Protection Of Objects Research Articles

METHODOLOGY FOR MAKING EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT DECISIONS TO ENSURE THE PHYSICAL SECURITY OF CRITICAL FACILITIES

The article discusses the issues of evaluating the effectiveness of the system of physical protection of critical facilities and the development of control solutions to ensure the necessary requirements for it. The relevance of the presented tasks is due to the increase in the number and types of violations, the improvement of the technical capabilities of violators, the complexity and variety of objects of protection. The presented methodology for making effective management decisions to ensure the physical security of critical facilities is a comprehensive study of physical protection systems. With the help of a simulation model, the probability of a safe state of the object on the specified routes of penetration of the intruder is estimated. The method of principal components revealed latent connections between routes, on the basis of which the decomposition of the complex task of managing the physical security of the object was carried out to obtain more reliable dependences of the probability of the safe state of the object on the parameters (characteristics and structure) physical protection systems. For each group of routes the probability of a safe state of the object of which is insufficient, a regression equation is constructed using a complete factorial experiment – a unique function of the object’s safety management. The analysis of the coefficients of the regression equations makes it possible to make effective management decisions to modernize the structure of the physical protection system, increasing its effectiveness to the required value.Obtaining management functions is the author’s methodology for making effective management decisions to ensure the physical security of critical facilities and determines the scientific novelty of the work.

PUNISHABLE FAILURE TO REPORT A CRIME IN THE POLISH PENAL LAW

Purpose: conducting an analysis of statutory elements of the crime described in art. 240 of the Polish Penal Code (punishable failure to report a crime). Methods: the basic method employed in the analysis is the legal dogmatic method. Results: the analysis indicates that in the event of art. 240 of the Penal Code, the protected object is the judiciary in criminal matters. The duty to report criminal offences (those enumerated in the provision under consideration and terrorist offences) is imposed on anyone who has credible knowledge of the criminal preparation or attempt or commission of such a criminal act. Such a report, addressed to the authority appointed to prosecute criminal offences, must be made promptly. It is a formal offence (not characterized by its effects), individual as to the act, which can be committed in both forms of intent (dolus directus and dolus eventualis). The criminal legislation provides for three cases of exclusion of criminal liability for an offence under art. 240 (specified in art. 240 § 2, 2a and 3). Discussion: there are doubts whether the catalogue of crimes covered by the denunciation obligation is too broad or not. Differences in interpretation arise in the context of a conflict between the need to keep professional secrecy and the obligation to denounce under art. 240 of the Penal Code.

(Invited) Utilization of Bio-CO2 and Bio-Methane for Fuel Production: Integration Solid Oxide Electrolyzer, Low Energy Plasma Reformer with Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

Transition to renewable energy is essential to achieve climate protection objectives. Besides storing electricity for later use, fuel production using renewable energy is an essential part of reducing fossil dependance. The highest value application in current markets is the production of liquid transportation fuels such as sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) from sustainable, ideally biogenic carbon resources. A system is presented for processing anaerobic digester gas for liquid hydrocarbon production. Bio-CO2 is processed through a solid oxide electrolysis cell and bio-CH4through a low energy plasma reformer. The combined synthesis gas is supplied to a Fischer-Tropsch reactor for the production of liquid hydrocarbons. The combination of technologies nearly doubles the yield of biofuel by utilizing the bio-CO2 in addition to the bio-CH4. The product fuel is all bio-carbon but it also embodies renewable electric energy in a high-value, storable and transportable liquid hydrocarbon.

Telecommunications Secrecy Violation in the Context of Russian Criminal Law: Current Problems and Prospects for Overcoming Them

The paper is devoted to the controversial issues of criminal liability for violating the secrecy of correspondence, telephone conversations, postal, telegraph and other messages based on the analysis of Russian legislation, generalization of judicial practice and experience of foreign countries. The author explains the concept and content of communication secrecy, examines its correlation with other types of legally protected information, provides a criminal legal assessment of the dissemination of mutual correspondence without the consent of one of the addressees, and considers a sign of insignificance of the act in relation to encroachments on constitutional human rights. Telecommunications secrecy is defined as any information transmitted using wired, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems, to which access is restricted in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, other regulatory legal and local acts. It is proposed to consolidate the provision that only a person who is not the addressee of negotiations, correspondence and other messages can bear criminal responsibility for violating the secrecy of communication. The rules of qualification of the violation of the secrecy of communication are formulated in conjunction with the crimes in the field of computer information, as well as with the illegal receipt and disclosure of information constituting a trade secret. It is noted that Part 2 of Article 138 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation should be supplemented with the provision listing qualifying signs of the use of information and telecommunication networks by a person and about unauthorized access to the critical infrastructure of the Russian Federation. The author criticizes the refusal of the courts to recognize the violation of the secrecy of communication as an insignificant act only because of the special significance of the object of criminal law protection. A rule is established to eliminate competing criminal law norms concerning exemption from liability for violating the secrecy of communication by applying the article of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which is the most favourable for the person who committed the crime. In conclusion, the author proposes a new version of the article of the criminal law on violation of the secrecy of correspondence, telephone conversations and other telecommunication messages that provides for the composition of a crime with administrative prejudice.

Mixed‐integer NMPC for real‐time supervisory energy management control in residential buildings

AbstractIn recent years, building energy supply and distribution systems have become more complex, with an increasing number of energy generators, stores, flows, and possible combinations of operating modes. This poses challenges for supervisory control, especially when balancing the conflicting goals of maximizing comfort while minimizing costs and emissions to contribute to global climate protection objectives. Mixed‐integer nonlinear model predictive control is a promising approach for intelligent real‐time control that is able to properly address the specific characteristics and restrictions of building energy systems. We present a strategy that utilizes a decomposition approach, combining partial outer convexification with the Switch‐Cost Aware Rounding procedure to handle switching behavior and operating time constraints of building components in real‐time. The efficacy is demonstrated through practical applications in a single‐family home with a combined heat and power unit and in a multi‐family apartment complex with 18 residential units. Simulation studies show high correspondence to globally optimal solutions with significant cost savings potential of around 19%.

The Impact of the Digital Economy on Carbon Emissions using the STIRPAT Model

As a new economic factor, digitalization plays a vital role in society, economy, and the environment. Based on the expanded STIRPAT model, this paper empirically tests the impact of digital economy on carbon emissions by panel data from 2011 to 2021 in BRICS countries. Utilizing a variety of econometric techniques, the study's objectives were met. For instance, unit root properties are investigated using the CIPS and CADF techniques, while cointegration is examined using the panel cointegration approach of Westerlund and Edgerton (2008). The findings demonstrate the existence of a long-term correlation between carbon emissions, population, GDP, technical level, and digital economy. We propose that governments must not only implement hedging policies to reduce Carbon emissions caused by the digital economy at an early stage but also promote the development of the digital economy in order to accomplish the objective of global collaborative environmental protection.

Individual funded pension accounts and the World Bank: evolving views

Introduction: This paper sets out a brief history of World Bank involvement in pensions. Section 1 considers the period 1980–2000, and in particular a major pension reform in Chile in 1981 and the World Bank’s support for that approach, discussing the reforms and how well, or otherwise, they performed. Section 2 explains increasing diversity of views within the World Bank, and section 3 the more balanced view of recent years.Objective: The main goal of the presented article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the evolution and controversies surrounding individual funded pension accounts, with a primary focus on the Chilean model and its global impact. The article aims to critically examine the historical context, the World Bank’s role, internal and external debates, and recent developments in pension policy. Ultimately, it seeks to foster a more balanced understanding of pension systems, acknowledging their complexities, objectives beyond consumption smoothing, and the need for responsive policy adjustments in the face of real-world challenges.Materials and methods: The analysis is based on historical and policy documents, literature review, comparative analysis, qualitative assessments, and policy evaluation.Results: The main conclusion of the article is that the widespread adoption of individual funded pension accounts, as championed by the World Bank and initially implemented in Chile, has faced significant challenges and limitations. While these accounts were promoted as a panacea for pension reform challenges, the article argues that they have not lived up to their promises. Issues such as incomplete coverage, inadequate pensions, high administrative charges, gender inequality, and fiscal transition costs have raised concerns. The article also highlights a shift in recent years toward a more balanced and comprehensive approach to pension policy, emphasizing the importance of addressing poverty relief and broader social protection objectives.

METHODS OF OPTIMIZING THE FORCES COMPOSITION AND EQUIPMENT OF THE OBSERVATION POST OF THE DEPARTMENT FOR THE OBJECTS PROTECTION OF THE MILITARY UNIT

In order to prepare and implement a well-founded decision and plan regarding the organization of ground protection of the object (objects) of the military unit, the governing body of the military unit, as analytical and prognostic procedures for decision-making, it is necessary to have a clear and visual methodology that will allow determining the optimal composition of the forces and means of the observation post of the security unit under the given conditions. This technique should ensure the determination of the possibility of an operational response to the protection of the security object, as well as ensure the determination of the optimal composition of the forces and means of the observation post regarding fire resistance to the enemy, taking into account the available forces and means of the security unit as a whole.
 In accordance with the requirements of the organizational-guiding and methodical documents [1–9], the appropriate procedure for the organization of ground protection of the object (objects) of the military unit was determined for the governing bodies of the military unit. There is a scientific interest in researching the process of organization of protection, taking into account the priority of one or another object [10–15]. As a necessary component of the methodology for optimizing the composition of the forces and means of the observation post of the security unit, there can be a procedure for determining the optimal number and type of weapons of mobile tactical groups to ensure actions to deter the enemy [16]. An addition to the scientific justification and practical implementation of the protection of the object (objects) of the military unit is a space-time model for determining the possibility of timely countering the enemy with the forces and means of the observation post of the security unit [17]. Therefore, taking into account the analysis of organizational and management documents, methodological recommendations and the results of scientific research, it is proposed to develop a methodology for optimizing the composition of the forces and means of the observation post of the security unit, which consists in the determined possibilities of operational (timely) response of the security forces and fire resistance to the enemy, which intends to destroy the object of protection of the military unit.
 The article presents the method of optimizing the composition of the forces and means of the observation post of the division of the protection of the objects of the military unit. This technique is based on the spatio-temporal model of determining the possibility of timely countering the enemy with the forces and means of the observation post of the security unit and the solved optimization problem regarding the determination of the forces composition and the distribution of observation post fire means of the security unit.
 The methodology for optimizing the composition of the forces and means of the observation post of the security unit is based on the determination of the possibility of an operational response to protect the object of protection, as well as on the determination of the optimal composition of the forces and means of the observation post in relation to fire resistance against the enemy, taking into account the available forces and means of the security unit.
 The proposed methodology will allow to solve a number of practical calculation problems during the organization of ground defense of the military unit's facilities, namely: comparative quantitative assessment of the enemy's firepower, observation post and corps unit; determination of the appropriate range of opening fire by the forces and means of the observation post of the security unit; choosing the necessary direction and speed of movement of the main duty forces and means of the security unit; assessment of the influence of the topography of the area on the result of the countermeasures; evaluation of the effectiveness of ground enemy detection means; determination of ammunition sizes for firearms.

STATUS AND DIRECTIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL PROTECTED AREAS OF THE ODESSA REGION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE "BLUE ECONOMY"

STATUS AND DIRECTIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL PROTECTED AREAS OF THE ODESSA REGION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE "BLUE ECONOMY"

Administrative Responsibility for Violence in Sibling Relationships

Violence between children, including between siblings, is considered as a separate form of family (domestic) violence. The problematic nature of this illegal phenomenon is substantiated based on analysis and generalization of the results of scientific research by Russian and foreign scientists, including sociological and other data obtained by them. The aim of the work is to study and determine the degree of public and scientific recognition of the problem of violence between siblings in principal in legal and other aspects, to consider the existence of a basis according to which it is possible to identify it as a separate form of family (domestic) violence in order to improve the organization of the activities of crime prevention bodies. The Author applied a dialectical approach to the scientific cognition of social relations associated with the commission of acts of violence between siblings, the method of analysis and generalization of the results of scientific research. The results of the study were the confirmation of the hypothesis about the existence of the facts of committing violence between siblings abroad and in Russia and the demanded need to recognize it as a separate form of domestic violence, as well as the suggestion of an expanded understanding of the object of state-legal protection of individual rights from domestic (family) violence depending on the type of persons attempting to commit it. Not only parents (cohabitants) and other legal representatives of minors act as subjects of family and domestic relations, but also older children who commit acts of violence against younger brothers and sisters. The proposed understanding of the object of administrative and other offences committed in the sphere of family and domestic relations will allow the bodies of law violation prevention to improve the organization of their own activities in the field of protection of the rights and legitimate interests of minors.

Property rights and marine protected areas

Property rights in the marine environment differ from those on land and this difference has an impact on the legal framework for marine protected areas. The Site of Special Scientific Interest designation, which underpins terrestrial nature conservation in the UK, is only relevant at sea for intertidal sites and a few subtidal extensions. Legislation for Marine Nature Reserves, based on that for terrestrial National Nature Reserves, was unworkable because of government reluctance to designate sites in the face of stakeholder opposition. Regulations for the protection of European Marine Sites were made to implement the European Habitats Directive which covers very few marine habitats or species. The lacuna in legal protection was filled by the creation of the Marine Conservation Zone designation but the emphasis on features of particular value detracts from the objective of wider ecosystem protection. Protection for all types of marine protected areas is constrained by the need to consider the socio-economic consequences of regulation. The new pilot Highly Protected Marine Areas in England could tip the balance in favour of conservation but the rejection of two out of five candidate sites on the basis of the socio-economic concerns does not augur well for the future.

Аналитическая методика обоснования оптимальной периодичности плановых проверок противопожарного состояния производственных и складских зданий

The purpose of the work is to analyze the statistical information about fires to establish the dependence of the number of fires in the industrial and warehouse buildings on the frequency of scheduled inspections and, on this basis, to develop a methodology for justifying the optimal frequency of scheduled inspections of their fire safety status by the federal state fire supervision authorities of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia. For the first time, the mathematical models were obtained to determine the number of fires at industrial and warehouse protection facilities depending on the time elapsed since the last inspection, as well as to determine the number of fires at these protection facilities depending on the frequency of their scheduled inspections. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time, on a scientific basis, an original method for substantiating the optimal frequency of scheduled fire safety inspections of industrial and warehouse protection facilities was developed and tested. The data obtained allows to substantiate on a scientific basis: the optimal frequency of scheduled inspections of the fire safety condition of industrial and warehouse buildings; the belonging of these objects of protection to the appropriate risk category, depending on the required frequency of their scheduled inspection; the required number of personnel of the federal state fire supervision bodies of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia for timely and high-quality inspection of the supervised protection objects. The results of the work also make it possible to justify the need to amend the Regulations on the Federal State Fire Supervision, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated April 12, 2012, № 290, in terms of establishing an alternative method to the Federal Law dated July 31, 2020, № 248-FZ for justifying the frequency of scheduled control (supervision) activities in relation to the objects of control and their assignment to the appropriate risk category.

ORAL HEALTH PROMOTION AT SCHOOL

The Health at School Program presents itself as a concrete form of health promotion of extreme relevance for school assistance, facilitating the contact of the population with dental services. Objective: To expose the carrying out of health program activities at the Elementary School Cleudomir Begot in the region of Ananindeua- Pará. Methods: The actions involved students aged 05 and 13 years. Site visits were carried out to collect all data from the educational institution and planning activities. Audiovisual educational material was used on the ideal brushing technique; activity addressing the theme “diet” and guidance on oral hygiene. Experience report: The two moments in which the activities were carried out were extremely fruitful and the students who were the target audience of the actions, which added to the cooperation of the primary care team, resulted in success in the objectives of health promotion and protection. specific. Conclusion: Carrying out educational actions in the school environment through the health at school program is very important to improve the quality of dental health in the student population.

A Critical Review of Consumer Protection Online Shopping, False Advertising, and Legal Protection

Objective: The main objective of consumer legal protection is to increase awareness, ability and independence of consumers to protect themselves and create a sense of responsibility for business actors in running their business. Theoretical Framework: The problem and purpose of the study is to identify the possibilities of problem consumer protection online shopping, false advertising, and legal protection. This article explores the evolution of common law and legislation in response to fraudulent, dishonest, or misleading internet advertising, as well as the prevalence of such practices. Method: This research is a legal study that is descriptive qualitative. The data collection technique used in this research is documentation. The approach used in this study is a juridical approach. The data analysis technique used is Miles and Hiberman. The validity technique used in this study is source triangulation. Result and Conclusion: This paper describes the muslim consumer legal protection paradigm in online transactions and assesses Indonesia's regulatory environment. Researchers found in normative legal studies that the e-commerce agreement is separate from the core notion of the agreement provided in the UNCITRAL Model Law on e-Commerce and the UNCITRAL Model Law on e-Signature. Online commerce is similar to regular trade agreements, except it uses electronic media. We discovered that improving human resources—professional competence, academic competence, resilience, methods, and excellent attitudes and values—solves the legal protection against consumers issue. E-commerce contracts must follow fair trade practices and the law. We also note that the present rules and regulations on information and electronic transactions for consumer protection have failed to safeguard consumers because numerous infractions still result in consumer losses. Research Implications: Implementation of these goals necessitates updating the law of consumer legal protection. This implementation is important so that online buying and selling transactions are recognized as legal and accountable electronic transactions. the object of the transaction may not conflict with laws and regulations, decency and public order. Originality/value: It contributed to activation of the rule of law in the form of legal protection for consumers in buying and selling agreements via the internet.

MODERN APPROACH TO THE FORMATION OF AN OBJECT OF LEGAL PROTECTION - METHOD OF SPRAYING WITH UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES

Inventive and patent-licensing work is an integral part of the activities of engineering, technical, and scientific workers in all spheres of the national economy. One of the results (types) of scientific and technical creativity is invention, which allows technically gifted individuals to express themselves: scientists, engineers, students, and other technical workers. The use of modern technical means in agriculture, for example, unmanned aerial vehicles for technological operations, prompts the creation of new approaches and methods of their effective use, which is an urgent task for agricultural enterprises, scientific, and pedagogical workers, and students. The object of the research is the method of spraying agricultural crops with unmanned aerial vehicles, as an object of legal protection. The purpose of the research is to develop an effective method of spraying agricultural plants with means of protection against pests and diseases by unmanned aerial vehicles, which is the object of legal protection of industrial property. The objectives of the research are to perform an analysis of the concepts of creativity and inventive activity of a person as a form of self-realization and overcoming technical contradictions; to carry out an analysis of the concepts of the object of the invention - the process (method) as an object of legal protection; study of the laws of development of technical systems and development of a utility model of the technological system of an unmanned aerial vehicle; development of a method of spraying field crops with unmanned aerial vehicles. The research methodology is based on the method of materialistic dialectics, methods of analysis, and synthesis of information from official sources and scientific research. As a result of the conducted research, it was established that the inventive activity of engineering and scientific workers is an integral part of the development of scientific and technical progress as a whole. The creation of fundamentally new technologies and machines, and innovative solutions in all branches of the national economy will contribute to the rapid development of our state and its entry into the system of countries with developed market relations. The object subject to legal protection is analyzed. Features of the formula for the method are described. The research proposes a modern approach to the formation of an object of legal protection, namely, a method of spraying agricultural crops with unmanned aerial vehicles. The laws of the development of technical systems are considered and a utility model of the technological system is proposed, namely - the process of spraying agricultural plants with unmanned aerial vehicles. The target function of the technological system is described and the laws of development are proposed, which will allow obtaining the optimal values of the parameters of the optimization criteria. The proposed method of aerial chemical spraying of plants with the use of sprayer drones allows for effective chemical treatment of plant crops and minimizes the inefficient use of shift work time associated with moving a mobile vehicle, thus increasing the productivity of UAVs.

OpenBIM-based assessment for social cost of carbon through building life cycle

Buildings produce many carbon emissions in their life cycle, which leads to global warming, human disease, ecosystem destruction, and food shortages. These harms are translated and revealed into the social cost of carbon (SCC), but assessing the building SCC considering protection objects is still difficult due to the lack of adequate and rapid tools. Therefore, this paper proposes a method based on OpenBIM to calculate the SCC through the building life cycle. This method reflects the cause-effect chains of carbon emissions on human health, ecosystem quality, and social assets under LIME, EPS, and ReCiPe approaches. An original tool, NMBIM, is developed based on this proposed method, which calculates the SCC of a case building by directly importing industry foundation classes (IFC) files. The case results show that the maximum life cycle SCC reaches 5872.4 RMB/m2, which exceeds the construction cost. Although SCC results obtained by different LCIA models vary widely, the ones of human health are the most concerned protection objects. This paper provides an effective method for standardly storing and optimizing SCC at the project design stage, which contributes to construction industry planning, construction company decision-making, and public regulation.

Traditional family values as an object of interest: private law and public law aspects

The article considers traditional family values as an object of legal protection and protection, examines the nature of family relations, and provides approaches to determining the essence of the traditional understanding of the family. On the basis of a systematic analysis of the current legislation, a characterization is given to family legal relations and their regulatory norms, the content and object of family interests are determined; the definition of the traditional values of the Russian family is formulated. In conclusion, it is concluded that the current unstable political and economic situation in the modern world is accompanied for Russia by the emergence of not only new challenges and threats, but also additional opportunities. In particular, it is proposed, when improving family legislation, to take into account traditional family values and be based on Russian historical experience, and not alien, foreign. The study was carried out using the general scientific dialectical, formal-legal method of cognition, as well as the method of inductive and deductive logic.

Information Support for Decision-Making According to the Assessment of Fire-Fighting Distances from the Borders of Open Areas for PBX Storage

The purpose of research. Information support has been developed for decision-making on the assessment of fire-fighting distances from the boundaries of open storage areas for PBX to various objects of protection, taking into account the effects of heat flow. The object of the study is an assessment of the fire-fighting distance from the boundaries of open areas of motor vehicles. The subject of the study is information support for making a management decision on the compliance of the object of protection with fire safety requirements, aimed at limiting the consequences of the spread of fire in the form of a fire-fighting distance from the boundaries of open storage areas for PBX to buildings (structures) of I-V degrees of fire resistance of functional fire hazard classes F.1-F.5. The purpose of this work is to create and application of individual calculation formulas to determine the maximum permissible distances from the boundaries of open areas of vehicles to various buildings (structures) based on the use of a computer software product. Methods. Methods of system analysis, management theory and decision-making, and numerical experiment were used to solve the tasks. Results. The article proposes an assessment of the risk of harm to someone else's property and the determination of the value of the safe distance from the boundaries of open areas for storing PBX to various objects of protection by using the software product «Assessment of the safe distance from the boundaries of open areas of motor vehicles», aimed at improving the scientific and experimental and educational and material base of research, expert and educational organizations. The proposed calculation-based assessment of the compliance of the object of protection with fire safety requirements to prevent the spread of fire is aimed for practical application in the organization of activities and the exercise of powers by employees of the FPS of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, experts, as well as owners of protection objects. Conclusion. The proposed information support for decision-making on the assessment of fire-fighting distances from the boundaries of open storage areas for PBX will allow you to establish the risk of harm to someone else's property.

Przyroda i jej elementy. Przedmiot ochrony prawnej czy podmioty prawa?

Nature and its elements. Objects of legal protection or subjects of law? The article discusses the legal status of nature and its selected elements. The author confronts the achievements of legal thought with the postulates of strengthening nature protection by empowering some of its resources. The author discusses whether the current legal order, which undoubtedly treats nature and the environment as objects of legal protection, allows for treating nature (environment) and its elements as subjects of law. The foundations of the legal protection of the environment, including nature, are presented in the Environmental Protection Act of 2001 and the Nature Conservation Act of 2004. These acts formulate legal definitions of the environment, natural environment and nature protection, while at the same time indicating elements of nature or natural resources. On the one hand, it is possible to discuss comprehensive nature protection, and on the other hand, the protection of individual natural resources (environment). The legal status of individual natural resources is rather diverse. The legislator does not diversify the legal protection granted to individual natural resources. In this case, one may ask why only some natural elements should be entitled to subjectivity since even natural scientists refuse to differentiate the rank and significance of natural elements. The author puts forward the thesis that the ideas of giving specific natural resources subjectivity and even legal personality, which is supposed to promote their better protection, are not correlated with the applicable legal regulations. In addition, they express skepticism as to more effective protection through further organizational and legal forms.

Balancing wildlife protection and wildfire threat mitigation using a network optimization approach

In boreal forests of North America, land managers often carry out preventive treatments of forest fuel for the protection of human infrastructure from wildfires. However, these treatments may negatively affect other ecosystem services, such as the capacity to sustain wildlife populations. Here, we examine the efficacy of a strategy aimed at preserving a critical movement corridor for boreal woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in northern Québec, Canada, by raising high-voltage power line conductors above the forest canopy. To assess the interplay between the caribou protection objectives and a reduction in power line's exposure to wildfires, we developed an optimization model that combines the objectives of protecting the power line from wildfires via fuel treatments and maintaining a suitable movement corridor for caribou. The model combines a critical node detection (CND) problem with a habitat connectivity problem that allocates a minimum-resistance fixed-width habitat corridor between isolated wildlife refuges. Our results identify the best locations to perform fire fuel treatments to lessen the threat of fire damage to human infrastructure while maintaining a connectivity corridor for caribou in present and future climate scenarios. The selected fuel treatment locations aimed to mitigate wildfire exposure to a power line. In small-budget solutions, the exposure of power line infrastructure to wildfires was reduced by 36–39% in current climate conditions and by 20–31% in future climate, compared with no-treatment scenarios. Despite the detrimental effects of wildfire on both the industrial asset and caribou habitat, the approach provides strategies that help achieve a compromise between these two values. Such knowledge is timely to help mitigate the negative impacts of climate change on human livelihoods and natural ecosystems.