Protection In Russia Research Articles

Whole-Genome Assembly of Yersinia pestis 231, the Russian Reference Strain for Testing Plague Vaccine Protection.

We report the whole-genome sequence of Yersinia pestis subsp. pestis bv. Antiqua strain 231 belonging to the 0.ANT3 phylogroup, the reference strain for testing plague vaccine protection in Russia. Genome sequencing was completed using the Oxford Nanopore MinION and Illumina platforms.

СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ СРЕДСТВ МЕХАНИЗАЦИИ ХИМИЧЕСКОЙ ЗАЩИТЫ РАСТЕНИЙ В РОССИИ

Mechanized processes of plant protection from pests, diseases and weeds are one of the main components of intensive technologies used for the cultivation of agricultural crops. The analysis shows that agricultural organizations are currently equipped with mechanization means of chemical plant protection by 8.7% of the scientifi cally grounded standard, recommended for our country. Therefore, the market for equipment for chemical plant protection in Russia is currently very attractive for product promotion and production development. At present, Russian enterprises manufacture sprayers, but the designing and manufacturing of new equipment for plant protection in most cases are carried out without taking into account the modern achievements of domestic and foreign science, international standards, technological and environmental requirements. Using the example of the European Union countries, the authors point out the need to improve Russian legislation in the fi eld of plant protection and control of the technical ondition of sprayers, as well as to develop regulatory documents and approve regulations that provide for constructive, technological and environmental requirements for plant protection equipment. As further development of the production of mechanization means of plant protection is observed, the priority should be the introduction and improvement of information systems and automation of technological processes and individual systems using modern domestic and foreign scientifi c solutions aimed at improving the quality of plant protection and reducing the impact of negative factors on the environment.

Nitella capillaris (Krock.) J. Groves et Bull.-Webst. (Charophyceae, Charales) in Russia: the first confirmed species record

The species Nitella capillaris was reliably found in Russia. It was earlier known from two uncheckable records of ninetieth century from Kaliningrad and Kursk Oblasts. Its new locality in Pskov Oblast is the north-easternmost one in species distribution range. The species was suggested for protection in Russia.

Actual problems of legal regulation of the protection of Russia's interests in the Arctic: the aspect of protection and safety of ecological systems

Actual problems of legal regulation of the protection of Russia's interests in the Arctic: the aspect of protection and safety of ecological systems

Development of chemical method of plant protection in Russia

Development of chemical method of plant protection in Russia

ANALYSIS OF THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOREST PROTECTION INSTITUTE IN RUSSIA

Illegal logging is a global problem that cannot be addressed unambiguously and in all cases. Given that criminal acts about wood are not a new type of violation, but, having appeared long before the current century, remain one of the most common negative social phenomena, the author analyzed the process of formation and development of forest protection in Russia. The first conservation certificates, «green» forests, as well as the restrictions on forest management introduced by Peter I, caused by the need to form a new model of state defense, were the basis for the formation of legal protection of forests. At the same time, the author notes that the established regimes were interconnected and interdependent from a number of legal factors, the key of which was the form of ownership of the territory in which the trees grew. The study contains an analysis of the transformation of the institution of «forest guardians,» the rights, obligations and requirements for employees, the number of units, as well as their social security. The content of the article is divided into several blocks, which is due to the political system that prevailed at a certain time in the development of society: feudal grand-ducal power, the Russian state, the Russian Empire, the RSFSR, the Russian Federation. A brief analysis of law enforcement and judicial practice, a study of regulatory documents, coupled with reporting and archival documents based on the results of the activities of forest protection units, made it possible to conclude that it was impossible to exercise control over forest resources without the formation of specialized units, the functioning of which may be temporary.

Бизнес и власть: эколого-экономическая ответственность в российской Арктике

The growing interest in environmental problems on the part of society leads to the fact that more and more attention is paid to the activities of enterprises, and the criteria for the greening of their production are becoming more stringent. With the growth of industrial production, the scale of the negative impact on the environment increases, so simply discussing environmental problems becomes insufficient. There is a need for a comprehensive accounting of the environmental performance of organizations and the development of measures to compensate for the resulting environmental damage. The article examines the issues of environmental and economic relations between business and government in the Russian Arctic. The purpose of this study is to form a theoretical approach to solving the problem of greening the Arctic regions based on the analysis of the ecological and economic relations between government and business. Legal and economic instruments for regulating environmental protection in Russia, as well as strategic documents for the development of the Russian Arctic in the field of ecology are analyzed. An assessment of the environmental and economic responsibility of companies operating in the Russian Arctic is carried out on the basis of non-financial reporting data. The results of the analysis show that the presented non-financial information is not transparent enough, and the level of business responsibility is rather low. To solve the problem posed, the authors propose a theoretical approach to building a "green" partnership, which allows finding a compromise between the interests of the state and business. The formation of an integrated ecological and economic approach in the state regulation of environmental protection activities will allow reaching a point of bifurcation in the relationship between government and business and thereby leveling the anthropogenic load on the ecosystem of the territory.

INNOVATIVE AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION

Statistics on international innovation and the state of intellectual property protection in Russia are provided. Trends in the protection of intellectual property in Russia and abroad are described.

Covid-19 and Its Implications for Data Protection in Russia

Covid-19 and Its Implications for Data Protection in Russia

On A.D. Sheremetev’s fire reform project in Russia

Introduction. One of the directions of the state policy in the fi eld of fi re safety is the improvement of national standards in the fi eld of protection of the population from the fi re threat, which should be developed not only taking into account modern challenges and threats, but also based on the historical traditions of state management of the fi re protection of Russia, including pre-revolutionary ones. The purpose of this article is to eliminate gaps in the history of the development of the fi re protection of the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th century on the basis of archival data; to identify the reasons for the failed attempt of the fi re reform in Russia; show the progressive ideas of Count A.D. Sheremetev to reform the fi re service in Russia: the fi rst attempt to unite fi refi ghting teams of different types into a single fi re-fi ghting organization, the creation of a single governing body for fi refi ghting teams and the inclusion of voluntary fi refi ghting teams in a unifi ed state system of fi re control.Main part. This paper presents the main provisions of the fi re reform project by A.D. Sheremetev. Archival data from A.D. Sheremetev’s papers in the Russian State Historical Archive (RSHA), allowing to explain little-known chapters of the United Russian Fire-Fighting Society history, are introduced into scientifi c expression. The reasons for the need to implement fi re reform in Russia are explained. The discussion on the ways of reforming the fi re protection of the Russian Empire is considered. The role of A.D. Sheremetev is defi ned not only in the formation of national fi refi ghting voluntary work, but also in the development and discussion of reforming the country’s fi refi ghting industry.Conclusions. The fi re reform project presented by A.D. Sheremetev clearly illustrates the process of fi lling the state function on emergency prevention and response with specifi c content and shows the dynamics of such specifi cation after the registration of this function in 1853.

The study of indicators for environmental protection in Russia during the extraction of natural resources

The article analyzes the statistical data of environmental pollution resulting from the activity of extracting natural resources n Russia in the period of 2009-2018. The present study of the dynamics in statistical data is resulting in conclusions concerning the effectiveness of measures implemented for the protection of atmospheric air, water sources and soil. Statistics for the period under study showed the decrease in the effectiveness of measures practiced in the industry to protect atmospheric air and to utilize (neutralize) production and consumption wastes. The same period revealed that the quality of wastewater treatment in the industry under study improved. The results of the present analysis can be used for developing the strategy for the planned management of measures to protect the environment during natural resources extraction.

E-Justice as a Form of Judicial Protection in Russia

The paper draws attention to the priority of the judicial form of protection of rights and interests of physical and legal entities, state and public interests, as well as gradual pervasion of the justice system with IT-technologies that ensure openness of the proceedings, save time and money of the participants, reduce time needed to file and process pleadings, etc. On the basis of the analysis of the proposed doctrinal approaches and legislative acts to the definition of the meaning of e-justice, the author presents her understanding of e-justice that covers three aspects. Such an approach may be of practical importance depending on how well e-justice has been developed in Russia. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the extended approach to the definition of e-justice, including the use of AI systems. The paper investigates advantages and possible risks associated with the introduction of the systems applied to assist a judge in making final court decisions (“companion judge”) and systems that replace a judge in making the final court decisions (“digital judge”). As a result, it is concluded that the most acceptable system for the Russian system of justice is the “Companion Judge” AI system. In the author’s opinion, complete replacement of judges by “digital judges” is ethically and legally ambiguous, poses many risks and will not provide effective protection for the violated or contested rights, freedoms and interests of citizens, organizations, State and public interests.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ИСТОРИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ ОХРАНЫ ТРУДА В РОССИИ И КНР

The similarities and differences in the historical development of labor protection in Russia and China

Trace elements composition of surface snow in the polar zone of northwestern Siberia: the impact of urban and industrial emissions.

In order to evaluate the level of atmospheric pollution in the north of Western Siberia, we studied the composition of urban snow in the vicinity of the Tazovsky settlement as well as in the area of Zapolyarnoye-the largest natural gas field in Russia in terms of a total extraction volume. Our results indicate that anthropogenic activities have caused an increase in electric conductivity and pH values of meltwaters. Concentrations of dissolved and particulate forms of trace elements (Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd) were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Dissolved forms of Cd, Zn, and Mn and particulate forms of Cu, Fe, and Ni prevailed in meltwaters of background territories. Human-affected territories were characterized by a predominance of particulate forms of trace elements (except Cd), which indicated increased dust deposition rates. For Cu, Mn, and Fe, mean values of contamination factor (CF) exceeded background levels by 4.4, 4.7, and 6.6 times, respectively. At some sampling sites, concentrations of trace elements exceeded background levels by 10-111 times. The concentration of Zn in our study area was higher than those in other oil and gas fields located in polar and boreal regions. The Cd concentration in the vicinity of the Tazovsky settlement was higher than those in other cities of Western Siberia. The data obtained in the present study on concentrations of soluble and particulate forms of trace elements in snow will be valuable for environmental protection in Russia's Arctic territory.

СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ СИСТЕМЫ МОНИТОРИНГА ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ В АСПЕКТЕ ОЦЕНКИ ДИФФУЗНОГО ЗАГРЯЗНЕНИЯ ВОДНЫХ ОБЪЕКТОВ

Purpose: analysis of the water bodies state monitoring system operating on the territory of Russia, identification of problems of accounting for diffuse pollution of water bodies in the framework of state monitoring of water bodies and development of proposals for its improvement. Materials and methods. Data from the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, Russian meteorological service, Federal Service of State Statistics, research by Russian scientists on this theme, and Internet materials were used as materials for research. Methods of systemic complex study, comparison, generalization and analysis of data were used. Results. The unified system of state environmental monitoring (state monitoring of environment), founded to ensure environmental protection in Russia, and the system of state monitoring of water bodies included in it, and its organizational aspects are analyzed. Problems that do not allow to assess the diffuse pollution of water bodies reliably, especially dangerous and significant in size in the zones of agricultural production, located mainly in the catchments of small rivers when conducting state monitoring of water bodies have been identified. Conclusions. The composition and structure of water bodies state monitoring data, which is currently operating, are mainly focused on monitoring water quality in the zone of industrial-urbanized territories, which are characterized by point (concentrated) types of pollution sources, and their intensity is relatively stable in time and space. The solution to the problem of identifying diffuse sources of water bodies pollution, assessing the degree of their impact on the quality of water resources and exercising control over them is represented in organization and conduct of special (additional) work during all typical hydrological seasons - flooding and high water, especially their upward branches, within the framework of water bodies state monitoring.

Ecologically adjusted human development index

The article offeres an approach to including ecological factor in the Human Development Index (HDI). HDI is aimed at reflecting the quality of life of population, which is defined along with other important characteristics and state of environment. However, there is still no ecological living conditions of population in the formalized representation of HDI. Two directions of constructing ecologically adjusted HDI are developed: introducing ecological index to HDR, and using ecologically adjusted GDP/GRP in income index. Ecological index reflecting the state of environment in the places of residence and recreation of population is constructed on the basis of indicators of the number of air/water samples exceeding the ambient standards, as a percentage of the total number of examined samples. This indicator is presented in the annex to the statistical handbook «Environment Protection in Russia» for all regions. It is offered to modify the index of income in HDI by subtraction of the economic damage caused by pollution from income, as this part of income does not go to growth of the population welfare, but only compensates for the damage. For implementation of this approach there is no official statistics, and in the study was used the database accumulated by the author over many years of ecological-economic research. As a result, there was calculated ecologically adjusted HDI for all 85 regions in comparison with the traditional HDI. In 14 regions with the best ecological situation the HDI value grew, in the others it decreased. Some of the regions formerly leading by the HDI value lost their positions. Comparing the impact on HDI of ecological index on the one hand, and of modifications of income index on the other, showed an incomparably greater role of the introduction of ecological index.

Environment protection during mining in the Russian Arctic: modern trends and perspectives

The paper is devoted to the fundamental issues of the environment protection and mining in the Arctic territory. The author considers the main trends of the industrial development and its impact on the specific ecosystem of the Arctic. The newest laws adopted in the Russian Federation on Arctic development and state policy is researched. In the paper the analysis of the data on the investment to the environment protection in Russia is also performed. It allows developing recommendations for the improvement of environment protection including organizational, legal and scientific measures. The author also researches the industrial development impact on human living conditions and health decreased by the worsening environment of the Arctic. In the paper the necessity of the partnership and cooperation between subsoil user, government and local communities (including indigenous peoples) is justified. The recommendations given in the conclusions include the community councils’ formation for the monitoring the quality of the environment on the local level. It could help to prevent conflicts in the Arctic during mining. Other recommendations consider possible ways for the improvement of state policy in the Arctic as well as the mechanisms of the environment economics.

Implementation of the polluter pays principle: comparative legal issues

The subject. The article is devoted to the study of the polluter pays principle from the point of view of the mechanism for its implementation to ensure the right to a favorable environment. The purpose of the article is to identify the degree of implementation of polluter pays principle in Russian legislation in comparison with the OECD countries. The methodology. The study is based on the comparative legal method, which allows us to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the models of legal regulation of relations in the field of environmental protection chosen by different countries and international organizations. The study also relies on general scientific and private scientific methods, including formally legal method, interpretation of legal acts. The main results and scope of their application. The content of the polluter pays principle is determined, as well as the goal of its establishment and the methods used by legislator to achieve this goal. The effectiveness of the polluter pays principle is determined by an integrated regulatory approach. It includes several elements: not only the obligation to compensate for the harm caused in full, but also to take all necessary measures to prevent the possibility of harm at all stages of the activity, including design, construction, etc. The analysis of international legal regulation, as well as the regulatory legal acts of different countries shows that this principle is implemented in the legislation of many countries and an effective mechanism for its application is created in developed countries. Genuine implementation of this principle lets create balance between economic and environmental relations and protect the vital interests of human and society. Conclusions. A comparative analysis of the legal regulation of relations on environmental protection in terms of applying the polluter pays principle allows us to conclude that there is a rather formal approach to its implementation into Russian legislation. There is no comprehensive approach to the regulation of economic activity at all stages of its implementation, from planning and design to decommissioning and waste management. This, in turn, does not allow creating a balanced management mechanism of environmental protection in Russia. In this connection, a list of priority measures to create an effective legal regulation mechanism is proposed.

Market based forest conservation opportunities

Forests of Russia have global ecological significance. They include huge massive of boreal forests, almost a quarter of global area of intact forest landscapes. The global role of Russian forests in inhibition of aridization and land degradation is well known. Development of representative system of forest protection is one of the main tasks of Russian Federation in implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity obligations. The Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 20112020 and the Aichi Strategic Goals plan protection of no less than 17% of terrestrial ecosystems area to the 2020, especially the sites of high significance for biodiversity and ecosystem services. The main forest protection mechanisms are protected natural areas (PNA), forests with protective functions, and protective sites (PS). PNA contains around 7% of forest covered area. Forests with protective functions make up around 16% of forest covered areas, but the management regimes of many types of such forests are not conforming to the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. Many of forests with protective functions are under lease for forest management. Since recently the significance of voluntary Forest Stewardship council (FSC) certification for biodiversity conservation is increasing. The standards of FSC certification require from forest companies to implement protection and appropriate use of high conservation value forests (HCVF). Totally there are 46 mln ha of FSC certified forests in Russia, from them around 56 mln ha of HCVF received additional protection from certification. One of the most important categories of HCVF are intact forest landscapes (IFLs). Around 1 mln ha of IFLs are protected as the result of forest certification, providing significant input into Convention on Biological Diversity. For 35 FSC certified companies the share of identified HCVFs with nature conservation regimes in their leased forests is comparable with the average share of PNAs (without certification) on the regional or district level. The main output of the research is that the role of voluntary forest certification for enhancing the system of forest protection in Russia is increasing, which receives worldwide recognition.

THE PROBLEM OF CHILDHOOD SAFETY AS A PRIORITY OF RUSSIAN NATIONAL POLICY

The following article focuses on the problem of childhood safety. The phenomenon of childhood is studied in the context of the national policy of the Russian Federation. In modern society, state and science, the importance of social protection of an individual has been prioritized. One can see systematic changes in the legislation of norms regulating the sphere of social security. Social law as an independent branch in the system of domestic law, however, has not yet developed, therefore certain incoherence exists. All this, nonetheless, has triggered scientific discussions on possible directions of the state’s social policy, and in particular, the policy on children’s safety. The necessity of prioritizing childhood safety and security, defining it as a pivotal direction in the national policy is determined primarily by certain crisis phenomena taking place in contemporary Russian society. Moreover, designing and implementation of the most effective ways of guaranteeing children’s wellbeing is regarded as crucial. The article deals with various risk factors that can negatively affect childhood, as well as mechanisms of social protection of children. Particular emphasis is placed on the study of the development of Russian legislation in the field of social policy, including the emergence of fundamentally new institutions (for example, maternity capital). The article offers a definition of the concepts “social security”, “social policy”, and “childhood”, and examines the existing model of national social protection in Russia. Improving the quality of life of the population, strengthening Russian citizens’ health, ensuring stable demographic development of Russia are named among the main long-term national interests in the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation. The above-mentioned objectives are equated with such large-scale interests as strengthening the state’s defense capacity, ensuring the inviolability of the constitutional system, state sovereignty, territorial integrity, etc., which confirms the relevance and importance of the topic in question.