I went on a trip to England in September 1941, I took with me some 200 questions covering all the different categories and phases of utility service and protection. These questions were prepared by the National Technological Civil Protection Committee, consisting of one representative of each of the important American engineering societies. Among others on the Committee are Mr. Jordan, representing the American Water Works Association and Mr. Wolman representing the American Public Health Association. So, I went to England not merely generally curious or searching for an impossible thing to find, but rather asking specific questions and ready to discuss them. Before covering in detail the effects upon utility plants, it may be well to cover generally the several topics of civilian protection, such as blackouts and camouflage. I have decided to take a chance, a very risky chance, and to define civilian protection. I define it as: maintenance, during and between bombing, of cities, towns, and the transport between them, in a condition as nearly normal as possible. If that is startling to you, I think it is probably because, in spite of the fact that you are an engineering group, you are still thinking of civilian defense in terms of the protection of human beings and it certainly is not only, or even primarily, that. Of course, the human being is the most essential part of it because if the factory hands are all bombed then the important war factories will have to slow up, the same as if the factories were bombed. But the vitally important thing is to keep the war going on and civilian protection has become an integral part of the means of waging war. They do not attack the civilians because they think it is fun. They attack them because they think it is one of the ways of putting the opposing country out of the war. The British do not subscribe to that view. They