Protection Of Forest Ecosystems Research Articles

普达措国家公园2个针叶树种径向生长对温度和降水的响应

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 普达措国家公园2个针叶树种径向生长对温度和降水的响应 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201710091794 作者: 作者单位: 西南林业大学,西南林业大学,西南林业大学,西南林业大学,云南碧塔海省级自然保护区管理局,云南碧塔海省级自然保护区管理局,云南碧塔海省级自然保护区管理局,西南林业大学 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（31600395）；云南省教育厅科学研究基金项目（2015Z136，2017YJS094）；云南省高原湿地科学创新团队项目（2012HC007）；西南林业大学科技创新基金项目（C17139） Response of radial growth of two conifers to temperature and precipitation in Potatso National Park, Southwest China Author: Affiliation: Southwest Forestry University,Southwest Forestry University,Southwest Forestry University,Southwest Forestry University,,,,Southwest Forestry University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:基于树轮年代学方法，利用普达措国家公园海拔上、下限丽江云杉（Picea likiangensis）和长苞冷杉（Abies georgei）树轮宽度资料，构建差值年表并分析其与温度和降水的关系，阐明影响该区域2个主要针叶树种径向生长的主要气候要素。结果表明：（1）海拔下限丽江云杉径向生长同时受到温度和降水的影响：与上年11月平均温、当年生长季后期（9-10月）平均温和上年7月降水呈显著正相关；（2）海拔上限丽江云杉径向生长只受温度影响，与上年生长季后期平均温呈显著负相关，与当年生长季盛期（6-8月）平均温呈显著正相关；（3）长苞冷杉径向生长只与温度表现出显著相关性，海拔下限的生长与上年11月平均温呈显著正相关，海拔上限的生长与当年生长季盛期平均温呈显著正相关。结果可为气候变化对滇西北高原树木生长影响研究提供参考，为滇西北高原森林生态系统管理与保护提供理论依据。 Abstract:The Hengduan Mountain is located to the southeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which is sensitive to climate change and a hot spot for tree-ring research; it has rich biodiversity and significant climate changes, so it plays an important role in climate change research. Up to now, tree-ring research in this area concentrated on the upper distributional limits, however the systematic study of both the upper and lower distributional limits was out of focus. Based on the dendrochronological method, we established the residual chronologies of Picea likiangensis and Abies georgei at their upper and lower distributional limits by using tree-ring width data, and studied the relationship between the residual chronologies, temperature and precipitation. The study can identify the key climatic factors that affect the radial growth of two conifers. The results showed that:(1) The radial growth of Picea likiangensis was affected by both temperature and precipitation at its lower limits; there were significant and positive correlations between its growth and November mean temperature (Tmean) in the previous year, Tmean of post growing season (September-October) in the current year and July precipitation in previous year. (2) The radial growth of Picea likiangensis was only affected by temperature at its upper limits, by showing a negative correlation with Tmean of post growing season in the previous year, and a significantly positive correlation with Tmean of growing season (June-August) in the current year. (3) The radial growth of Abies georgei was only correlated with temperature. November Tmean in the previous year and growing season Tmean in the current year positively affected its growth at lower and upper distributional limits respectively. The results of this paper can offer a reference for the study in effects of climate change on tree growth in Northwest Yunnan Plateau, and provide a theoretical basis for the management and protection of forest ecosystems in the area. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

滇西北石卡雪山2个针叶树种森林上限径向生长对温度和降水的响应

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 滇西北石卡雪山2个针叶树种森林上限径向生长对温度和降水的响应 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201703260521 作者: 作者单位: 西南林业大学国家高原湿地研究中心,西南林业大学国家高原湿地研究中心,西南林业大学国家高原湿地研究中心,西南林业大学国家高原湿地研究中心,西南林业大学国家高原湿地研究中心,西南林业大学国家高原湿地研究中心 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（31600395）；云南省教育厅科学研究基金项目（2015Z136，2017YJS094）；云南省高原湿地科学创新团队（2012HC007）；西南林业大学科技创新基金项目（C16057） Radial growth response of two conifers to temperature and precipitation at upper forest limits in Shika Snow Mountain, Northwestern Yunnan Plateau Author: Affiliation: National Plateau Wetlands Research Center,Southwest Forestry University,National Plateau Wetlands Research Center,Southwest Forestry University,National Plateau Wetlands Research Center,Southwest Forestry University,National Plateau Wetlands Research Center,Southwest Forestry University,,National Plateau Wetlands Research Center,Southwest Forestry University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:基于树木年轮学的理论和方法，建立滇西北高原石卡雪山森林上限丽江云杉（Picea likiangensis）和高山松（Pinus densata）差值年表，运用响应函数研究其与气候因子的关系，进而阐明影响滇西北高原针叶树种径向生长的主要气候因子，并利用冗余分析（RDA）进一步分析并验证树木生长与温度和降水的关系。研究结果表明：石卡雪山森林上限针叶树种径向生长主要受温度影响，温度和降水对树木生长有滞后效应，2个树种对气候响应存在差异。具体表现为（1）丽江云杉径向生长受温度和降水的共同作用，与上年10月平均最低温呈显著负相关，与上年11月平均最高温以及当年7月温度呈显著正相关，上年8月和当年5月降水抑制其生长；（2）高山松径向生长与上年10月平均温和平均最高温、11月平均温呈显著正相关，与当年7月平均温和平均最高温呈显著负相关，与降水未达到显著相关水平；（3）冗余分析与响应函数分析结果基本一致，进一步证明该方法能够有效量化树木径向生长与气候因子的关系。能够为气候变化背景下的滇西北高原森林生态系统管理与保护提供理论依据。 Abstract:The Northwestern Yunnan Plateau, located in the southeastern edge of the Tibet Plateau, is a region sensitive to global climate change. Multiple tree species form the upper treeline on different snow mountains within the region, making the mountains ideal sites for dendrochronological studies. However, climate-growth relationships in the Shika Snow Mountain (one of the typical snow mountains in the region) are unclear, and improved understanding of tree growth response to climate change in Shika is fundamental to predicting growth under future climate change. To detect growth response of multiple species to climate change, we developed residual chronologies of Picea likiangensis and Pinus densata at upper distributional limits in Shika Snow Mountain, Northwestern Yunnan Plateau, using dendrochronology. We used response function to study relationships between residual chronologies and climatic factors, aiming to elucidate the main climatic factors affecting radial growth of conifers in the Northwestern Yunnan Plateau. To further analyze and verify the relationships between radial growth and temperature and precipitation, redundancy analysis was applied. Results showed that temperature was the main factor influencing conifer growth at the upper forest limits in the Shika Snow Mountain; temperature and precipitation have a lag effect on tree radial growth and the two conifers responded differently to climatic factors. Specifically:(1) The radial growth of P. likiangensis was affected by temperature and precipitation, showing a significantly negative correlation with mean minimum temperature of the previous October, and a significantly positive correlation with mean maximum temperature of the previous November and temperature of the current July. Precipitation of the previous August and current May inhibited growth of P. likiangensis. (2) The radial growth of P. densata was significantly and positively correlated with mean temperature and maximum temperature of the previous October and mean temperature of the previous November, and showed a significantly negative correlation with mean temperature and maximum temperature of the current July. However, no significant correlation was detected between growth and precipitation. (3) The redundancy analysis presented similar results as the response function analysis, further indicating that the method can effectively quantify the relationship between tree radial growth and climatic factors. This study provides a theoretical basis for the management and protection of forest ecosystems in the Northwestern Yunnan Plateau faced with climate change. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Monitoring selective logging with Landsat satellite imagery reveals that protected forests in Western Siberia experience greater harvest than non-protected forests

SUMMARYWhen timber harvesting is an important source of local income and forest resources are declining, even forests that are designated as protected areas may become vulnerable. Therefore, regular monitoring of forest disturbance is necessary to enforce the protection of forest ecosystems. However, mapping forest disturbance with satellite imagery can be complicated if the majority of the harvesting is selective logging and not clearcuts. Our goal was to map both selective logging and clearcuts within and outside of protected areas in Western Siberia, a region with a highly developed timber industry. Combining summer and winter imagery allowed us to accurately estimate not only clearcuts, but also selective logging. Winter Landsat images substantially improved our classification and resulted in a highly accurate forest disturbance map (97.5% overall accuracy and 86% user accuracy for the rarest class, clearcuts). Selective logging and stripcuts were the dominant disturbance types, accounting for 96.3% of all forest disturbances, versus 3.7% for clearcuts. The total annual forest disturbance rate (i.e. disturbance rate for clearcuts, stripcuts and selective logging together) was 0.53%, but total forest disturbance within protected areas was greater than in non-protected forest (0.66% versus 0.50%, respectively), and so was the annual rate of selective logging (i.e. without clearcuts, 0.37% versus 0.25%, respectively). Our results highlight that monitoring only clearcuts without assessing selective logging might result in significant underestimation of forest disturbance. Also, when timber harvesting is important for the local economy and when protected areas have valuable timber resources that have already been depleted elsewhere, then additional protection may be necessary in order to maintain natural forests within protected areas. We suggest that this is the situation in our study area in Western Siberia right now and is likely the situation in many other parts of the globe as well.

Организация мониторинга лесных почв

The impact of productive activity of human on the ecological balance of nature. Ecological functions of soils of forest biogeocenoses. Regional features of the ecosystems functioning, soil formation factors. Organization of the soil cover state monitoring. Environmental monitoring of forest soils. Objectives of soil monitoring of forest ecosystems. Collection of the available information on forest ecosystems. Choice of monitoring objects. Soil and environmental hospitals. Fixed trial areas. Long-term and seasonal observations of soil properties. Temporary trial areas. Soil monitoring on the route courses. The use of satellite imagery in the environmental assessment of erosive landscapes. Controlled soil indicators. Research methods of soil properties and composition of pollutants. Processing of experimental data using information technology. Mathematical models of the spread of pollutants, the interrelation between soil indicators (in the soil), between soil properties and indicators of the characteristic of forest, the evolution of forest soil. Small-scale and medium-scale regional maps of land erosion, soil contamination by chemicals. Large-scale maps of physical degradation of soils, the content of macronutrients and micronutrients, acidity, humus condition of soils. Maps are accompanied by an explanatory note (soil sketch). Maximum permissible amount of the chemicals (maximum allowable concentrations) polluting the soil. Maximum permissible loading on forest soils under anthropogenic impact. Rational use and protection of forest ecosystems.

Combining a growth-simulation model with acoustic-wood tomography as a decision-support tool for adaptive management and conservation of forest ecosystems

The paper deals with the application of growth-simulation model SYBILA in conjunction with pulse tomography ARBOTOM for the evaluation of the strategy that was chosen for the management and protection of hardwood floodplain-forest in two study sites in Litovelske Pomoravi Protected Landscape Area (Czech Republic). The results of the simulation-growth model, supplemented by wood tomography showed that the current method of protection and management of the studied floodplain-forest ecosystems would lead to a change in habitat character, which is in conflict with the basic mission of Natura 2000. Simultaneous application of both non-invasive methods enables adjustments to the protected area management plan in accordance with the principles of adaptive ecosystem management. The results of the paper show that the combination of the two relatively new non-invasive methods of ecological research can be a promising support tool for adaptive ecosystem management and protection of forest ecosystems in protected areas.

REDD+ as an international law mechanism of world forest ecosystem protection in the developing coun-tries

REDD+ as an international law mechanism of world forest ecosystem protection in the developing coun-tries

Forest monitoring and social media – Complementary data sources for ecosystem surveillance?

Forest monitoring captures human impacts and other biotic and abiotic influences on forests and is a pre-requisite for the sustainable use and protection of forest ecosystems. Forest inventories for example are a key tool to plan sustainable harvesting, whereas Forest Observational Studies provide the empirical basis for an improved understanding and long-term evaluation of forest ecosystem dynamics. To that end detailed data is collected at stand level, often integrated in larger forest observational networks, which feeds into forest ecosystem models. Forests exist however in a constantly changing societal context and the direct or indirect impact of human activity has become a crucial driver on all types of ecosystems. The Millenium Ecosystem Assessment underlines the linkage between social and ecological systems, highlighting the centrality of ecosystem services to human well-being and the requirement for ecosystem monitoring in the “anthropocene” to provide a holistic view of ecosystems as social-ecological systems.Framing information about the social context of a forest ecosystem, gaining the expertise and providing resources to collect this type of information is usually outside the scope of data collection for forest inventories and monitoring. Studies in other domains faced a similar challenge and turned to data mining informal online information sources to supplement traditional monitoring and data collection strategies.This paper explores how forest monitoring approaches especially Forest Observational Studies with their long-term and large-scale focus may be complemented by social media mining. We outline (a) how social media mining methods from other domains could be applied to forest monitoring, (b) discuss identification of stakeholders, events and demands on forest ecosystems as examples of social contextual information that could be obtained via this route and (c) explain how this information could be automatically mined from social media, online news and other similar online information sources. The proposed approach is discussed on the basis of examples from a broad set of other domains.

Target loads of atmospheric sulfur deposition protect terrestrial resources in the Adirondack Mountains, New York against biological impacts caused by soil acidification

The model of acidification of groundwater in catchments (MAGIC) was used to simulate a matrix of target load (TL) values for use in protection and restoration of forest resources in the Adirondack Mountains of New York against soil acidification by acidic deposition. Modeling results were extrapolated to the population of 1,320 watersheds in the Adirondack Ecoregion that contain lakes expected to be >1 ha and >1 m deep and that have acid neutralizing capacity <200 μeq/L. Results of the TL simulations were combined with regional estimates of atmospheric sulfur deposition to calculate the extent to which ambient deposition exceeds the TL needed to achieve forest ecosystem protection. Modeling results were highly uncertain for estimating the TLs to protect against changes in soil solution chemistry. Although simulation uncertainty was generally lower for TL projections calculated to protect against changes in soil percent base saturation (% BS), TL modeling results based on soil chemistry were strongly dependent on selection of an appropriate % BS threshold. In order to more effectively model critical loads and TLs to protect and restore acid-sensitive terrestrial resources using a dynamic model such as MAGIC, additional information regarding dose/response relationships is needed to determine the % BS levels at which adverse impacts to sensitive plant species occur.

Inventory of the degree of tree defoliation in small areas

The employment of small-area surveys for evaluating forest health is becoming increasingly important because in recent years, new ecological methods of management and conservation have been introduced in commercial forests and in the partial protection zones of national parks. In Poland, in relatively small areas, including forest sections, nature reserves or their fragments, close-to-nature management and near-natural management have been introduced and, in protected areas, typical partial protection is giving way to passive protection. Radical changes in the ways of management and conservation have developed a need for monitoring possible changes in the condition of trees, mainly through the application of precise, small-area methods for assessing their health. The aim of this paper is to present a small-area survey for assessing the degree of tree defoliation and its preliminary verification, in particular the evaluation of the degree of defoliation to fir ( Abies alba Mill.), beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.), pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.), larch ( Larix decidua Mill. subsp. polonica [Racib.] Domin) and oaks ( Quercus robur L. and Q. petraea [Matt.] Liebl.) on Chełmowa Góra Hill in the Świętokrzyski National Park (Poland). Part of the area of Chełmowa Góra comprises a strict nature reserve, set up in 1921, which is one of the oldest strict nature reserves in Poland. The area of Chełmowa Góra is slightly more than 183 ha. The degree of tree damage, determined on the basis of the degree of defoliation, was shown in sub-blocks P 3 of the system of information on natural environment (SINUS). To estimate the spatial distribution of the degree of tree defoliation, survey sampling – based on the scheme of simple random sampling with replacement (SRSWR) – was used. In 1999, Chełmowa Góra's beech and larch were in the best condition, and the worst were young-generation fir, pine and oak. During preliminary verification of the applied method, the mean total errors of the evaluation of proportions of trees in the distinguished defoliation classes, calculated as α = 0.05, reached almost 31% in particular sub-blocks P 3 of the SINUS system; however, in most cases they did not exceed 20%. The average values of mean total errors, calculated for particular tree species in all sub-blocks P 3, were generally lower than 20%. The applied method of inventory enables the assessment of the degree of defoliation and spatial differentiation of tree health in small areas, which in turn, allows the detailed planning of protection and silvicultural measures. The proper assessment of the extent of tree defoliation and its spatial distribution is of fundamental importance for employing the ecological methods of management and rational protection of forest ecosystems, and should be included in the monitoring of both economically used and protected forests.

A framework for evaluating the effectiveness of protected areas: the case of Wolong Biosphere Reserve

To evaluate the effectiveness of protected areas, we developed a general framework to integrate necessary steps into an operational system. In this case study, we applied the framework to the Wolong Biosphere Reserve in Sichuan Province (southwestern China), the largest reserve of Giant Pandas ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca). We collected data through questionnaire surveys and employed fuzzy modeling to analyze and integrate the data collected. The results revealed that Wolong Biosphere Reserve was moderately effective in nature conservation, especially in the protection of Giant Pandas. But the overall effectiveness of Wolong Biosphere Reserve was not as high as expected because its functions in environmental education, social development and economic development were only marginally effective. Both the overall effectiveness of Wolong Biosphere Reserve and the effectiveness of nature conservation need to be improved. First, efforts should be directed towards improving nature conservation and more specifically on improving the protection of forest ecosystems. To achieve this objective, local farmers in Wolong Biosphere Reserve should become the main group improving nature conservation. In addition, more effective measures should be developed to raise the living standards and the socio-economic status of the local farmers in an environmentally compatible way. Second, environmental education for local people and outsiders should be increased. Furthermore, we need to strengthen basic research and build cooperation among the reserve administration bureau, researchers and other organizations at the local, national and international levels. Finally, we need to improve the living conditions of the local population through education, family planning and healthcare.

Ozone and nitrogen dioxide measurements in the framework of the National Integrated Programme for the Control of Forest Ecosystems (CONECOFOR)

Ozone (O3) concentrations were monitored using passive (diffusive) samplers at 20 permanent monitoring plots of the National Integrated Programme for Forest Ecosystem Monitoring (CONECOFOR) during late spring and summer from 1996 to 2000. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations were measured at the same sites with passive samplers during the same months in 1999 and 2000. Measurement devices were placed at a short distance from the forest plots in areas with freely circulating air. The exposure period for O3 passive samplers was 1 week; NO2 samplers were exposed for 7 days in 1999 and 14 days in 2000. Mean O3 concentrations recorded by the passive samplers for the monitoring periods in individual years vary from 75.2 to 125.8 μg m-3, showing considerable differences between individual years and the geographical locations of the monitoring sites. Generally speaking O3 concentration levels are higher at the plots located in Central and Southern Italy. The highest mean weekly concentrations were recorded in Sicily with a maximum of 171 μg m-3. No correlation can be found between O3 levels and elevation if all the plots are considered, while a significant increase of O3 levels with elevation can be observed in the six plots located in the Alpine region. The correlation analysis of 5-year mean concentration data and plot latitude show a moderately close relationship. Mean weekly concentrations often exceed 65 μg m-3 as 24 h mean, one of the short term thresholds proposed for the protection of vegetation. Exceedances are recorded in all monitoring periods. At the permanent monitoring observation plot in Sicily this threshold was exceeded in all the years of the study. Mean weekly or fortnightly NO2 concentration levels are generally very low, with the exception of some plots influenced by nearby emissions or transport phenomena. NO2 probably exceeds the critical level for the protection of forest ecosystems at one plot only. No correlation was observed between NO2 and O3 concentration data.

The Liphook Forest Fumigation Project: an overview

ABSTRACTThe aim of the Liphook Project was to assess the effects of SO2 and O3, singly and in combination, on coniferous forest ecosystems. More than 4000 trees of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Sitka spruce (P. sitchensis) were fumigated for nearly 4 years using an open‐air fumigation technique especially developed for the purpose. The technique eliminated artifacts due to chambers and enabled a variety of effects of the pollutant gases on forest ecosystems to be studied. Most symptoms of forest decline did not occur, but each species reacted in a different way to SO2 stress, providing no evidence for universal forest decline symptoms. However, some of the mechanisms hypothesized to underlie forest declines were observed as an effect of SO2 treatment, though others were not, notably any major effect of O3. The results are assessed against proposed regulatory standards (critical loads and levels) for the protection of forest ecosystems against pollution.