Protective Effect Of Ethanolic Extract Research Articles

Hepatoprotective effects of ethanol extract of mobe leaves/eeml (artocarpus lacucha buch-ham.) against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats

This study evaluates the protective effects of ethanol extract of mobe leaves (Artocarpus lacucha Buch-Ham.) on ALT, AST, and bilirubin levels in rats induced with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) on Liver. The ethanol extract was prepared by maceration using 96% ethanol. Results showed that administering 400 mg/kg BW of the extract significantly reduced total bilirubin, ALT, and AST levels in CCl4-induced rats. Phytochemical screening revealed bioactive compounds like flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, triterpenoids, and glycosides, which are potential antioxidants and hepatoprotective agents. The study concludes that mobe leaf extract has potential as a therapeutic agent to protect the liver from toxic damage. The significant contribution of this research is providing a scientific basis for using mobe leaf extract as a natural hepatoprotective agent, highlighting its potential for safe and effective herbal medicine. Further research and clinical trials are recommended.

The Protective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Olive Leaf on Aluminum Phosphide-Induced Cardiac Toxicity in Rats

Background: The purpose of this study is to evaluate a treatment for aluminum phosphide (ALP) poisoning, which is known as “rice tablet”. Methods: In the present study, the impact of different doses of ethanolic extract of olive leaves (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) on ALP (120 mg/kg)-induced cardiotoxicity was evaluated in anesthetized-gastrotomized adult male Wistar rats. Thirty-five rats were randomly assigned into five groups (n=7) as follows: control (AC) and treatment groups [ALP+Olea100 (AO100), ALP+Olea 200 (AO200), and ALP+Olea 400 (AO400)]. Physiological data including blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiogram (ECG), as well as oxidative stress markers were measured in heart tissues. Results: ALP-intoxication led to perturbed normal ECG and increased oxidative stress. Administration of olive leaf extract at various concentrations, however, mitigated bradycardia after 90 minutes, following ALP-intoxication (in AO200), hypotension (in AO100), and cardiac conduction disturbances (decreased QTC in the AO200 30 (P<0.05), 60 (P<0.001), and 90 (P<0.05) minutes after intoxication) and decreased PR 60 (P<0.05) and 90 minutes (P<0.01) after intoxication. This was compared with baseline as well as detrimental changes in cardiac electrophysiology [mitigated ST-segment elevation in AO200 and depressed T-wave in the AO200 (P<0.05) and AO400 (P<0.01) groups 90 minutes after intoxication] Conclusion: Based on these authentic results, it seems that olive leaf extracts can be useful in reducing the severity of symptoms in ALP-poisoned individuals and could be utilized in a poisoning emergency.

Andrographis paniculata Ethanolic Extract Improved Doxorubicin-induced Cardiac Inflammation, Alterations in Liver Function Parameters and Anemia

Background: Doxorubicin (DOX), an efficacious chemotherapy drug is compromised by cardiotoxicity, myelosuppression, and hepatotoxicity. Due to the limited success of current treatments for DOX toxicity, there is a pressing need to explore alternative medical interventions, particularly from plant sources. This study was conducted to investigate the potential protective effect of ethanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata leaves (EEAP) against DOX-induced cardiac inflammation, liver toxicity, and anemia.Materials and methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were intraperitoneally injected with DOX at a total dose of 16 mg/kgBW. EEAP was administered orally for 4 weeks at doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kgBW/day according to the assigned treatment groups. The mRNA expression levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3) in the heart tissue, along with the concentrations of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) and calcium level were examined. Additionally, the hematological parameters (including hematocrit, hemoglobin and red blood cells (RBCs)), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in blood were also analyzed.Results: EEAP dose-dependently decreased the mRNA expressions of IL-1β (p<0.05), tended to decrease mRNA expression of NLRP3 and the concentrations of NFκB and calcium in heart tissue compared with the DOX-only group. Additionally, EEAP dose-dependently decreased ALP values (p<0.0001) and tended to improve hematological parameters, as well as AST and MDA levels in serum.Conclusion: This extract may prevent DOX-induced cardiac inflammation, anemia, and hepatotoxicity. However, further studies are needed to confirm these findings, including the efficacy profile of the extract in cancer rats treated with DOX.Keywords: doxorubicin, Andrographis paniculata, inflammation, anemia, hepatotoxicity, herbal medicine

The Effects of Black Garlic on Ovarian Malondialdehyde, Oviduct Muscle, and Endometrial Arterioles in Smoke-Exposed Rats

The effect of cigarette smoke exposure on reproductive health has been widely studied, showing various physiological disorders induced by free radicals and oxidative stress. This study aimed to assess the protective effect of ethanol extract of black garlic (Allium sativum) on some reproductive parameters of female rats Rattus norvegicus exposed to subacute cigarette smoke. A proper experimental method with a post-test-only control group design was used, involving 25 rats divided into five groups with three different doses of the extract. The rats were exposed to cigarette smoke and then treated for 28 days. Results showed a significant decrease in ovarian Malondialdehyde levels and increased fallopian tube smooth muscle thickness in the extract-treated group. In addition, black garlic extract successfully increased the number of endometrial arterioles in the group exposed to cigarette smoke and extract, in contrast to the group exposed to cigarette smoke only. This study concludes that black garlic extract has the potential to be a protective agent against oxidative damage in the reproductive system of rats exposed to cigarette smoke, with effectiveness that depends on the dose of extract given. Further studies should investigate the long-term effects and optimal dosing of black garlic extract in humans. Additionally, exploring the molecular mechanisms behind its protective properties could enhance its application in reproductive health management.

Memory protective effect of Phyllanthus emblica against scopolamine induced spatial memory loss in male Long Evan Rats tested by Radial Arm Maze

Background: Dementia is the commonest problem of middle aged and elderly subjects due to age related changes and oxidative stress. Many traditional herbal agents including Emblica Officinalis (Phyllantus Emblica) demonstrated its benefit against memory loss. Objective: To investigate the protective effect of Ethanolic extract of Phyllantus Emblica (EEPE) or Emblica Officinalis in scopolamine induced memory impaired male Long Evan rats. Methods: This animal behavioral study was carried out on total 18 male long Evan rats weighing 300-400gm. According to treatment they were divided into NS (control) group (n=6, normal saline 5ml/kg) Sco(n=6; Scopolamine 2mg/kg) and PE(n=6; EEPE 400mg/kg+ Scopolamine 2mg/kg).This experiment was conducted for total 33 days. After 7 days acclimatization NS group and PE rats were treated with normal saline and EEPE respectively for consecutive 26 days. Scopolamine was given to sco group and PE group from day 22 to 26 (5 days during acquisition phase. Spatial memory (working and reference memory error) was assessed by 8 arm radial arm maze (RAM). Statistical analysis was done by ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test. Result: Working memory error (WME) as well as reference memory error (RME) was found significantly higher in scopolamine treated rats compared to normal memory as well as PE pretreated rats whereas no significant difference was found in WME and RME between normal memory rats and PE pre- treated rats. Conclusion: Phyllanthus Emblica can prevent memory impairment in scopolamine induced memory loss in Long Evan rats. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol 2022;17(2): 101-110

Protective effect of ethanol extract of Coriolopsis aspera fruiting bodies against adjuvant-induced arthritis mice

Coriolopsis aspera is a medicinal mushroom that exerts several pharmacological and biological activities. However, the protective effect of the ethanol extract of C. aspera against arthritis has not been studied yet. In this study, we estimated some bioactive compounds in the ethanol extract of C. aspera fruiting bodies and used the extract with a dose of 400 mg.kg-1 body weight or the reference drug Mobic (0.2 mg.kg-1 body weight) to treat an adjuvant-induced arthritis model. Arthritis severity was determined via the changes in the diameters and volumes of hind paws, arthritic scores, total leukocyte count, ESR, biochemical parameters such as CRP and RF, as well as histological features of ankle joints. We found the presence of polyphenols and flavonoids with a high content (37.79 ± 0.88 mg GAE/g DW and 8.56 ± 0.37 mg QE/g DW, respectively) in the extract. Furthermore, the results showed that Freund’s complete adjuvant-treated mice exhibited a severe arthritic score and histological features, an increase in the diameters and volumes of hind paws, along with an elevation of leukocyte count, erythrocyte sediment rate, and biochemical parameters such as rheumatoid factor and C-reactive protein compared to normal mice. On the contrary, treatment with ethanol extract at a dose of 400 mg.kg-1 body weight for 28 days exhibited a strong anti-arthritis effect and could improve all the testing parameters at the same efficacy as those of the reference drug (Mobic 0.2 mg.kg-1 body weight). These findings suggest a potential application of the ethanol extract of C. aspera for arthritis treatment.

Protective effect of ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera root in gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in mice

Protective effect of ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera root in gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in mice

Protective Effects of Ethanol Extract from Hippophae rhamnoides L. Leaves against Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Rats

We aimed to determine the effects of ethanol extract of Hippophae rhamnoides L. leaves on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats. 35 male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 7 groups (n=5) at random: healthy; Hippophae rhamnoides L. leaves ethanol extract (HR) III; indomethacin; indomethacin+famotidine; indomethacin+HRI (100 mg/kg); indomethacin +HRII (250 mg/kg) and indomethacin +HRIII (500 mg/kg). All rats except the healthy group fasted for 24 hours. At the end of this period, HR and famotidine (20 mg/kg) were administered by oral gavage to the corresponding rat groups. Five minutes after the HR treatments, 25 mg/kg of indomethacin was applied by oral gavage to all groups except the Healthy and HR III groups. Six hours after indomethacin administration, stomach tissues were removed for investigation macroscopic and biochemically (Superoxide dismutase activity, Glutathione, and Malondialdehyde levels). HR administration improved ulcerative injury in stomach tissues caused by the indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer. HR administration reduced indomethacin-induced ulcer areas. Moreover, HR treatment significantly decreased malondialdehyde levels, increased glutathione levels, and elevated superoxide dismutase activity. HR significantly improved gastric ulcer by alleviating oxidative stress that could be important in ulcer. HR may be a new potential treatment option for ulcer treatment with an antioxidant effect. These findings may provide a mechanistic basis for using HR leaves to treat gastric ulcer.

Protective effect of Cordia myxa leaves extract in FCA-induced arthritis in rats

Background: Arthritis, an age-related chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease primarily characterized by joint pain, swelling, stiffness, cartilage destruction, is increasing tremendously at an alarming rate and also becoming a major risk factor for other health complications. Cordia myxa, family Boraginaceae is an herbal plant used since ancient times for its various significant pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory effects. Scientific studies reporting anti-arthritic potential of leaves extract of this plant are still lacking. Therefore, the present work has been designed to investigate the protective effect of ethanolic extract of Cordia myxa leaves in Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA)-induced arthritis in rats. Methods: Ethanolic extract (100mg/Kg, 200mg/Kg and 400mg/Kg) was investigated for their efficacy in the management of FCA induced arthritis in rats. Various parameters like paw volume (using plethysmograph), paw thickness (using Vernier calliper), body weight, hematological and histopathological profile were observed. The protocol was approved by Institutional Animal Ethical Committee (MMCP/IAEC/94) and was according to CPCSEA guidelines. Results: The phytochemical screening reveals the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, saponins and carbohydrates in the ethanolic extract of Cordia myxa leaves. Promising results with significant improvement were discovered as evident from all determined parameters when compared with standard drug methotrexate, which might be due to the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids in the ethanolic extract of Cordia myxa leaves. Conclusion: The present study supports the traditional use of Cordia myxa leaves as potential anti-arthritic agent which can be effective in Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA)-induced arthritis in rats, however its mode of action is still need to be studied.

Nephroprotective effect of Pterocarpus mildbraedii leaf extract in paracetamol-induced toxicity in Wistar rats: A histopathological investigation

Pterocarpus mildbraedii leaf is among the most commonly consumed leafy vegetables in west African sub-region. In South-East and South-South geopolitical zones of Nigeria, it is used for treatment of various health disorder such as headaches, pains, fever, convulsions, and respiratory disorders. This study was aimed at evaluating the possible effect of ethanol leaf extract of Pterocarpus mildbraedii on paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats. Twenty (20) Wistar rats weighing between 190 – 240 g were used for this study and divided into five (5) groups, each group having four (4) animals, described as follows; Group A was given distilled water only (positive control). Group B was given 700 mg/kg paracetamol with no treatment (negative control); Group C was given 700 mg/kg paracetamol and treated with 60 mg/kg of plant extract. Group D was given 700 mg/kg paracetamol and treated with 30 mg/kg of plant extract. Group E given 700 mg/kg of paracetamol and treated with 15 mg/kg of plant extract. At the end of the four (4) weeks of treatment, the kidneys were removed, weighed and sacrificed for histological examinations. Coronal sections of the kidney tissues were immersion fixed in 10 % PBS-buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin. The results obtained revealed a normal cellular architecture in the groups treated with the leaf extract. Conclusively, the result suggests protective effects of ethanol extract of P. mildbraedii leaf on the paracetamol-induced toxicity on the kidney cells.

Amelioration of doxorubicin induced toxicity in rat by Beta vulgaris L. extract supplementation: haematology and lipid profile evaluation

Doxorubicin can cause disruption in the lipid profile due to the free radical process. In a free radical reaction, lipid peroxidation is the introduction of a functional group comprising two catenated oxygen atoms into unsaturated fatty acids. The lipid profile is a risk factor for coronary artery disease. Antioxidants play an important role in preventing ROS (Reactive oxygen species) free radical reactions caused by doxorubicin interaction. The purpose of the study was to investigate the possible protective effects of ethanol extract of Beta vulgaris L. on doxorubicin-induced toxicity by analysing the haematological and lipid profiles. Extracts were determined for their phytochemical content and antioxidant activity then continue to in vivo study using rats as animal models. Rats were administered doxorubicin at an accumulative dose of 15 mg per kilogram of body weight (kg BW) for 15 days. Doxorubicin was administered 5 times a week with an intraperitoneal dose of 1 mg/kg BW, and B. vulgaris L. extract at a dose of 12.5 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg and 100 mg /kg BW, each of which was given for 15 days. On the 16th day, the animals were anaesthetized, and blood samples were collected for the determination of the haematological profile and lipid profile. The result of antioxidant activity showed that the IC50 value of B. vulgaris L. extract was 37.366 μg/mL. All doses of treatment showed protective activity against doxorubicin-induced toxicity, at a dose of 50 mg/kg BW is the minimum dose that provides significant protection compared to the negative control group (p<0.05) in all parameters. It is concluded that B. vulgaris L. ethanol extract has protective effects in rats against doxorubicin-induced toxicity.

The Use of Ethanolic Extract of Sonchus Oleraceus in the Treatment of Hepatotoxicity Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride Injection in Rats

Purpose: To study the hepatoprotective activity of the ethanolic extract of Sonchus Oleraceus. The plant is of the family Asteraceas and was used in the traditional medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal tract disorders, tumors and inflammatory diseases.
 Methodology: Sixty rats of both sexes were used, divided into 5 groups. The hepatotoxicity was induced by administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) at dose rate of 0.2 mg /kg BW. The plant extract was administered orally at dose rates of 200 and 400 mg /kg BW.
 Findings: were compared to the standard drug known Silymarin at a dose rate of 100 mg/kg BW. The protective effect of ethanolic extract of Sonchus. Oleraceus was found to be better with the high dose (400 mg), hence the level of serum alanine amino transferase (ALT), serum Aspartate amino transferase (AST), were significantly decreased. Total protein, Albumin, Bilirubin and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) were also decreased, The Histological appearance of the given Sonchus Oleraceus. ethanolic extract (400mg/kg BW) showed few hepatocytes necrosis that has amorphous eosinophilic cytoplasm and areas of necrosis characterized by disintegration and disappearance of cells in many areas.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: According to the obtained results, it would be important to isolate the active ingredient of the plant used that responsible for the treatment of hepatotoxicity.

Protective effect of ethanolic extract of Elettaria Cardamomum against gentamicin hepato-renal toxicity in male albino rats.

Cardamom is one of the spices containing a wide range of antioxidants and is used in medicinal preparations. Thus, in this study, we want to explore the protective effect of ethanolic cardamom extract on the liver-kidney toxicity caused by gentamicin in male albino rats. The experiment was applied to twenty-eight male albino rats divided randomly into four groups. The control group was given 1 ml/kg of saline orally. The gentamicin (GM) group was given a daily 80 mg/kg i.p of GM for seven days. Another group was given 100 or 200 mg/kg b.wt. p.o. ethanolic extract of Elettaria Cardamomum (EC) for seven days. Blood and liver-kidney samples were taken after the end of the study for analyses to test for liver-kidney function and lipid profile (LP). Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and bilirubin activities were higher in the GM group than in the control group. However, the groups' differences in globulin levels and total protein (TP) were not statistically significant. Compared to the control group, the albumin level in the gentamicin group was considerably lower. On the other hand, creatinine and urea levels, lipid, serum total cholesterol levels, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) significantly increased in the gentamicin group but decreased in the control group and co-treated groups with gentamicin and ethanolic extract EC. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) significantly dropped, while the control group showed high levels of lipid and serum total cholesterol. EC ethanolic extract shields the liver-kidney against GM harmful effects in male rats. Recent research demonstrated that the effects of the plant cardamom were the same at both low-high doses. The phenolic elements in EC may be responsible for this protective effect.

Evaluating the Influence of Rosemary Leaves Extract on Hormonal and Histopathological Alterations in Male Rabbits Exposed to Cypermethrin.

Rosemary Leaves (Rosmarinus officinalis) gained importance as natural antioxidants which strengthen the endogenous antioxidant defenses through die. The present experience was designed to assess the protective effect of ethanolic extract of rosemary leaves on the adrenal gland and testicular toxicity in male rabbits exposed to Cypermethrin. Forty healthy male rabbits were distributed into four groups of 10 animals each; the animals were administered cypermethrin 66.5 mg/kg alone or concurrent with Rosemary extract in both dosages (100 and 200 mg/kg) for 45 days, and the blood samples were taken from all animals for estimation hormones indices, the Anaesthetized animals were euthanized and adrenal gland and testes were separated for histopathological analysis. Results revealed that the exposure to Cypermethrin induced stress and infertility as evidenced by elevation in the level of cortisol concurrently with a lowering in ACTH level. Also, recording elevation in FSH and LH levels and a significant decline in estradiol level related to a reduction in testosterone levels observed noticeable compared to healthy control. While Concurrent exposure to Cypermethrin and Rosemary extract significantly improved hormone criteria compared to rabbits exposed to Cypermethrin alone. Histological lesions in this study include: the adrenal gland appeared thick fibrous capsule surrounding the adrenal tissue, destruction of adrenal cortex and vacuolation of three layers of the cortex, while in testes marked inhibition of spermatogenesis and degeneration of Sertoli cells with few numbers of Leydig cells were shown. These alterations were brought about by cypermethrin toxicity, while the treatment of Rosemary leaves extract with Cypermethrin alleviated the deleterious effect of Cypermethrin on the adrenal gland and testes and also restored spermatogenesis. The results showed that the extract of rosemary leaves possesses anti-infertility and strong antioxidant activities and can be used as a fertility-increasing drug to control sexual hormones also spermatogenesis, preventing toxicity and its pathophysiological consequences.

Protective effect of Allium scorodoprasum L. ethanolic extract in cyclophosphamide-induced hepatotoxicity model in rats.

Cyclophosphamide is a chemotherapeutic agent and immunosuppressant drug; however, it damages the liver. This study investigates the protective effect of ethanolic extract of Allium scorodoprasum (ASE) on cyclophosphamide-induced liver injury. Twenty-eight Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 7 per group): healthy rats, cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg), cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg) + ASE (100 mg/kg) and cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg) + ASE (200 mg/kg). ASE was administered for 14 days, and the rats were euthanized 24 h after cyclophosphamide administration. Cyclophosphamide treatment leads to an increase in serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein and very low-density lipoprotein, as well as an increase in the liver levels of malondialdehyde, tumour necrosis factor, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, while high-density lipoprotein levels decrease. Treatment with cyclophosphamide caused liver necrosis and postnecrotic cell infiltration; however, pathological changes were prevented by ASE. 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, anti-4-hydroxynenal antibody and anti-dityrosine levels increased in rats treated with cyclophosphamide and decreased in the groups treated with ASE. These changes were dose dependent in the ASE-treated groups. Treatment with cyclophosphamide caused liver damage due to oxidative stress and inflammation. ASE regulated the damage at high doses because it has potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ingredients. In future studies, it may be beneficial to administer ASE in higher doses or for longer periods of time.

Protective Effect of Ethanol Extract of Kesum Leaves (Polygonum minus) on the Number of Leydig Cells in Mice Exposed to Cadmium Chloride

This study aimed to determine the protective effect of ethanol extract of kesum leaves (Polygonum minus) on the number of Leydig cells in mice exposed to cadmium chloride (CdCl2). A total of 20 male mice were divided into five groups, each group consisting of four replications and then given different treatments orally for 21 days. The treatment groups included (K-) 0,5% CMC Na suspension + distilled water, (K+) 0,5% CMC Na suspension + 12 mg/kgBW/day cadmium chloride, (P1, P2, and P3) ethanol extract of kesum leaves, respectively. -respectively 200, 400, and 800 mg/kgBW/day + 12 mg/kgBW/day cadmium chloride. Observations were made by counting the number of Leydig cells. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Duncan's test. The results showed significant differences (p<0,05) between groups P1, P2, P3 and K+. On the other hand, the P2 group showed similar results to K-. In conclusion, the ethanol extract of kesum leaves can protect and maintain the number of Leydig cells in the testes of mice from exposure to cadmium chloride, and the optimal dose was 400 mg/kgBW/day.

Protective Effect of Ethanol Extract of Annona Muricata Leaves on Hematological Profile, Histology and Oxidative Stress in 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine-induced Colorectal Carcinogenesis in Rats

Cancer starts when cells in the body start to grow out of control (malignant growth). Colorectal cancer starts in the colon or the rectum. Annona Muricata is a medicinal plant and is considered as a basis for health preservation and care worldwide. Colorectal cancer has reached epidemic proportions and is considered as a serious health problem, therefore treatment and cure of this disease is of great clinical importance. 1,2 dimethylhydrazine (DMH) is a potent carcinogen for colon cancer in rats. In this study, rats were randomly allocated into six groups: control, extract alone, DMH, extract and DMH together, extract before DMH, DMH before extract. DMH was injected subcutaneously at 25mg/1000g body weight once a week for 16 weeks, while the ethanol extract of Annona muricata leaves (EEAML) were administered to rats orally at 120mg/1000g. After sacrifice, colon and liver sections were dissected out for histological and some biochemical analysis. Blood was also collected in EDTA bottles for hematological assays. The group injected with DMH (subcutaneously) and orally administered leaves extract of A. Muricata simultaneously showed similar results with the rats fed with normal feed, as there was absence of polyps in the rats’ colon when compared with those injected with DMH alone for 16 weeks. Malondialdehyde level of rats injected with DMH were significantly increased (p ˂ 0.05) compared to the control. Hematology indices and caspase 3 activity show the protective effects of EEAML against DMH.

Protective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Djulis Hull on Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Injury

Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum), a pseudocereal crop native to Taiwan, is often utilized as a source of grain in the diet because of its high nutritional value. The hull of djulis is discarded as waste during cooking or processing because of its bitter taste. However, recent studies have shown that djulis hull possesses certain benefits, such as antioxidant, blood sugar-lowering, and gut microbiota-regulating properties. Herein, the gastroprotective activity of ethanolic extract of djulis hull (EEDH) against stomach injury caused by indomethacin (IND) in C57BL/6J mice and its mechanism of action was assessed. Preadministration of EEDH significantly attenuated the gastric ulcer caused by IND in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). Additionally, gastric mucosal injury and gastric wall edema within the submucosal layer observed in histopathological examination were improved by administration of EEDH. EEDH preadministration also reinstated the reduction of glutathione (GSH) content and catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities induced by IND, indicating that EEDH can modulate the antioxidant status of gastric mucosa in mice. Moreover, IND-induced decline of gastric COX-1 expression was upregulated in mice of EEDH treatment groups. Administration of IND increased the expression of proinflammatory proteins in the gastric mucosa of mice, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), whereas EEDH treatment significantly decreased their expression (p < 0.05). Consequently, EEDH can improve gastric injury by regulating antioxidant status and inhibiting proinflammatory signaling pathways, and has the potential to be developed as a functional food for gastric protection.

Neuroprotective Effect of Abelmoschus manihot Flower Extracts against the H2O2-Induced Cytotoxicity, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in PC12 Cells.

The progression of neurodegenerative diseases is associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Abelmoschus manihot L. flower (AMf) has been shown to possess excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This study investigated the protective effect of ethanolic extract (AME), water extract (AMW) and supercritical extract (AMS) of AMf on PC12 neuronal cells under hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulation. This study also explored the molecular mechanism underlying the protective effect of AME, which was the best among the three extracts. The experimental results showed that even at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, neither AME nor AMW showed toxic effects on PC12 cells, while AMS caused about 10% cell death. AME has the most protective effect on apoptosis of PC12 cells stimulated with 0.5 mM H2O2. This is evident by the finding when PC12 cells were treated with 500 μg/mL AME; the viability was restored from 58.7% to 80.6% in the Treatment mode (p < 0.001) and from 59.1% to 98.1% in the Prevention mode (p < 0.001). Under the stimulation of H2O2, AME significantly up-regulated the expression of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase; promoted the production of the intracellular antioxidant; reduced glutathione; and reduced ROS generation in PC12 cells. When the acute inflammation was induced under the H2O2 stimulation, AME significantly down-regulated the pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2 and iNOS). AME pretreatment could also greatly promote the production of nucleotide excision repair (NER)-related proteins, which were down-regulated by H2O2. This finding indicates that AME could repair DNA damage caused by oxidative stress. Results from this study demonstrate that AME has the potential to delay the onset and progression of oxidative stress-induced neurodegenerative diseases.

Cardioprotective Actvity of Randia Dumetorum against Doxorubicin Induced Cardotoxicity

ABSTRACT: In the present investigation the cardioprotective activity of ethanolic extract of Randia dumetorum fruits at the doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg was investigated against doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity model. In high fat diet induced atherosclerosis several heamodynamic parameters such as systolic and diastolic blood pressure, serum parameters such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), tissue parameters such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), and malonaldehyde (MDA) were determined and found to be significantly altered in induction control group treated with doxorubicin. The histopathological studies of cardiac tissue were also performed wherein doxorubicin showed toxic effects on tissue. Ethanolic extract of Randia dumetorum fruits showed protection against doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity by normalizing the altered parameters and producing ameliorating effects against doxorubicin induced cardiac damage. The multistep putative action of ethanolic extract of Randia dumetorum fruits may be attributed to the prominent phytoconstituent namely 2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene-3,5,7-triol estimated through HPTLC analysis of the extract. Thus, the study exhibited the protective effect of ethanolic extract of Randia dumetorum fruits against doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity.