Ukraine is associated with ecotone effects, active processes of the territory urbanization, and the use of a wide range of alien ornamental species in public green spaces of cities. It is advisable to increase the share of autochthonic and rare species participation in the composition of coastal protective and recreational plantings, which will contribute to the preservation of their gene pool and increase the native dendrological diversity in the Dnipro river basin. To reduce the threats of phytoinvasions, it is necessary to: i) prohibit the use of invasive species in the restoration of native floodplain forests; ii) conduct a preliminary assessment of environmental risks from the use of alien species; iii) monitor existing plantings with their participation.

PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TYPOLOGY OF THE MODERN UKRAINIAN VILLAGE

An analysis of performed field and theoretical research on the subject of socio-economic and urban development of the Ukrainian countryside in the XXI century is represented. and related transformations of settlement areas and rural farmstead. The socio-economic preconditions for the emergence and functioning of each type of village and farmstead are presented. 5 main types of rural settlements and estates are distinguished by dominant functional features on the basis of 2 components: rural-landscape and agricultural profile of the villagers:
 Type 1: traditional village, traditional village estate
 Type 2: village with a focus on recreational and tourist business;
 Type 3: village - a suburb at an agricultural enterprise;
 Type 4: village - sleeping quarter of the city;
 Type 5: diverse village.
 These types of villages arose as a result of evolutionary self-organization of settlements. Thus, the diversity of their socio-economic structures is an objectively existing process that should be taken into account in the development of long-term plans for socio-economic development of a region, specific settlement or group of settlements in the development of master plans of villages. Emphasis is placed on the mandatory field pre-project studies of each specific village. Special attention should be paid to the parameters and traditions of spatial organization of the most successful farmsteads from the standpoint of their primary convenience for housekeeping, owners:
 - on the planning organization of the farmsteads of the most successful owners
 - for the planning of farmsteads that have received additional spatial development resources due to the accession of the territory of the neighboring estate as a result of the termination of the existence the latter. (There are many such cases today) 
 - on influences on planning of the farmstead of possible additional arrivals (in the presence of household driveway or at the big width of area, planning of corner estates)
 - on a situation when the field adjoins the farmstead, which belongs to the owner.
 - on the method of using by the owners of the territories adjacent to the farmstead, which do not belong to anyone and form an additional resource for the spatial development of the estate (wasteland, pasture, sanitary protection strip, hypertrophied roadside, etc.).
 The range of optimal areas of each type of farmstead, recommendations on design methods are given. It is emphasized, that attempts to strictly regulate the planning of different types of villages will not be effective. Instead, a more productive approach is when the designer has complete freedom in developing the master plan of the village. Decisions that may contradict the current design norms or generally accepted canons in urban planning are allowed if they are based on the studied folk experience, traditions and arguments obtained in participatory design.

РОЗРОБКА МОДЕЛІ СТРУМОВОГО РЕЛЕЙНОГО ЗАХИСТУ В ПАКЕТІ MATLAB/SIMULINK

Based on MATLAB / SIMULINK, a model of a radial network with one-way power supply and three radial lines with a complex load at the end of each line is built. The model allows you to study the relationship of processes in the network in the case of normal operation, and in the case of possible damage at different distances from the power supply. The proposed model of the current protection device consists of a three-phase current meter, a switching element and a display. In the dialog box of the device, the primary current of the transformer current, the mains voltage frequency, the multiplicity of the protection tripping current and the tripping time multiplier are set, and the type of the standard curve of the protection tripping time characteristic is selected. A protection device with inverse time delay characteristics measures the RMS value of three-phase AC. The switch-off signal is given from the output of the relay protection device, depending on the time delay. The display shows the operating time of the device, primary and secondary currents and setpoint multiplicity. The performance of the device was evaluated by a three-phase short circuit. As a result of research it is established that the offered model of the relay protection device confirms correct behavior of the relay of the maximum current in various operating modes of a network. The behavior of the protection device indicates that the proposed model can be used in further work to develop algorithms for current protection of lines. To improve the model of the device, it is necessary to investigate the influence of simulation parameters, such as data on power sources, power lines, load and type of damage on the parameters of the protection device. The scientific novelty is the the developed models of the electric network and the device of the maximum current protection with all inverse characteristics of endurance of time provided by the ANSI / IEEE and IEC standards. The practical significance of the work is the possibility of using the model to test the selectivity and sensitivity of protection in the event of changes in network parameters in a wide range and in the case of research in the development and improvement of relay protection devices and training.

How to deal with Hazel Dormice affected by large infrastructure projects

Hazel Dormice (Muscardinus avellanarius) are protected by national implementation of European law. Protection comprises of the prohibition of physical harm to individuals and the destruction of breeding or nesting sites. Due to Germany’s policy goal of changing from a fossil fuel dominated energy supply to more sustainable energy sources, large infrastructural projects became crucial to, for example, redistribute energy from Northern and Eastern Germany to Bavaria. Within the context of the inevitable building projects, the protection goals for species like the Hazel Dormouse need to be maintained. The layout of such a project with a linear design stretching across hundreds of kilometers and intersecting different landscapes and habitats poses new challenges. Aspects of the construction phase of underground cables need to be considered in planning as well as the design of the protective strip above the finished cable. In order to plan mitigation and compensation measures, species presence and absence data need to be collected effectively. A total of 223 sample sites along a 207 km long corridor were equipped with 5,499 nest-tubes and monitored regularly. For habitat potential, biotope types were assessed and mapped within the corridor. All types of potential Hazel Dormouse habitat were selected considering regional differences. Based on previous research, we established guidelines for the transferability of presence and absence data. We present the procedure for data collection spanning a vast area using nest-tubes, proposed guidelines for the transferability of results, as well as mitigation and compensation measures necessary to ensure protection of the Hazel Dormouse.

BLUE LINES AS TOWN-BUILDING LIMITATIONS OF COASTAL WATER AREA

The characteristics and problems of coastal water areas and coastal territories are considered. The use of coastal areas for economic, residential, and industrial buildings led to their degradation and gave rise to a number of legal, ecological, technical, and urban planning problems. Coastal water areas and territories are important natural and urban planning complexes in the planning structure of the city, because they enrich the urban fabric with public and recreational space, coastal flora and fauna, a picturesque landscape, and improve the microclimate of the urban environment. Professional organization, beautification, preservation and protection of coastal water areas and their coastal territories is one of the dominant urban planning tasks due to the fact that coastal territories are extremely vulnerable, the most exploited and investment-attractive zones. Preservation of the natural balance between the water area and the coastal area in the conditions of an urbanized environment is an urgent task of city planners. The advantages of the organization of the coastal man-made system have been proven. The urban planning organization of the coastal territory of the river is a set of measures for engineering preparation and improvement of the territory, which include the definition and measurements of the site, the identification of its natural features, the determination of the borders of the coastal territory, zoning with the definition of restrictions (water protection zone, coastal protective strip, green lines), project development, technical support of architectural and landscape improvement under the condition of maintaining and preserving the natural balance of the river ecosystem. The importance of establishing the Blue Lines of urban planning restrictions of coastal water areas is substantiated. Green and Blue lines should become tools for limiting the urbanized load on the natural component of cities and settlements, protecting and safeguarding the purity of the water body, the balance of the ecotone component, the river biocenosis, and the paradynamic connections of the river ecosystem during its urban development. The blue lines of urban planning restrictions – the boundaries of the water area cut – will contribute to the preservation of the maximum allowable sizes of coastal water areas, a tool for preserving the natural component in the urbanized environment, which will help solve the problem of balanced, rational and harmonious use of coastal water areas and territories. In addition to the obvious advantages of improving the microclimate of the urban environment, the appearance of recreational and pedestrian zones, the organization of public space (city friendly for people), the return of historical and cultural significance, professional urban planning organization and the revitalization of river ecosystems will have long-term economic profit – the coastal areas of revived water areas will become promising objects for investments.

LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY OF THE NATIONAL DENDROLOGICAL PARK "SOFIYIVKA" OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF UKRAINE

The article reveals the landscape diversity of the historical garden and park landscape – the National Dendrological Park "Sofiyivka" of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in the city of Uman, Cherkasy region, founded in 1796-1800. In the classification of landscape gardening landscapes, developed by the Ukrainian landscape architect, doctor of biological sciences Rubtsov L.I., 6 types of landscapes are distinguished. The landscape of the NDP "Sofiyivka", as an object of landscape gardening art, belongs to the group of anthropogenic landscapes and is classified as a cultural, recreational, slightly modified landscape (historical core of the park) and modified landscape (Grekova and Lesnaya beams). On the territory of the arboretum, all types of landscape gardening landscapes are presented: forest, park, meadow, garden, regular, alpine landscapes. Most of the historical core of the park is occupied by the park landscape; the forest landscape has been preserved closer to the boundaries of the arboretum. The meadow landscape exists both at the bottom of the beams and in elevated places, such as on the Fungus lawn. The garden type of landscape is presented in the English Park, created in 1890 91 by Pashkevich V.V. and in a series of new monocultural gardens (of lilacs, magnolias, maples, chrysanthemums, dahlias, daylilies, hosts, etc.). The Kamyanka River is an alpine (or mountainous) type of garden and park landscape due to natural granite outcrops and shifted boulders. Examples of the regular landscape are the amphitheater, alleys, greenery protection strips, as well as the regularly planned area of the new entrance to the arboretum from the street Kyivskaya with a fountain and a rosary. These garden and park landscapes of the arboretum "Sofiyivka" are the most valuable natural ecosystem formations within the arboretum, which must be preserved and maintained accordance with the strategic principles of ecological unity and reproduction of natural resources.

ANALYSIS OF DOMINANT TYPES OF LAND USE IN THE CARPATHIAN REGION

It is devoted to the specifics of the distribution of dominant land use types in the Carpathian region. The natural resources provided by the Carpathian region are described. Land, forest and water resources of the Carpathian region, as well as the main causes of land degradation, namely: landslides, mudslides and erosion (dangerous slope processes that are activated by both natural and anthropogenic factors); analyzed natural and man-made factors that negatively affect the land resources of the Carpathian region; volumes of illegal deforestation; water pollution in the Carpathian region.
 Particular attention is paid to the negative anthropogenic impact on agricultural land (excessive tillage; ineffective agro-ameliorative measures; excessive fertilization; impact of built-up areas; other characteristics); forestry purposes (continuous deforestation; improper forest skidding; logging clutter; violation of the structure of virgin forests; the impact of built-up areas); water fund within the Carpathian region (wastewater discharge; illegal construction of coastal protection strips; extraction of minerals in floodplains of rivers and lakes; ineffective hydrological and reclamation measures; impact of built-up areas). The volumes of illegal logging in natural areas as of 2018 have been studied. Also, special attention is paid to the study of the level of forest cover in Ukraine (by region) as of 2018.

Environmental risks of violation of the optimal land’s ratio

The ecological condition of agro-landscapes of Kyiv region was assessed according to the ecological balance’s grade in the ratio of arable land (Sp) to the total area of ecological-stabilizing lands (SESU) (natural components of agro-landscape: forests, meadows, pastures, shrubbery, swamps, basins). According to the assessment of environmental risks of violation of the optimal land`s ratio, it was found that the whole territory of Kyiv region is dominated by degraded agricultural landscapes, which requires immediate action to change their component composition and structure. It was clarified that the ecological condition of agricultural landscapes of Kyiv region is critical, which indicates the ecological lack of balance of land (the share of arable land (P) is 48,92%, and the area corresponds to the II agro-landscape ecotype). It was marked that irrational use of land resources, violation of ecological balance in the ratio of arable land area to the total area of ecological and stabilizing lands affects the deterioration of the ecological condition of agricultural landscapes. It is established that the territory of Skvyra research station of organic production of IANM NAAS is represented by the IV agro-landscape ecotype, and the ecological condition of the agro-landscape of the research station is catastrophic. For improving the ecological balance in the ratio of land, it was recommended to expand the protective strips (edges) of fields and increase the area of forested areas; return of ecologically disturbed lands to land use; create objects of the nature reserve fund (NRF). It was emphasized that the optimization of the agroecological condition of agricultural land soils is possible with the rational use of basic agro-technical measures, among which the main ones are soil protection (against erosion) measures; agrochemical melioration (neutralization of acid soils); scientifically substantiated crops rotation; bringing in mineral and organic fertilizers; implementation of biological systems of farming, etc.

Тенденції та перспективи розвитку кадастру земель водного фонду Закарпатської області

The purpose of the proposed study is to comprehensively study the current state of the lands of the water fund of the Transcarpathian region, to identify trends and prospects for its development in a market economy. Method. Water resources play a significant socio-economic, environmental and biosphere role. Floodplains, as a kind of biogeocenoses and an integral part of modern landscapes, through the system of energy flows in them, carried out under the influence of living matter and various natural and anthropogenic factors, affect other types of ecosystems and the biosphere as a whole. The main problematic issues of land use are: disturbance of natural landscapes (slopes, beaches) as a result of intensive development of the coast, taking into account natural conditions; unreasonable construction of floodplains, which has exacerbated the crisis in their basins; plowing of lands within the coastal protection strips to the water's edge; deforestation, which is carried out primarily in the coastal areas of rivers, lakes, seas, reservoirs negatively affects the state of the lands of the water fund. To solve these problems, it is very important to study the rational use of water resources in artificial and natural terms, which will contribute to the preservation and reproduction of these vulnerable objects. Results. Features of land use of the water fund of the Transcarpathian region are considered. The component structure of the lands of the water fund and the peculiarities of its territorial differentiation are studied. The shares of artificial and natural water bodies in the Transcarpathian region have been determined. A detailed description of water fund lands and their structure, data on the area of land occupied by water bodies (rivers and streams, lakes and coastal closed reservoirs), hydraulic and other water facilities, as well as coastal protection strips, the distribution of water fund lands by land users, as well as the distribution of water fund lands within the administrative districts of the Zakarpattia region. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The analytical database of water fund lands, which contains accounting and reference data with territorial reference for the necessary analysis and synthesis of information in different territorial sections, will ensure the efficiency and reliability of detailed theoretical and practical studies of water fund lands for multiple and multi-purpose using.

Urban zoning features of territories for tourist services facilities placement in coastal cities

Introduction. The article deals with the development of coastal territories of cities with the city-forming function of tourism. The tourism industry is currently viewed as a promising area of economic development for many countries and cities. Resort tourism or health tourism is actively developing in Turkey, Thailand, Egypt, Vietnam and other countries, with an emphasis on a high level of service for hotel complexes that occupy large areas of coastal territories, which leads to conflicts of interest for the local population, investors and tourists. The solution to these conflicts can be obtained by methods of urban zoning.
 
 Materials and methods. On the basis of a systematic approach, in which the city is considered as a social-natural-anthropogenic system, the main contradictions that arise when placing tourist facilities in the structure of the city and the features of the town-planning zoning of these territories are identified. The article uses data from open sources, the general plan of Tuy Hoa, as an analog object of coastal cities of the south-central coast of Vietnam.
 
 Results. It is shown that the main critical factor in the placement of tourist accommodation facilities is the availability of beach areas, which serve as the main point of attraction. In this case, the comfortable distance should not exceed 1000 m. One of the planning techniques aimed at resolving conflicts can be the formation of urbanized locations — resort functional zones (KFZ), specially designed for the placement of tourist service facilities, including various forms of tourist accommodation. Proposals (schematic diagrams) for urban zoning of the central part of the city have been developed, ensuring the availability of city beaches; the formation of a street network of KFZ, based on the principle of pedestrian accessibility of the beach, as well as the formation of a planning scheme of the KFZ territory, providing for the provision of a protective zone.
 
 Conclusions. Urban zoning of the resort city’ territory should be carried out taking into account the peculiarities that are due to the tourism industry; for the mass accommodation of tourists, local zones should be envisaged, which will ensure a balance between the development of tourism and the preservation of the residential and public environment, the accessibility to the beach; the formation of a protective strip along the coastline will create a comfortable public recreational space for tourists and residents with the aim of stable and sustainable development in the future.

Circuit and control strategy optimization of solid-state power controller for all-electric system

Solid-state power controller (SSPC) have been received increasing attention as it is vital to ensure the reliability and safety in All-electric System (AES). However, the traditional SSPC is easy to misjudge the high instantaneous current generated when capacitive or inductive load is started as load short circuit, activate tripping protection and cause misprotection. It also does not have the ability to suppress large current under short-circuit conditions. The short-circuit current may exceed the safe working range of MOSFET or generate high heat, resulting in damage to MOSFET. Therefore, this paper proposes a new SSPC circuit and control strategy to prevent false tripping protection caused by high instantaneous current and protect the device from thermal damage. In addition, this paper establishes three circuit models of capacitive load, motor and short circuit, carries out simulation analysis, and compares the traditional SSPC with the improved SSPC. The experimental results show that the method in this paper suppresses the large instantaneous current to 10A or the set value within tens of microseconds of instantaneous start-up, while the traditional method will have a steep peak and false protection. Finally, by summarizing the research results, a new anti time curve suitable for airborne equipment distribution control system is proposed.

The analysis of the biochemical diversity of the English oak vegetative sphere in the forest-steppe zone

The paper studies the biochemical diversity of the English oak trees growing in the protective forest strips of the forest-steppe zone in the Central Chernozem region. The features of accumulation of various groups of substances of secondary metabolism of phenolic nature in the leaves of model oak trees in seasonal dynamics are described. The role of secondary metabolites in the formation of adaptive mechanisms of resistance of individuals to adverse environmental factors is considered. It is proved that the content of substances of secondary metabolism of phenolic nature and their combination can serve as a criterion for the potential biochemical stability of trees when growing in unfavorable environmental conditions. The content of secondary metabolism substances was determined on oak leaf samples in early June and August. It was revealed that the quantitatively leading group of substances of secondary metabolism are flavonols. It was found that at the beginning of the growing season, the most significant fluctuations in the levels of accumulation of secondary metabolism substances occur in young oak leaf blades, and by the end of the growing season their content stabilizes. High rates of variation coefficients have been identified, which make it possible to ensure biochemical diversity in the population and a sufficient range of adaptability of traits. It is shown that the samples of control and experimental trees for flavonols are the most homogeneous.

Improved traveling wave protection method for MMC[sbnd]HVDC systems based on the tracking differentiator to resist uncertain interference

The main and backup protection principles in the flexible high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) transmission lines are traveling wave (TW) and differential voltage, respectively. However, these protections may suffer from misoperation problems due to the uncertain interference from the differential quantities of fault signals. This study analyses the characteristics of high-frequency components of TW under different sampling rates and noise ratios. An improved TW protection method based on the tracking differentiator is then proposed to enhance the anti-interference ability of TW protection. The proposed method is validated using a four-terminal HVDC grid. Simulation results show that the method can enhance the reliable trip of protection against HVDC line faults under high sampling frequency.

Nectaronous and pollonous plants in forest plantations of the Middle Forest-Steppe of Prydniprovia

To provide the beekeeping industry with honey lands it is important to have a significant variety of natural and cultivated raw materials in a particular region. In this regard, promising honey products are artificial and natural forest plantations, which are widespread in the Middle Forest-Steppe of Prydniprovia, due to the significant participation of a wide range of honey plants. We primarily analyzed the participation of nectar- and pollen-bearing plants from the list of tree and shrub species of forest plantations in this area. For this purpose, forest management materials were used, the total area of forest plantations in this area is 251341.3 ha, of which 245209.7 ha (97.56%) are nectar- and pollen-bearing plants. Thus, Robinia pseudoacacia (26406.0 ha, 10.51%) and Tilia cordata (1868.8 ha, 0.74%) are the main raw material species of the forest-forming species, which includes 54 species of woody and shrubby honey plants. They provide the main productive honey harvest from natural honey plants. In addition, other species were found in the plantations (Pinus sylvestris (116592.9 ha, 46.39%), Quercus robur (60049.7 ha, 23.89%), Fraxinus excelsior (7835.5 ha, 3.12%) etc.), which can be sources of medical collection of small amounts of nectar and pollen. Forest plantations with available species of woody, shrubby and herbaceous plant species are valuable as raw materials for beekeeping. As a result of the analysis of the raw material value of forest lands by forest types in the ecological conditions of the Middle Forest-Steppe of Prydniprovia, out of 62 forest types distributed in the study area, 8 most valuable lands were identified. These include fresh hornbeam (32871.8 ha, 13.08%) and maple-linden oak wood (15144.4 ha, 6.03%), hornbeam oak wood (9034.3 ha, 3.71%), dry maple linden (12810.9 ha, 5.10%) and hornbeam (3585.2 ha, 1.43%) oak wood, fresh (2056.4 ha, 0.82%) and moist (1410.4 ha, 0.56%) linden-oak-pine sugrud, moist maple-linden oak wood (714.8 ha, 0.28%). This block of tree and shrub species of forest ecosystems does not take into account the phytodiversity of field protective forest strips of this area, but this complex of species is a promising source of nectar and pollen.

Sub-Synchronous Ferroresonance Causes Catastrophic Failure of a Line Shunt Reactor – A Post Mortem Investigation

On March 31, 2019, a 500 kV air-core, shunt reactor at a large generating station in BC Hydro was damaged shortly after four unit transformers were simultaneously energized from a 500 kV series and shunt compensated line source. Forensic investigations revealed that the controlled switching system, controlling the instant at which each breaker phase closes during energization to minimize inrush current, had failed. Uncontrolled closing led to under-damped, high-magnitude and sub-synchronous currents. Protection tripped and isolated the four transformers, followed shortly by shunt reactor protection tripping. Before the reactor could be isolated by circuit breakers, a damaging internal fault developed. This paper presents forensic investigation describing sequence of events leading up to reactor damage and shares the lessons learned with the peer utilities having similar installations.

Development of a Software Package for Digital Forest Inventory Based on Aerial Photography Data

When clearing protective strips for linear infrastructure such as power lines, it is important to minimize tree felling. The purpose of the study is to develop and test a software package for digital forest inventory of tree and shrub vegetation in the zones of linear infrastructure facilities. In the study, a software package for digital forest inventory based on aerial photography with UAVs was developed and tested, based on the methods of multilayer perceptron and a self-organizing network based on competition (Kohonen network). The approbation has shown that it allows to accurately identifying the presence and height of trees and shrubs in the protection zones, to obtain precise coordinates for planning clearing works. At present, the areas of the territory where it is necessary to remove trees and shrubs are determined manually with an overestimation of 25-50%. Therefore, the use of a software package for digital forest inventory allows you to save up to 0.8 hectares of trees and shrubs per 1 kilometre of the length of the power transmission line, as well as save about 27 thousand rubles (about 375 US dollars) per 1 kilometre during work.

Сравнительный анализ сохранности водораздельных государственных защитных лесных полос Волгоградской области по данным Sentinel-2 NDVI и информационных продуктов типов земного покрова

In this paper, an analysis of the preservation of watershed state protective forest strips (GZLP) on the territory of the Volgograd region was carried out. Three protective strips were analyzed: “Kamensk–Penza”, “Kamyshin–Volgograd”, “Volgograd–Cherkessk”. The data of remote sensing of the earth (remote sensing) from the Sentinel-2 satellite with a spatial resolution of 10 meters were used and the data obtained were compared with alternative open access sources on the state of the forest coverage of the territory: GlobalLandCover30 (GLC30), ESRI, Global Forest Change (GFC). Mapping of the research object was carried out in the geographic information system QGIS, the reason for the choice is the free usage and the availability of versatile modules for working with remote sensing data of the Earth. With the help of Sentinel-2 A-B RGB images and a public cadastral map, mapping of the project area of state protective forest strips was carried out, after which the forest canopy was classified using the normalized vegetation index NDVI for August-September. The areas of forest strips located on various soil-forming rocks are calculated on the basis of the soil map of the Volgograd region in 1984 M 1:400,000. The studied GZLP occupy an area of 13,094.1 hectares of 9 forest areas of the Volgograd region. The safety of the GZLP was determined as follows: the ratio of the area actually occupied by forest plantations to the projected area of the forest strip based on the classification of NDVI index images and information products of the types of land cover and projective forest cover. Data on the safety of state protective forest strips in the Volgograd region have also been prepared on the basis of official statistics. A comparison of four open access data sources on the coverage of state forest strips with forest plantations was carried out. The results obtained will serve as a basis for further assessment of the causes of the degradation of GZLP, including field studies on areas without forest cover identified using the above methods.

Monitoring of mulberry (Morus L.) plantations to identify samples that combine high productivity and decorativeness

Aim. The purpose of the research was to identify unique mulberry specimens in the existing plantations, adapted to the climatic conditions of the growth zone, with a different combination of economic characteristics. The collection of the dendrological park "Ustimivskyi", protective strips within the land use of the Ustymivska Experimental Station of Plant Production of Plant Production Institute nd. a. V. Ya. Yuriev of NAAS, private estates of residents of the villages of Ustymivka and Novobudova of the Globynska UTC of the Poltava region. Results and Discussion. Among the mulberry plants growing in the collection of the Arboretum, one can single out sample УП33 as the sweetest of the examined samples. УП21 has large fruits 2-3 cm long, pale pink, when fully ripe - purple; whole leaf, large, 20-25 cm long, dark green. On the territory of the introduction-quarantine nursery of the station, the sample КР1 grows, which has only male inflorescences and a leaf blade 15-18 cm long and is recommended as a decorative one. In the village Newly, the HC1 sample deserves attention - a tree with dark purple sub-fruits 2.5-3 cm long, the fruits are pleasant to the taste, the leaf is small, leathery. Sample HC2 has white subfruits up to 2 cm long, when fully ripe they are faintly sweet, but without a pronounced specific taste, the leaves are small, smooth on both sides. In 1952-1954, between the fields of the experimental station, for feeding silkworms, a forest strip was planted, where you can distinguish the ЛЯ4 sample with dark purple fruits up to 2 cm long with a neutral, but pleasant taste. In sample ЛЯ5, individual fruitlets in the subfruit are large, red-purple, which remain shiny when overripe. Among the samples growing in the homesteads of the residents of the villages of Ustymivka and Novobudoka, a number of samples can be singled out (УВ7, УВ14, УВ24, УН2, УБ1, НХ1), which combine high taste qualities and the size of the leaf plates. Conclusions. Along with basic varieties and species, seedlings with an interesting combination of economic and valuable traits are growing on the surveyed territories, which deserve further study and use in selection programs and greening of settlements.

Development of a Range of Modified Multifunctional Residual Current Systems and Their Industrial Implementation

The developments of the AltSTU have been reviewed in the area of creating a new technology for preventing technogenic hazards based on the residual current devices. The residual current devices are intended for protecting people from electric shock in case of contact with conductive parts of the electric appliances and shall facilitate reduction of fire risks caused by a prolonged flow of leakage currents and fault currents resulting from them. The results of creating different modifications of protective trip circuits and their industrial use are provided.