Protection Of Wild Animals Research Articles

The comparison of gut microbiota between wild and captive Asian badgers (Meles leucurus) under different seasons

The gut microbiota plays an important role in the immunology, physiology and growth and development of animals. However, currently, there is a lack of available sequencing data on the gut microbiota of Asian badgers. Studying the gut microbiota of Asian badgers could provide fundamental data for enhancing productivity and immunity of badgers’ breeding, as well as for the protection of wild animals. In this study, we first characterized the composition and structure of the gut microbiota in the large intestines of wild and captive Asian badgers during summer and winter by sequencing the V3-V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. A total of 9 dominant phyla and 12 genera among the bacterial communities of the large intestines exhibited significant differences. Our results showed that Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the most predominant in both wild and captive badgers, regardless of the season. Romboutsia, Streptococcus and Enterococcus may represent potential sources of zoonoses, warranting further attention and study. Our findings indicated that the diversity and availability of food resources were the most important influencing factors on the gut microbiota of Asian badgers, providing fundamental data for the protection and conservation of wild animals. Variation in the gut microbiota due to season, age and sex in both wild and captive Asian badgers should be considered in future research directions. Furthermore, combined multi-omics studies could provide more information for wild animal conservation, and enhancing our understanding of the molecular mechanism between the microbiota and host.

“That-which-must-not-be-named”: hunting, secrecy, and the ontology of meat in northeast China

In this paper, I describe the practice of sharing and eating wild meat amongst the Orochen in northeast China, a community of hunters who are no longer allowed to hunt due to state conservation policies. I show how for Orochen meat is the material intermediary between the human and nonhuman worlds, offered to the fire before meals and to animal spirit-masters during hunting. I suggest this demands reflection of what we might call the ontology of meat: that is, how it is experienced as an extra-ordinary and relational substance with the ‘lived’ capacity to act. I show how this contrasts with the Chinese state, which sees wild meat as a material substance only and, in the context of conservation, as something to be measured and controlled through the protection of wild animals. I suggest that, for the Orochen, to eat and share wild meat is an act of everyday resistance embedded in secrecy, as well as a way of rendering into action their ontology of relational existence and participation in the wider socio-cosmic economy of sharing.

Perdagangan Satwa Liar Ditinjau Dari Convention On International Trade In Endangered Species Of Wild Fauna And Flaura

Introduction: Smuggling, trading, and theft of protected wild animals have increased quite high, such as orangutans, tigers, primates, and various other types of wildlife. It was recorded that since 2014 there were 14 cases until in 2016 the cases increased to 25 cases of illegal wildlife trade. This will have an impact on the lack of heritage biodiversity for mankind.Purposes of the Research: To find out about protection against wildlife trade according to the Convention On International Trade In Endangered Species Of Wild Fauna And FlauraMethods of the Research: The research used is normative juridical research. The research approach uses a legal approach, a conceptual approach and a case approach. Sources of research data are primary, secondary, tertiary data which is carried out by searching for library materials, namely studies related to international and national laws and regulations. The collection of legal materials is then analyzed qualitatively.Results of the Research: Wildlife protection according to the CITES convention is discussed in the classification of endangered species, non-threatened species, and registered species based on Appendix I, Appendix II and Appendix III. Appendix I lists and protects all wild flora and fauna species that are threatened with extinction so that they are prohibited from all forms of international trade. Meanwhile, Appendix II contains a list of Appendix II that are not threatened with extinction, but may be threatened with extinction if the trade in these species is not controlled. Then on the Appendix. III contains a list of flora and fauna species that have been protected by a certain country within the boundaries of their habitat area. The state must be responsible for the preservation of protected animals. Indonesian national laws regarding the protection of wild animals as well as endangered species should be maximized by conducting socialization to the public. The perpetrators of trade in protected wildlife must be given appropriate punishment and the need for a firm attitude from the government towards those who trade in animals in order to provide a deterrent effect for the perpetrators

Jurnalisme Lingkungan pada Foto Berita di Media Online

This study examines environmental journalism in news photos in the online media Antarafoto.com. The 
 ecological issue studied is the protection of wild animals, namely the Sumatran tiger in Aceh Province. The focus 
 of the study is on environmental journalism, namely chronic points that provide information about the condition 
 of the Sumatran tiger. Points of criticism and comments, namely a vehicle for education, raising awareness and 
 providing solutions for the government and society. The research method used is Roland Barthes’ semiotics. The 
 results of the analysis of news photos, namely denotations, describe the condition of the Sumatran tiger in the 
 process of evacuating, caring for, and releasing it to its natural habitat. Connotation, showing six procedures: 
 trick effect, pose, object, photogenic, aestheticism, and syntax. The selection of compositions, objects, and photo 
 captions is essential to highlight in news photos so that they are easy to understand. The myth emphasizes the 
 importance of the process of protecting the Sumatran tiger in Aceh. Antarafoto.com showcases environmental 
 journalism by providing information on dealing with the problem of Sumatran tiger poaching. They appear in 
 a news photo showing the Sumatran tiger evacuation process by Aceh Natural Resources Conservation Center 
 (BKSDA) officers, the treatment process at the Conservation Response Unit in Naca Village, Trumon, Aceh, and 
 the release process in the Leuser Ecosystem Area, Gayo Lues Regency, Aceh. Antarafoto.com has not presented 
 environmental journalism that can provide solutions for the government and society in realizing the critical role of 
 managing the environment in dealing with the endangered Sumatran tiger

American experience of combating illegal, unregistered and unregulated fishing (based on the example of prohibitions in the states of California and Florida)

The article examines modern approaches to the criminal law protection of fish stocks in some American states. Particular attention is paid to the large-scale problem of illegal, unregistered and unregulated fishing in the world and approaches to solving this problem in the United States, both at the federal and local levels. From the viewpoint of American law enforcement practices, encroachments related to pollution or depletion of environmental objects are in many ways similar to manifestations of white collar fraud, on the other hand, crimes against fauna (both land and water) are in many ways reminiscent of drug trafficking and smuggling schemes that determines the specificity of their investigation. For the sake of clarity of the presented regulatory material, an example from law enforcement practice is highlighted, which emphasizes peculiarities of the criminal-legal assessment of the actions of American citizens guilty of illegal fishing of reef fish, as well as the justified severity and rationality of the punishment assigned to them.The relevant provisions of the legislation of the two states are considered separately. The differences in regulation of the extraction of aquatic bioresources in the states of California and Florida are emphasized. In particular, it is shown that the Florida legislator delimits the illegal fishing of marine and freshwater fish species in the relevant prohibitions. The approach to the “parallel” criminal law protection of wild animals and fish (also molluscs and crabs) within the framework of a single ban is characterized as different from the national one. Taking into account materials of judicial practice, the readiness of American courts and law enforcement agencies to go, in some cases, beyond the borders of national jurisdiction during criminal prosecution of large-scale illegal fishing practices in internal waters of other countries has been demonstrated.The example of the relevant regulatory regulation in the state of Florida shows a specific system of increasing the severity (and the amount of punishment) of the relevant environmental tort within four degrees depending on the presence of specific aggravating circumstances.

Adopting The Endangered Species Act (ESA)” To Protect The Vulnerable Kelik Fish (Encheloclarias Tapeinopterus, Bleeker 1853)

Encheloclarias tapeinopterus is an endemic catfish found only from Bangka Island, Indonesia. This species is listed as a Vulnerable species based on the IUCN Red List, which means that the population of this species has decreased drastically over time, and it is possible that this species will become extinct in the near future if there are no efforts to save the species. Until now, there have been no reports regarding domestication and conservation efforts for this species. In addition, there has been no socialization and punishment given to people who catch this species. Society can freely catch E. tapeinopterus without any punishment or deterrent effect. Theoretically, Indonesia actually has a Conservation Law, namely Law Number 5 of 1990 concerning Conservation of Biodiversity and Its Ecosystems which provides protection for biodiversity. However, this law talks more about the conservation system than providing legal protection for wild animals and their habitats. Based on this, the legal protection of wild animals in Indonesia needs to be improved. In this article, we describe legal certainty if Indonesia can adopt the American Wildlife Protection law "The Endangered Species Act (Esa)" in the framework of efforts to protect the endemic fish Encheloclarias Tapeinopterus which has a vulnerable status. In this paper we compare Law Number 5 of 1990 and The Endangered Species Act law.

In the northern periphery of Russia abroad. The Norwegian destiny of Anatol Ye. Heintz (1898–1975), palaeontologist and native of St Petersburg

ABSTRACT This article provides an exposé of the life and work of Anatoliy Yevgenyevich Geynts, in Norway known as Anatol Heintz. Heintz was born and raised in St Petersburg, became a Russian refugee after the revolutionary events in Russia in 1917–1918, and ended up in Norway with his family. Later Heintz became renowned in the world of science as a Professor, Academician, and one of the founding fathers of Norwegian palaeontology, as well as a well-known promoter of scientific knowledge among the common people in Norway. At the same time, he was an active participant in and organizer of scientific expeditions to Spitsbergen (Svalbard) in search of fish fossils, but he also became one of the pioneers in the protection of wild animals and establishment of natural parks on this Arctic archipelago. Heintz’s life is examined against the background of social and cultural processes that Russian emigrants faced in this so-called “first wave” of emigration in the twentieth century, processes of socio-cultural adaptation and integration into their new country of residence. The conditions for finding oneself and ways of preserving one’s Russianness in the large colonies of the Russian diaspora, which appeared in Berlin, Prague, and Paris, are compared with the conditions in the northern periphery of Europe and a small country like Norway. The paper focuses on what Anatol Heintz did to preserve his Russian identity, and how he simultaneously struggled to become fully recognized as a Norwegian citizen.

On the search for the legal nature of faunistic legal relations

In Russia, throughout the entire historical path of development, normative legal acts have been developed and adopted regulating the use and protection of the entire animal world, not limited to wild representatives in a state of natural freedom. At the same time, the theoretical foundations of faunal law have not actually been studied by legal science. Despite a significant amount of research involving either animals in a wild state, or calling for humane treatment of animals.The legal regulation of the use and protection of wild animals in pre-revolutionary Russia was considered from the perspective of civil law and police law. In the 70s of the XX century, Soviet jurists investigated the legal nature of wild animals and determined the place of protection of wild fauna in the system of branches of law.In the modern historical period, the need for a comprehensive and comprehensive study of the theoretical foundations of faunal law, including the legal regimes of both wild and non-wild animals, acquires historical and strategic significance. Most modern researchers directly identify wild animals with the subject of faunal law. Of course, wild animals are included in the subject of faunal law, as well as domestic, agricultural and other animals inhabiting the Russian Federation and the planet Earth.

Effect of epidemic diseases on wild animal conservation.

Under the background of global species extinction, the impact of epidemic diseases on wild animal protection is increasingly prominent. Here, we review and synthesize the literature on this topic, and discuss the relationship between diseases and biodiversity. Diseases usually reduce species diversity by decreasing or extinction of species populations, but also accelerate species evolution and promote species diversity. At the same time, species diversity can regulate disease outbreaks through dilution or amplification effects. The synergistic effect of human activities and global change is emphasized, which further aggravates the complex relationship between biodiversity and diseases. Finally, we emphasize the importance of active surveillance of wild animal diseases, which can protect wild animals from potential diseases, maintain population size and genetic variation, and reduce the damage of diseases to the balance of the whole ecosystem and human health. Therefore, we suggest that a background survey of wild animal populations and their pathogens should be carried out to assess the impact of potential outbreaks on the population or species level. The mechanism of dilution and amplification effect between species diversity and diseases of wild animals should be further studied to provide a theoretical basis and technical support for human intervention measures to change biodiversity. Most importantly, we should closely combine the protection of wild animals with the establishment of an active surveillance, prevention, and control system for wild animal epidemics, in an effort to achieve a win-win situation between wild animal protection and disease control.

Similarities in the Protection of Wild Animals in Indonesia and Korea

This article aims to examine and analyze the regulation of wildlife protection in Indonesia and South Korea. In this writing, using the Normative Juridical method. Meanwhile, the approach used is the per-statute approach and the comparative approach. The results show that several arrangements regarding the protection of wild animals in Indonesia and South Korea have similarities which have been regulated in-laws and the Criminal Code (KUHP). However, in South Korea, the protection of wild animals (animals) is only regulated by a law known as the Animal Protection Act, but not regulated in the Criminal Code or what is known as the Criminal Code.

Modelling the effect of tourism disturbance on hatching rate of the Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) by using artificial neural network

The endangered Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) is an endangered species among the conserved Chinese amphibians. Tourism-related pressures have increased for this species recently. The effect of tourism on the hatching rate of the target species was determined by experimentally observing the influences of different intensities of tourism disturbance on salamander in the Zhangjiajie Chinese Giant Salamander National Nature Reserve. Water quality factors (e.g. total nitrogen, total phosphorus, dissolved oxygen and Escherichia coli abundance) were analysed, and hatching rate was estimated. Results showed that high levels of tourism disturbance (500,000–1,200,000 visitors per year) had active effects on the hatching time and negative effects on the hatching rate. The prediction performance of artificial neural network models was validated by the low root mean square error values of 2.2539 and 3.2612 for the training and testing data and high determination coefficient values of 0.9732 and 0.9508 for the training and testing data, respectively. The potential for positive or negative feedback mechanisms in such relationships between tourists and wildlife highlights the importance of considering both sides of the complex interaction to find a balance between the development of tourism and wild animal protection.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПРАВОВОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ТА ОХОРОНИ ДИКИХ ТВАРИН ЗА ЗАКОНОДАВСТВОМ УКРАЇНИ ТА ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО СОЮЗУ

The article considers the legal basis for the protection and use of wild animals under the legislation of the European Union and Ukraine. The environmental policy pursued by the European Union and Ukraine in the field of wildlife protection is analyzed, in particular, the Association Agreement ratified by Ukraine with the European Union and the Member States. The main aspects and features of the joint efforts for the protection of wildlife are studied, their shortcomings are identified, as well as the approaches to eliminate them are suggested. The author pays special attention to the analysis of the Directives of the Council of the European Union in the field of wildlife protection. Particularly, the Directive of the Council of the European Union «On the protection of wild birds» provides for the creation of the necessary conditions for the protection, management and control of wild bird populations, as well as regulates the use of certain species in the European Union. The Directive lists 175 species of birds which are the responsibility of the Member States of the European Union and contains an exhaustive list of permitted species of birds. The above-mentioned Directive provides a basic legal protection for wild birds from being caught and slaughtered, as well as for the protection of their habitat, in particular concerning the protection of endangered birds and their migratory species. Some Directives of the Council of the European Union are analyzed, the purpose of which is to promote the conservation of biological diversity by protecting the natural habitats of wildlife. In particular, the Directive of the Council of the European Union «On the conservation of natural habitats of wild fauna and flora» provides for the conservation of about 450 species of animals whose extraction is prohibited and establishes lists of wildlife habitats and their species, as well as methods of conservation. The obligation to implement special protection measures to ensure the protection of wildlife habitats rests with the Member States of the European Union. Some other Directives of the Council of the European Union are analyzed, the priority purposes of which are the protection of wild fauna. The national legal framework and law enforcement activities carried out on the territory of Ukraine in the context of the use and protection of wild animals need to be improved and refined in terms of measures provided by the state to protect wildlife.

Research on energy saving algorithm of field animal monitoring based on cluster sensor network1

Monitoring the diversity of wild animals is a core part of the research and protection of wild animals. Due to the harsh outdoor environment, researchers cannot squat in the deep forest for a long time. Therefore, designing a sensor network system for wildlife monitoring is of great value to wildlife research, protection, and management. When deploying a wildlife monitoring network in the wild environment, it is necessary to solve the problem of the effective use of energy. To this end, this paper proposes an energy-saving optimization method for node scheduling and a wake-up scheme based on a cultural genetic algorithm. This method achieves the purpose of energy saving by making redundant nodes fall asleep and waking up sleep nodes to repair the coverage blind area caused by dead nodes. Simulation results show that this method can activate fewer sensor nodes to monitor the required sensing area, and its performance is better than other known solutions.

Autonomous Navigation of an Aerial Drone to Observe a Group of Wild Animals With Reduced Visual Disturbance

Protection of wild animals relies on understanding the interaction between the animals and their environment. With the ability to rapidly access rugged areas, aerial monitoring by drones is fast becoming a viable tool for ecologists to monitor wild animals. Unfortunately, this approach results in significant disturbance to different species of wild animals. Inspired by motion camouflage, this article explores a navigation method for a drone to covertly observe a group of animals and their habitat. Unlike existing motion-camouflage navigation approaches that deceive a single target, we introduce a sliding-mode-based method that reactively navigates the drone to induce less optical flow on multiple targets’ visual system. The proposed method is computationally simple and suitable for a drone to closely observe a group of moving animals with reduced visual disturbance. Computer simulations are conducted to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method.

Evaluating how management policies affect red wolf mortality and disappearance.

Poaching is the major cause of death for large carnivores in several regions, contributing to their global endangerment. The traditional hypothesis used in wildlife management (killing for tolerance) suggests reducing protections for a species will decrease poaching. However, recent studies suggest reducing protections will instead increase poaching (facilitated illegal killing) and its concealment (facilitated cryptic poaching). Here, we build survival and competing risk models for mortality and disappearances of adult collared red wolves (Canis rufus) released in North Carolina, USA from 1987 to 2020 (n = 526). We evaluated how changes in federal and state policies protecting red wolves influenced the hazard and incidence of mortality and disappearance. We observed substantial increases in the hazard and incidence of red wolf reported poaching, and smaller increases in disappearances, during periods of reduced federal and state protections (including liberalizing hunting of coyotes, C. latrans); white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and American black bear (Ursus americanus) hunting seasons; and management phases. Observed increases in hazard (85–256%) and incidence of reported poaching (56–243%) support the ‘facilitated illegal killing' hypothesis. We suggest improving protective policies intended to conserve endangered species generally and large carnivores in particular, to mitigate environmental crimes and generally improve the protection of wild animals.

About the Authors

About the Authors

Legal protection of protected wildlife based on victimological perspective

Indonesia is an archipelagic country in which abundant biological resources and ecosystems, including wild animals, are protected by laws and regulations. Legal protection for protected wild animals is regulated in law number 5 of 1990 concerning the conservation of living natural resources and their ecosystems, that acts prohibited by this law if violated will be subject to sanctions. In implementing legal protection for protected wild animals, it is the responsibility of the Natural Resources Conservation Agency and other law enforcers. In the implementation of legal protection for protected wild animals there are still many cases that occur and are not resolved, in this legal protection the role in law enforcement should be maximized. The urgency of this research is about legal protection carried out by related parties that have not been handled properly. This research is an empirical normative legal research which is conducting legal research that knows legal protection in accordance with the law and what is happening in the field. This research shows that there are inhibiting factors in the protection of wild animals protected by law enforcement, this can be detrimental to the community in the future if there are still problems that should be solved by increasing coordination between law enforcers.

Právní úprava ochrany volně žijících živočichů

This article contains the main conclusions of a dissertation on legal regulation of wild animal protection, which was written within a doctoral study at the Faculty of Law, Charles University (Department of Environmental Law). The main goal of the dissertation was to comprehensively describe and analyse the legal regulation in detail, including its current legislative development, and to process a complete set of the international, EU, and Czech legal regulation in the field of wild animal protection. Wild animals are protected within the biodiversity protection and nature and landscape conservation, which can be divided into territorial and species protection, when this article focuses mainly on the species one. The article consists of three main parts, which focus on the international, European Union and Czech legal regulation. The text of the article was completed on 15 October 2021.

Plasma T3 (Triiodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine) Hormone Levels As Reference Values In Rehabilitated Healthy Gray Herons (Ardea cinerea)

In the rehabilitation of wild birds, determining the release criteria is very important for the survival of the animal after its release to the nature. When determining these criteria, the clinical examinations and clinical data of the animals should be evaluated. Therefore, reference laboratory values play a vital role in determining release to nature. In this study, 15 (fifteen) adults and healty Gray heron (Ardea cinerea) were brought to the 'Kafkas University, Wild Animal Protection, Rescue, Rehabilitation Application and Research Center' clinic in May 2016, because their nests were destroyed as a result of the overturning of the plane tree in Iğdır province, and they did not leave their surroundings, were rehabilitated. Birds were kept in bird care rooms specially designed for their species in the rehabilitation center. The birds were taken blood 4 days after being rehabilitated and then released into the nature. Plasma T3 and T4 hormone levels in birds were determined as a result of the analysis of blood samples. It was concluded that the differences in plasma T3 and T4 hormone levels obtained from a total of 15 birds were due to the increasing physiological and metabolic needs during the captivity period in center.

Habitat Elevation Shapes Microbial Community Composition and Alter the Metabolic Functions in Wild Sable (Martes zibellina) Guts

Simple SummaryEnvironmental changes of habitat shaped the sable (Carnivora Mustelidae Martes zibellina) gut microbial community structure and altered the functions of gut microbiota, showing that the wild sable gut microbial community diversity was resilient and responded to environment change. Elevated habitat is a pivotal factor for wild sable survival and reproduction, and the adaptability is in part enabled through their gut microbial communities. Our observations show that despite having been forced to migrate from low altitudes to high altitudes because of anthropogenic habitat encroachment, wild sables showed robustness in adapting to harsh conditions. Additionally, we propose that the crucial factor enabling wild sables to survive in changeable environments was their gut microbial communities. It is widely understood that harsh conditions, such as high altitude and low temperature environments, have an adverse effect on wild fauna survival. However, our results suggested that increasing altitude can enhance some functions in wild sable gut microbial communities.In recent decades, wild sable (Carnivora Mustelidae Martes zibellina) habitats, which are often natural forests, have been squeezed by anthropogenic disturbances such as clear-cutting, tilling and grazing. Sables tend to live in sloped areas with relatively harsh conditions. Here, we determine effects of environmental factors on wild sable gut microbial communities between high and low altitude habitats using Illumina Miseq sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes. Our results showed that despite wild sable gut microbial community diversity being resilient to many environmental factors, community composition was sensitive to altitude. Wild sable gut microbial communities were dominated by Firmicutes (relative abundance 38.23%), followed by Actinobacteria (30.29%), and Proteobacteria (28.15%). Altitude was negatively correlated with the abundance of Firmicutes, suggesting sable likely consume more vegetarian food in lower habitats where plant diversity, temperature and vegetation coverage were greater. In addition, our functional genes prediction and qPCR results demonstrated that energy/fat processing microorganisms and functional genes are enriched with increasing altitude, which likely enhanced metabolic functions and supported wild sables to survive in elevated habitats. Overall, our results improve the knowledge of the ecological impact of habitat change, providing insights into wild animal protection at the mountain area with hash climate conditions.