Protection Of Objects Research Articles

Dilemma and Solution of Intellectual Property Protection of Biological Genetic Resources

The intellectual property protection of biological genetic resources has attracted the attention of many countries, but there are still many difficulties to be solved. At present, the main dilemma lies in whether they are the object of intellectual property protection. Based on the classification of biological genetic resources, the invention based on genetic resources or the invention using their processing, as well as the novelty and originality of digital sequence information, etc., will be included in the scope of protection. In the specific institutional structure, we need to establish basic guiding principles, and solve a series of problems, on this basis. The principle of equity should be applied to coordinate the conflict between the owners and the beneficiaries of genetic resources, and the quality of the system should be tested by whether it can promote biodiversity. The subject of their rights should be limited to the state or the community, and the scope of its power should be limited to four aspects, such as “labeling, control, income, and disposal,” and the standardized use of data should be dealt with through the blockchain technology and the laws and regulations of the digital economy.

Human Life as a Priority Object of Protection under Criminal Law

The author of the paper proceeds from inviolability of the premise that a person’s life presides the hierarchy of values protected by criminal law. Recognition and actual consolidation of this provision is one of unconditional achievements adopted in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 1996. However, a myriad of additions and amendments made to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation after it entered into force raises the question of whether they do not call into question the postulate of human life as a priority object of criminal protection?To answer this question, the paper substantiates the thesis that decisive indicators of assessing a person’s life as the most important object of criminal law protection take the place in the system of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which the legislator has assigned to infringeent on life (primarily murder), and the grounds that are established by the General Part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation for imposing the strictest of all types of punishment (life imprisonment or death penalty). Based on these indicators, initially established in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the author concludes that at the time of its entry into force, a human life was really at the top of the system of values and goods protected by the Criminal Code. However, at present this conclusion cannot be considered indisputable, since the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation has introduced other norms where the sanctions are stricter than the sanctions of the norm on murder, and the grounds for the appointment of life imprisonment now include not only encroachments on human life. The author proposes to construct sanctions norms — both newly introduced and already existing — in such a way that no crime can be punished more severely than murder. In addition, the author proposes to abandon the legislative and law enforcement practice of absorbing murder by qualifying elements of other crimes, bearing in mind that they should be qualified only cumulatively.

A stretchable sandwich panel metamaterial with auxetic rotating-square surface

Sandwich panels find use as energy-absorbing devices and protective structures in various fields. However, due to their mostly rigid surfaces, they might not meet the protection requirements in complex conditions like non-Euclidean geometries of protected objects. To address this issue, a novel sandwich panel structure inspired by the synclastic curvature behavior of auxetic metamaterial was proposed. The surface of the proposed sandwich panel features rotating squares that allow for horizontal stretching, resulting in an improvement in controllability, auxeticity, flexibility, and synclastic curvature compared to traditional sandwich panels. Experimental and numerical methods were used to compare the similarities and differences between the novel and traditional sandwich panels under uniaxial compression. Additionally, different rotation angles and numbers of unit cells were simulated to examine their mechanical properties. The study also explored the auxeticity, stretchability, synclastic curvature, and potential applications of the novel sandwich panel. It was found that appropriate cuts on the sandwich panel can enhance energy absorption. These findings could pave the way for new opportunities in the application and basic research of sandwich panels while providing ideas for enhancing the survivability of panel structures in complex conditions.

Application of the Principle of Distinction under IHL in Outer Space

The principle of distinction can be applied to armed conflicts in outer space. Under the principle of distinction, combatants refer to armed personnel who directly participate in hostile actions in outer space, and military objects refer to those that have made actual contributions to military operations in outer space and can provide a definite military interest. All other personnel and objects are non-military targets that must not be attacked. Objects on which spaceflight participants depend for their survival, certain areas and cultural relics on celestial bodies, outer space, the natural environment of the earth, and space objects used for humanitarian relief are special protected objects. In order to implement the principle of distinction, the defender needs to effectively differentiate its own personnel and objects, and the attacker also needs to take feasible preventive measures.

Optimising the relationship between ecological protection and human development through functional zoning

Functional zoning is a kind of spatial organization mechanism used in national parks to manage the relationship between various stakeholders. Exploring ways to reconcile and eliminate conflict patches between ecological protection and community development in national parks is important for many developing countries in further promoting the target 12 of sustainable consumption and production in SDGs(ONUs' Sustainable Development Goals).We innovatively propose a combination method for optimising the functional zoning of national parks, taking the Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon national park (YZGCNP) as an example, under a new perspective of reconciling conflicts between national parks and human activities. Following are the major findings: (1) Based on the overlay analysis of habitat quality and human activity intensity, the conflict patches can be identified, and then can be classified into five different levels from 1 to 5 by using the difference matrix, based on the objective of ecological protection and conflict coordination. (2) The trends of a control scenario (eliminating patch conflicts) and no-control scenario (uncontrolled development) were projected to 2035 according to the management objectives of the different zones. Comparing the two scenarios, it was found that the area of patches with the most significant conflicts was reduced by 1102 km2 in the control scenario, and the area of patches with the highest habitat quality and lowest human activity increased by 852 km2. (3) An analysis of the effectiveness of the InVEST-HFI-CaMarkov model combination concluded that the link between models is rational and can successfully identify and eliminate the conflicts between ecological protection and human activities in national parks. This study provides a new perspective and an applied paradigm for the combination of methods for functional zoning of national parks, which can serve as a reference for their sustainable development.

The Sensitivity Investigation of Fiber Optic Paths in the Framework of an Intruder Localization at a Protected Facility

The paper considers the possibility of using communication lines already existing at urban development sites based on such information transfer technologies as «fiber-to-the-office» and «fiber-to-the-desk» in relation to the tasks of physical protection of objects. The aspects of using distributed acoustic sensors based on a phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometer for localizing sources of acoustic impact in real-time, that is, for determining the location of an intruder on a protected object, are considered. The sensitivity of optical paths to acoustic influences corresponding to the speech signals of the alleged intruder was assessed. An optical path based on optical fiber in an optical module with a hydrophobic filling is considered. An analysis of the spectral sensitivity of the optical fiber samples under study has been carried out. An assessment of the influence of the conditions for the passage of the route of laying the optical cable and the interaction of the acoustic sensor with the surrounding objects was carried out. The analysis of the results obtained during the test events at the experimental site was carried out.

Refined Calculation of Multi-Objective Ecological Flow in Rivers, North China

The concepts and calculation of basic, suitable, and fine ecological flow are put forward, and an integrated multi-method to calculate the ecological flow in rivers under multi-objectives is explored. Based on this, a refined calculation theory and method of a multi-objective ecological flow division based on time and space is proposed. That is, three commonly used methods, namely, the hydrology method, the hydraulics method, and the habitat method, are selected to finely calculate the ecological flow demand at different periods, in different sections, and under different ecological objectives. This approach breaks through the traditional ecological water demand calculation method based on hydrology and develops a river ecological flow calculation method based on water environmental protection objectives. A refined calculation method of ecological flow division based on time and space is developed to ensure that the ecological-hydrological process in rivers and lakes meets the ecological flow demand in different periods, different reaches, and different ecological objectives. Taking eight rivers entering Baiyangdian Lake as an example, the ecological flow demand in different river sections under different ecological objectives at different times is calculated to ensure the ecological flow process. The results show that the range of basic ecological flow demand range is 0.07–3.87 m3/s, the range of suitable ecological flow demand is 0.51~10.74 m3/s, and the range of fine ecological flow demand is 0.71~20.29 m3/s. In terms of spatial distribution, Ping River has the lowest demand for ecological flow, and the Zhulong River has the largest. In terms of the interannual ecological demand, those of the Baigou River, Fu River, Xiaoyi River, and Zhulong River are larger. In the demand process across the year, the demand is the largest from July to September, while the demand is the smallest from March to May. Similarly, most rivers face such problems as a sharp decline in runoff, drying up of the river, and an urgent need to restore ecology in northern China. This study also has insights and reference significance for other regions.

Threats to social security of the population in the South of Ukraine: new challenges and ways of minimization

The article attempts to analyze the level of social security in the Southern region of the country before and after the start of the full-scale invasion of Russia into the territory of Ukraine. It is defined that social security is determined by the nature of interaction between social groups on the basis of partnership, it is manifested at different levels (personal, group, regional, societal) in the capacity of state authorities to reproduce a stable, safe life. It has a subjective-objective nature and is determined both by the level of security of society and the region, as well as by individual or group well-being and awareness of one's security. The problems of assessing the level of social security have been identified, which are associated with the lack of a complete system of criteria assessment indicators and the inconsistency of the existing methodology and methods of data collection. It is proposed to monitor changes in the level of social security of the region under the influence of certain types of threats using an indicative sociological analysis based on the generalization of the values of objective sociogenic criteria and subjective evaluation judgments of the residents of the Southern region as objects of protection. It is proven that the unsatisfactory level of social security of the regional society is determined by a high level of insecurity, pessimistic perspectives regarding various types of social activity, and the impossibility of a quick return to normal life. There are outlined new threats to individual components of the social security of the population of Southern Ukraine associated with a full-scale war, in particular, demographic, economic, housing, educational, criminogenic, environmental security, etc. An attempt was made to identify possible ways of minimizing new threats to the social security of the South through the introduction of a number of economic, social and sociological mechanisms to minimize/overcome the consequences of these threats.

The protection of cultural heritage objects. Intangible aspects

The work continues the author's research on the intangible aspects of the subject of protection of cultural heritage objects and is the basis for proposals for amendments to legislation on the protection of cultural heritage objects. The results of the research is a long-term study of methods for determining the subject of protection of cultural heritage objects in terms of specifying intangible features. The author pays special attention to the analysis of historical events that occurred in the object or its surrounding historical environment, which influenced its perception by both contemporaries and their descendants. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by the allocation of intangible aspects of the subject of protection as a separate parameter. In most cases, studying the object of cultural heritage, its stages of formation, we do not pay special attention to the existence of the place. In the methods of objects of protection, attention is paid to the material component of the object of protection. However, it is by studying the intangible component of the history of the formation of the object, such as the memories of contemporaries, artistic depiction, historical use, and so on. The result of the study is a system of intangible attributes of objects of protection of cultural heritage objects, as a necessary measure to preserve the value characteristics of the object of cultural heritage. The author gives recommendations on amendments to legislative norms in the field of protection of cultural heritage objects.

The D-A-R approach: a method for determining ecological flow based on the component structure of ecological protection objects and dynamic hierarchical adjustment to the annual flow process

Abstract Although regional and seasonal water scarcity occurs frequently in China, and the contradiction among domestic, production and ecological water is prominent in some watersheds, the Chinese government still attaches great importance to the determination and implementation of ecological flow of rivers or lakes. Practitioners have been seeking methods to determine the ecological flow of rivers or lakes and how to ensure its implementation. Taking the Dingnan River watershed as a case, drawing on the experience of ‘Hedging rule’, the ‘Determination-Assessment-Reduction’ for the ecological flow nexus approach (the D-A-R approach) is introduced, which includes the determination of the annual ecological flow process through the river section, the assessment of water scarcity degree of the watershed and various water reduction strategies, respectively, and respond to the three scenarios of ‘general type, saving type and constrained type’ during the gap period. The results show that it is possible to use the D-A-R approach to proactively and dynamically adjust the ecological flow according to the probability estimate of that amount of water inflow per month, which the adjusted ecological flow threshold can better adapt to water scarcity at different levels and alleviate the contradiction among domestic, production and ecological water in the watershed during the dry period.

THE METHOD OF ASSESSING THE VALUE OF INFORMATION

Context. The task of assessing the value of the institution’s information as one of the objects of protection of the information security model is considered.
 Objective. The goal of the work is the creation of a method of assessing the value of information, which takes into account the time of the final aging of information.
 Method. The results of the analysis of methods for evaluating the value of information showed that modern approaches are conventionally divided into two directions. In the first direction, the value of information is calculated as the amount of information in bytes. In the second direction, the value of information is calculated in monetary terms. It is shown that modern approaches do not take into account the influence of time on the value of information. A method of assessing the value of information is proposed, which takes into account such characteristics as the term of final aging of information, the level of its access restriction, importance, and form of ownership. The value of information is presented as a quantitative measure that determines the degree of its usefulness for the owner. It is proposed to calculate the value of the initial value of information during its creation or acquisition by calculating the normalized weight of the coefficients according to the formula of the arithmetic mean. It was shown that the current value of information has a functional dependence on the time of existence of information and the time of its final aging.
 Results. The results of the experiment confirm that the value of information has a nonlinear functional dependence on the time of final aging of information.
 Conclusions. The conducted experiments confirmed the efficiency of the proposed method of evaluating the value of information and allow recommending it for use in practice to protect the institution’s information. Prospects for further research may include the creation of a methodology for assessing the value of an institution’s information, taking into account the aging of information and subsequent adjustment of measures to protect it.

Bicycle Protection System Using GPS/GSM Modules аnd Radio Protocol

Bicycle security systems have not developed as much as home security, and it is difficult to find competitive examples when researching the market. Many security systems on the market have weaknesses that can be bypassed or are not convenient to use. The technologies used to protect bicycles are rather uniform, predictable and not reliable. Most of such systems do not have convenient means of monitoring, such as, for example, a mobile application. Improvement of these systems, introduction of new technologies is very relevant in the field of bicycle protection. This is due to the unpopularity of these systems, their unreliability and lack of control over the phone. The majority of bicycle users are inclined to use proven methods – bicycle locks. But this decision is wrong.The system with GPS is so easy not to be deceived – it has more than one level of protection, and quickly warns the user about a threat. It has deterrents and means of attracting the attention of others.In addition, the use of GSM technology facilitates the possibility of control through a mobile application, which simplifies work with the system.Using GPS is the best way to monitor the position of the bicycle in space, and to track movement in unpredictable circumstances. GPS opens a number of possibilities and increases the functionality of the system. From monitoring the situation of the protection object to collecting statistics].The GSM module is almost never used in bicycle security systems. This is due to the concept of bike guarding, which says why use the ability to transmit data to any corner of the world if the user does not move more than 100 meters from the guarded object. But this concept is wrong. GSM is one of the fastest solutions among analogs. But transmission speed is not the only criterion for information transmission in wireless systems.Since the bicycle is a moving object, and the security system must be wireless, an important criterion for the functioning of such a system is the operating time.This article deals with the problem of protecting a moving object, using GSM and GPS modules. The main features of existing systems in this area, their advantages and disadvantages are shown. The advantages of using a radio protocol for bicycle protection are given. A model of the system that meets the needs of the user has been developed.

METHOD OF SELF-DEFENSE OF GROUND (SURFACE) OBJECTS FROM HIGH-PRECISION RADAR MEANS OF AIR SURVEILLANCE

Context it is caused by the need to search for scientific and technical ways to ensure the effectiveness of protecting ground (surface) objects from high-precision guided missile weapons.
 Objective it is a necessity to ensure effective self-defense of objects from radar homing means.
 Method. Electrodynamic modeling of Echo signals from spatially distributed objects, taking into account the features of their design and related operational limitations.
 Results. Based on the analysis of the shortcomings of the well-known method of protecting stationary objects from radar surveillance and damage, based on the simulation of an effective reflection center outside the physical dimensions of the object, a new method of countering high-precision measurement of coordinates of stationary and mobile ground (surface) objects is proposed. The technique is based on the spatial deformation of the location of the effective target reflection center with dynamics that exceed the inertial capabilities of the auto-observation contour of the attacking missile (projectile). A structural and functional scheme of technical implementation of the methodology based on the first proposed relationship of simple design and technological solutions is proposed and justified.
 Conclusions. The analytical model of Echo signals of spatially distributed ground (surface) objects was further developed, which takes into account the specifics of their design, and on its basis, for the first time, a universal method of self-defense of objects from radar home-leading devices was developed, which is implemented in a patented method and complex to exclude damage to protected objects.

Reinstatement of Previously Deregistered Health Professionals in Australia: Legal Determinations of Risk, Patient Safety, and Public Interest

Each year approximately 60 registered health practitioners in Australia have their registration cancelled for reasons of serious misconduct or, less commonly, impairment or criminal conviction. Cancellation remains in force unless the practitioner successfully brings a later application to be restored to the register. While the decision to deregister takes place in a public tribunal process, with published reasons, throughout most of Australia determinations concerning reinstatement are undertaken by professional Boards in private. This research examines available reinstatement decisions concerning 86 health practitioners to analyse how the health regulatory system in Australia determines questions of public interest and public safety when deciding whether deregistered health practitioners who seek reinstatement are now ‘fit and proper’ to practise their profession again. There is a considerable body of case law on the meaning of fitness to practise for health professionals, and the process by which it can be assessed. However, there is remarkably little legislative content or administrative guidance to structure the reinstatement inquiry, assist applicants in the process or to ensure consistency of decision-making, in particular by drawing attention to broader public protection factors. Reinstatement determinations would be improved through the introduction of structured guidance on how to apply the paramount objective of public protection. The article also suggests that having all reinstatement determinations take place in public with published reasons would improve public understanding of, and confidence in, the reinstatement process.

МЕТОД И МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКАЯ МОДЕЛЬ ОЦЕНКИ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ СИСТЕМЫ ЗАЩИТЫ ПОДВИЖНОГО ОБЪЕКТА ОТ МАЛОРАЗМЕРНОГО РОБОТОТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО КОМПЛЕКСА

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the system for protecting a mobileprotected object from a small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). In connection with the peculiarityof the construction of the protection system for a mobile object, associated with the movementsynchronously with the object of the critical zone, into which the UAV should not fall, it was necessaryto develop a method and a mathematical model for assessing the effectiveness of the UAV. As an indicator of efficiency, the probability of diverting the UAV from the critical zone was taken.It is analyzed that the removal of the UAV from the critical zone is carried out due to the timelydetection of the UAV and its transition from navigation using the signals of satellite navigationsystems to the onboard inertial navigation system. The timeliness of detection is determined by thedetection range of the UA. The detection range is determined, first of all, by the parameters of thedetection means themselves, the topology of their placement, the size of the critical zone aroundthe protected object, and the direction of movement of the UAV. The size of the critical zone isdetermined by the danger of video filming from the UAV or payload drop. The direction of movementof the UAV most vulnerable to the protected object is the movement to the meeting point withthe protected object. The results of the analysis and the developed algorithms for the functioningof the protection system against a small UAV were taken into account when developing a mathematicalmodel for assessing the effectiveness of protecting a protected object. Due to the fact thatsome of the parameters of the BVS are not known in advance, their values were played withequiprobability. The method of statistical tests (Monte Carlo method) was used to calculate theefficiency indicator. In each test, random parameters of the UAV were played out, initial datawere set, the processes of movement of the protected object and the UAV, changes in the positionof the critical zone were reproduced, the UAV hitting the viewing areas of the detection tools,moving away from the general course of the UAV and getting into the limits of the critical zonewere evaluated. The developed method and mathematical model for evaluating the effectivenessmade it possible to conduct a numerical experiment aimed at assessing the influence of the UAVspeed on the protection efficiency of a mobile guarded object. The results of the work can be usedin the design and development of a system for protecting a protected object from UA, in a comparativeanalysis of alternative systems for protecting against UA. The proposed method and mathematicalmodel can also be used in the underwater marine environment when evaluating the effectivenessof protecting a protected inhabited / uninhabited object from marine robotic systems.

Research on optimization of post-earthquake restoration planning strategy of Jiuzhaigou world heritage site based on value correlation: from the perspective of heritage site administrators

ABSTRACT We conducted a questionnaire survey on heritage site managers to obtain the relationship between post disaster recovery and reconstruction strategies, protected area planning and value objects, and used the information model method to analyze and show the degree difference of this relationship. The research shows that i) cognitive correlation has been built between restoration strategies and all value objects, and the correlative identification complexities are different for different specific strategies. The specific strategy for “scenic spot restoration and industrial development” has the highest level of complexity of correlation identification, ii) the degrees of uncertainty for the value objects to be identified in the restoration strategies are different. The Tibetan villages are identified as the objects with the highest certainty and the lowest fluctuation, iii) the restoration strategies have responded the overall orders of the value object identification in the protected areas. The restoration strategy has more uncertainty and complexity fluctuation than identification of protected areas. Finally, the paper puts forward suggestions for sustainable restoration and development of the heritage sites, including strengthening the correlation between village evolution and heritage values, restoring the systematization of strategies, and planning the connection with overall value objects.

Stegan detection method for latent images for intellectual property protection systems

Objective. Improving the quality of detection and stego-detection of latent images embedded in the protected object of intellectual property by various methods. Method. The method for stego-detection of latent images based on deep learning is proposed. The method is based on the use of the VGG16 convolutional neural network model, in which the architecture and training parameters are optimized. Result. Increasing the accuracy of detecting stegocontainer images by 3.8%, as well as the possibility of using the algorithm of the developed method for images with a higher resolution than the dimension of the input of an artificial neural network. Conclusion. The developed method is intended for stegan detection in two cases: to detect the fact of illegal use of intellectual property objects; for use in computer forensics when identifying images containing hidden and prohibited information.

What Promotes Natural Forest Protection and Restoration? Insights from the Perspective of Multiple Parties

The natural forest protection and restoration (NFPR) system is imperfect due to contradictions between the objectives of natural forest protection and the reality of situations, outdated cultivation concepts, conflicting interests among participating parties, and the lack of regulation guarantees and assessment criteria. These problems are not only common in China but also in international forest protection. As the NFPR system is more focused on the protection of natural forests, the level of natural forest restoration in China has been poor, with low natural forest quality and forest productivity. At the same time, the value of natural forest ecosystem services does not match the demand of farmers, forest management, and other multiple participating parties. As a result, except for the government, other multiple parties lack the intrinsic motivation to participate in NFPR, ultimately forming a sustainable management dilemma. Under the institutional analysis and development (IAD) framework, the objective of this research was to explore the influencing factors and outcomes of the participation of multiple parties in NFPR and to construct a multiple parties’ participation mechanism for solving this dilemma. This research found that among external variables, multiple parties’ characteristics, biophysical conditions, attributes of community, and rules-in-use jointly influence and constitute the driving mechanism of multiple parties’ participation in NFPR. The rules-in-use directly impact the participation action scenario and regulate the other three external variables. Various factors and mechanisms in NFPR interact in the action space and produce outcomes that create positive incentives for each external variable, thus promoting the whole mechanism to achieve a virtuous cycle of sustainable management. This study provides a theoretical contribution to understanding the behavior of multiple parties participating in NFPR.

The place of ecology in agricultural development projects

The adoption of numerous agricultural development projects presupposes their assessment from the point of view of regulating its interaction with the natural environment. In the projects, the legislator's ideas and ideas about the combination of objective laws of nature and legal laws are visible, the importance of natural resources for the development of the agro-industrial complex is reflected, and the proper natural environment is perceived as a condition for further development of agriculture, and not as an object of protection. In general, preference is given to the impact of the natural environment on agriculture, rather than agriculture on the environment. Agricultural projects differ from environmental legislation aimed at ensuring environmental protection by the agro-industrial complex. In projects, as well as acts on the development of agriculture, priority is given to protecting the agro-industrial complex from the negative effects of the forces of nature, their use in the interests of improving food well-being, and not protecting the environment from pollution during agricultural production, although it becomes one of the most important pollutants of nature. Such a bias should be gradually corrected and agricultural development projects should include not only its dependence on nature, measures to overcome it, but also ways of conducting such agricultural production that will negatively affect the quality of the environment to a minimum.

Development of active heat-protective materials for information-measuring devices and systems experiencing thermal loads in emergency situations

The article deals with the problem of creating a t-protective coating for information-measuring devices and systems for various purposes exposed to external high-temperature exposure in emergency situations related to fire. As a solution to the problem, it is proposed to use thermal-protective materials containing active additives that provide a thermal-protective effect that promotes the refraction of heat flows aimed at heating the protected object. The heat-shielding effect is provided by an endothermic reaction that occurs in the material when the decomposition temperature of the selected component is reached. It should be noted that the temperature at which the reaction with heat absorption should occur should be lower than the temperature of the lesion of the protected object. In this case, the heat flows passing through the layer of heat-shielding material will be refracted, since heat will be spent on the decomposition of the endothermic filler. The heating of the material will be carried out due to the matrix of the material and decomposition products. Based on the tasks that require the use of a heat-protective material, the amount of endothermic filler is determined. Accordingly, with an increase in the time interval during which it is necessary to eliminate the fire, the content of endothermic filler also increases. The use of thermal-protective material is relevant for emergency flight data recorders, since in the event of a plane crash, a fire is likely to occur, which can lead to the loss of information necessary to determine the causes of an emergency.