Protective Nutrients Research Articles

高コレステロール血症の食事療法を中心に

The First Joint Committee for the guidline of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hyperlipidemias of Japan Atherosclerosis Society was held to suggest a standard after the intensive inspection of the literatures mainly from Japanese studies. In this forum some tentative suggestion of the intake of energy, fat, protein and antioxidant nutrients has been made on the basis of related studies mainly from western countries.Proposal:[1] Total Energy Intake should be as followings:(1) To take 25-30kcal/kg of ideal body weight (ibw)/day based on body mass index (22.0kg/m2)(2) Never increase the body weight(3) To treat the obesity, if required, with 20kcal/kg ibw/day(4) To share the energy intake equally among 3 meals[2] Fat(1) he ratio of fat to total energy should be less than 25%.(2) The ratio of saturated fatty acid (SFA) to total energy should be less than 7%.(3) Ratio of SFA: monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA): polyunsaturated acid (PUFA) should be around 1:1.5:1(4) The ratio of n-3 PUFA: n-6 PUFA should be around 1:4(5) Cholesterol intake should be less than 300mg/day.[3] Protein(1) To take 1-1.5g/kg of ibw/day of protein(2) To decrease the animal protein and to increase the fish and vegetable protein such as soy protein.[4] Antioxidant Diet as a possible protective nutrients against the formation of oxidized LDL and atherosclerosis(1) Vitamin E (αtocopherol) is required more than 10mg/day(2) Vitamin C is required more than 50mg/day(3) Carotenoids (βcarotene) are required more than 2.0mg/day(4) Flavonoids are required more than 30mg/dayDiet compositions of the ordinary Japanese diet are similar to those of the guideline from western countries. There are many mass trial reports on the treatment of hyperlipidemias and the prevention of cardiovascular diseases by changing the dietary customs in western people but a few in Japanese people. Some of these proposals should be confirmed by studies in Japanese people or with the sufficient discussion or consensus.

Dietary fiber, Hispanics, and breast cancer risk?

The cancer rates of immigrant populations in the United States must be taken into account when looking at the importance of diet and culture as it relates to cancer prevention. Unfortunately, some nutrition studies targeted toward nontraditional white populations have not adequately confronted the issue of cultural meaning in efforts to gather dietary data accurate enough to support nutritional analyses, identify marginal diets, or relate risk to dietary patterns. The study presented here resolves many of the culturally specific issues utilizing awareness, attention, and judicious combination of culturally sensitive qualitative and quantitative research techniques. The importance of such a study in an Hispanic population is based on the fact that the age-adjusted rate of breast cancer in countries such as Mexico is among the lowest in the world. In addition, although one of the fastest-growing minority groups in the United States, Hispanic women living in this country have been shown to have the lowest incidence of the mortality rates from this disease across most geographic regions of the United States. Therefore, one might speculate that dietary factors, which have been shown to play a role in breast cancer prevention, may account for this difference. It is well recognized that the traditional Hispanic diet is rich in protective nutrients such as dietary fiber. It is known that through complex mechanisms, dietary fiber works to reduce the amount of estrogens in the body. Research also indicates that it is the level of endogenous estrogen in the body that may influence the onset of breast cancer. In order to better understand how dietary factors may be associated with breast cancer in Hispanic women, it is important that one develop the proper tools to discern any potential differences. Therefore, we developed an approach to obtaining dietary fiber information from a small cohort of 22 Houston-area Hispanic women as a vanguard study for a larger breast cancer prevention trial. Two separate dietary assessment instruments were utilized, a three-day food record and the Southwest Food Frequency Questionnaire. The mean intake of dietary fiber was 16 g/day according to the food record and 21 g/day according to the SWFFQ. Fruits, vegetables, breads, cereals, and beans provided for most of the participants' dietary fiber intake. These results support evidence that the Hispanic population's dietary fiber intake is higher than that for other groups, and this may help explain the lower incidence of breast cancer among some Hispanic populations.

Mediterranean diet and cancer

A number of cancers, such as cancer of the large bowel, breast and other hormonal dependent organs, are less frequent in Mediterranean countries than in northern Europe. It has been hypothesized that a low dietary intake of saturated fat, accompanied by a higher intake of unrefined carbohydrates, and possibly other protective nutrients could be the cause of such risk differences. Cohort and case control studies based on individual dietary intake, however, cannot definitely corroborate the theory, nor disprove it. Analytical studies on fat, fibre and breast and colon cancers are reviewed and priorities for further studies are discussed.

Dietary Supplements-Reply

In Reply.— I appreciate Mr Jensen's and Dr Briggs' comments on the use of dietary vitamin supplements. The COUNCIL REPORT does state that (1) if the total energy intake falls below 1200 kcal (5040 kJ), it becomes increasingly difficult to obtain all of the protective nutrients in adequate amounts, and supplements may be needed; (2) certain weight-reduction diets may lead to inadequate vitamin intakes... and hence a modest supplement may be recommended; and (3) socioeconomic conditions and reduced physical activity among the aged may lead to a curtailment in total food intake. Under such restriction, the use of a vitamin preparation in the prevention of deficiency may be indicated. A recent national dietary survey does show inadequate intakes of vitamins A, B 6 , and C compared with the recommended dietary allowances (RDA) 1 for some segments of the population. However, this finding does not mean these groups are at high

Effects of Various Dietary Staples on Esophageal Carcinogenesis Induced in Rats by Subcutaneously Administered <italic>N</italic>-Nitrosomethylbenzylamine

Previous epidemiologic studies associated large differences of esophageal cancer risk with the nature of the staple diet. In this study, various cereals and dietary staples were fed to inbred BD IX rats for 7 months or longer. N-Nitrosomethylbenzylamine [(MBN) CAS:937-40-6] was given five times subcutaneously between the 45th and 58th day. The percentage of rats with tumors and the mean number of tumors per esophagus were similar when corn, wheat, commercial bird-resistant sorghum, bananas, and polished rice were fed but were strikingly lower when the basis of the diets was millet, red sorghum, brown rice, or potatoes. The number of esophageal tumors was significantly related to the dietary concentration of some minerals and vitamins. Supplementing marginally deficient corn or wheat diets with various combinations of nicotinic acid, riboflavin, zinc, magnesium, molybdenum, and selenium significantly reduced the numbers of esophageal tumors. When the feeding of protective cereals or nutrients was commenced only 150 days after MBN was given, a marked inhibitory effect on the progression of tumors was still observed.

Nutritional Support During Pregnancy and Lactation

Needs for virtually all nutrients increase during pregnancy and lactation but those for iron are the most difficult to meet from a normal diet. During pregnancy, nutritional objectives include helping the woman to increase the quality of her diet in protective nutrients as well as energy to meet the elevated needs of gestation, ensuring satisfactory weight gain patterns, prescribing iron and possible folic acid supplements, ensuring that intakes of alcohol, drugs, and other potentially harmful substances are moderate, preparing her for feeding the infant, and coping with any special diet-related problems that may arise. These issues and the management of edema, high blood pressure, and diabetes mellitus are discussed. Prenatal preparations for lactation and diet during lactation are also discussed. Specific objectives of nutritional education on lactation include helping the mother to make the decision to breast or bottle feed, taking steps to prepare her nipples if this is necessary and planning her diet. Dietary adjustments are discussed and a food guide presented. Iron supplements for ther lactating mother and iron, vitamin D, and fluoride supplements for the infant are recommended.

Frozen fetal and neonatal mouse cardiac reimplants for assessing cryoprotective agents

The electrical activity of transplanted syngeneic 17–19 day fetal and 1–9 day neonatal mouse hearts has been studied after freezing to −196 °C in the presence of different cryoprotective agents. Histological examinations were performed after electrical activity (QRS) had been studied for periods in excess of 30 days. EG, DMSO, and glycerol appear equally protective provided that glycerol is added at 37 °C. Methanol, although nontoxic at those concentrations which will protect tissue culture cells, does not offer protection to this type of organized tissue. None of the high molecular weight compounds tested offered cryoprotection in this system. Diffusion of both protective agents and nutrients has been shown to be limiting factors in the survival of frozen-thawed neonatal hearts between 6 and 9 days of age.

Some Studies in Two Tribal Groups of Central India

(l) A dietary survey was conducted on two tribal groups, the Koyas and Maria Gonds of Central India, living at mere subsistant level, to assess the importance of seasonal contribution of cultivated and wild foods to their dietary intake.(2) From the dietary intakes of various cultivated and wild foods assessed during the pre-harvest (September) and post-harvest season (January-MarCh, the nutrients contributed by these foods to the dietary intake in the two tribes have been estimated. Unusual foods like tubers, mushrooms, leafy vegetables and bamboo shoots consumed by these tribes were analysed for proximate principles, minerals and amino-acids by standard analytical techniques.(3) The investigations revealed that the staple grains like millets and cereals, ontribute a major proportion of energy, proteins and thiamine to the dietary intake of both tribes in the post as well as pre-harvest seasons. Other cultivated foods like legumes, pulses and vegetables form an important source of minerals and vitamins in the post-harvest season. The wild foods, however, contribute a major proportion of protective nutrients in the pre-harvest season in both the tribes. This seasonal trend is more marked in the Maria Gonds than the Koyas. One o f the probable reasons for the greater dependency of the Maria Gonds on wild foods during the monsoons is the greater scope for food gathering in an area which is thinly populated and has a dense forest.

Increased Nutritive Requirements for Chicks to Prevent Exudation and Dystrophy Due to Dietary Long-Chain Polyunsaturates

INTRODUCTIONLEONG et al. (1962, 1964) reported that levels of protectants ordinarily considered effective in feeds for preventing vitamin E deficiency syndromes were found to be ineffective in preventing exudation and dystrophy when the chicks were fed a high level of the last fraction of molecularly distilled ethyl esters of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids from menhaden fish oil.This particular fraction was included daily at a 5% level in a diet containing 44 parts per million (p.p.m.) dl-α-tocopherol acetate, 0.3 p.p.m. Se, 167 p.p.m. ethoxyquin, and 0.9% total sulfur amino acids. Miller et al. (1964), using diets containing the same levels of these protectants, later showed that these disorders were due neither to the ethyl ester form of the polyunsaturated fatty acids nor to the oxidation of the oil in the feed. Evidently the quantities of the protective nutrients present in the diet simply were inadequate to overcome the stress…