Protection In Poland Research Articles

Zgłaszanie nadużyć w przedsiębiorstwach (whistleblowing) – aspekty etyczny, prawny i zarządczy

Systemy zgłaszania naruszeń są wdrażane przez organizacje jako integralny element programu zarządzania ryzykiem nadużyć. Nie tylko w Polsce zachęcanie pracowników do zgłaszania nieprawidłowości powoduje dylematy etyczne, prawne i zarządcze. Celem tekstu jest zaprezentowanie kluczowych wyzwań w tych trzech obszarach, z jakimi spotykają się zarówno organizacje jak i zgłaszający nadużycia. W szczególności zastaną przedstawione aspekty prawne ochrony sygnalistów w Polsce oraz związane z tym dylematy etyczne.

THE STRUCTURE OF SOURCES OF FINANCING FIXED ASSETS IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN POLAND

The aim of the research was to determine the structure and dynamics of changes in the sources of financing fixed assets serving environmental protection in Poland. The article covers the years 2012-2013. The analysis concerned sources of financing perceived from a regional perspective, taking average dynamics of changes into account and showcasing the average share of individual sources of financing in voivodships. The support of such financing with EU funds was particularly emphasized. It was proven that, apart from own resources, public funds from the European Union budget and co-financing from environmental funds take up a significant share in the structure of sources of financing of environmental protection. Favorable changes were observed in the financing source structure of fixed assets serving environmental protection in various regions of Poland in the analyzed period. The highest dynamics of changes in Poland and in voivodships applied to foreign funds, a consequence of using financial resources from the EU budget to improve and maintain the quality of the natural environment. A positive effect of these activities was an increase in the value of expenditures on fixed assets in environmental protection after 2004, in other words after joining the EU. This was confirmed by the growing dynamics of changes in investment outlays for fixed assets in environmental protection in Poland and individual voivodships. After 2004, the share of funds from ecological funds as well as domestic credits and loans decreased, while the share of funds from abroad increased significantly.

Jan Gwalbert Pawlikowski jako przykład wzorcowego charakteru środowiskowego

Etyka cnót środowiskowych uchodzi za tradycję nienormatywną, w której w miejsce tradycyjnych norm oferuje się wzorzec do naśladowania, tzw. wzorcowy charakter środowiskowy (zwany też bohaterem ekologicznym). Ponieważ większość dyskusji na temat bohatera ekologicznego toczy się w kręgu kultury amerykańskiej, w niniejszej pracy przedstawiono osobę zasłużoną dla początków ochrony środowiska w Polsce, jako przykład potencjalnego bohatera ekologicznego. Artykuł przedstawia postać Jana Gwalberta Pawlikowskiego jako wzorcowy charakter środowiskowy. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono: (1) koncepcję bohatera ekologicznego i zarys dotychczasowej dyskusji na ten temat w ramach etyki cnót środowiskowych; (2) istotne znaczenie kontekstu historycznego i kulturowego w odniesieniu do kwestii ekologicznych; (3) myśl Jana Gwalberta Pawlikowskiego, jako przykład wzorcowego charakteru środowiskowego.

The efficiency of bankruptcy law: evidence of creditor protection in Poland

A debt does not function as a liquid asset in an ineffective enforcement environment. In this study, we investigated the efficiency of creditor protection in insolvency. We approached efficiency in three dimensions: ex ante, ex post, and interim. This paper presents the differences between Polish and Spanish ex ante efficiency, the factors influencing the interim recovery rate and efficiency, and the differences between ex ante and ex post efficiency in Polish proceedings. We studied 17,494 financial statements of Polish companies and the finalized proceedings of 784 court cases from the period 2004–2012. We applied regression analysis, combined with classification and robustness tests. Our evidence supports the conclusion that Polish insolvency proceedings are inefficient. The interim efficiency oscillates at 12% per annum. The duration of the proceeding from filing until resolution takes an average of 853 days. These results have policy implications, as creditor protection is a major aspect in attracting investment for net foreign debtors.

CIVIL PROTECTION OF THE POPULATION OF POLAND IN PEACETIME AFTER 2007

The article examines issues related to the civil protection of the population of Poland in peacetime after 2007, when a new law on crisis management was adopted. The article starts with an overview of basic requirements set for civil protection in Poland in peacetime. It looks further at the current state of the legal framework, organisation and resources for such civil protection. Finally, the article identifies requirements for improvement of civil protection in peacetime in Poland and assesses the chances for implementing them. The research revealed that the problems related to civil protection were not covered in the existing literature in a coherent manner. The current legal requirements for civil protection in Poland in peacetime can be found in various legal regulations and are not contained in a single framework document. The assessments of the current state of civil protection in Poland in peacetime conducted by the Supreme Audit Office suggest an urgent need for improvement. Improvements are needed in the field of comprehensive legal regulations, appropriate planning and procedures, and more efficient use of financial resources to ensure sufficient resources for civil protection of the population in peacetime.

Monitoring of Landscape Transformations within Landscape Parks in Poland in the 21st Century

One of the most problematic forms of nature protection in Poland relates to landscape parks. They include the most valuable landscapes, but the areas within the landscape park still have economic uses. Therefore, the monitoring of landscape changes within landscape parks is necessary in order to properly manage these forms of protection. The main objective of the study was to monitor the scale and nature of landscape transformations within the boundaries of landscape parks in Poland during the period 2000–2018 and to assess the possibility of using the landscape change index (LCI) to monitor the intensity of landscape transformations within this type of protected area. Preliminary analyses of the transformations within all landscape parks in Poland showed an upward trend, both in terms of the number of types of identified landscape changes as well as their area. In spite of the large diversity and degree of transformation in landscape parks, several dominant processes can be observed. The largest number and area of changes during each of the analyzed periods were found in transformations within forest landscapes (temporary and permanent deforestation and forest maturation), which constitute the dominant type of land cover within most of the landscape parks. In open landscapes, changes mainly relate to afforestation and natural succession in meadows, pastures, and arable land, as well as the transformation of arable land into mining areas. Twelve case studies, covering all landscape parks in Lower Silesia, have shown that the LCI is an excellent tool for monitoring the intensity of landscape changes, but it is dependent on the accuracy of the source data. The analyses confirmed that, during the study periods, the changes in all 12 Lower Silesian landscape parks were at a low level, but their particular intensification took place in the years from 2012 to 2018. The highest LCI was found in the area where a natural disaster had occurred (air tornado), which destroyed huge areas of forest in landscape parks. After changes in the forest landscape, the most frequently identified type of change in 2006–2012 was the transformation of non-forest landscapes into forest landscapes. The main reason for such changes was the expansion of forest into abandoned arable land, meadows, and pastures. The use of the Corine Land Cover database to calculate the LCI and monitor the intensity of landscape change revealed a low usability of the database for the year 2000 and a high usability for data from 2006 to 2018.

The IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PARIS AGREEMENT IN POLAND. THEORY AND PRACTICE

The main aim of this paper is to describe the legal instruments of climate protection in Poland. This issue is significant, because for several decades, climate changes and climate protection have been the object of legal regulation, both international, European and domestic.
 The conducted analysis concerns three main legal acts: the Act of 27 April 2001 – Environmental Protection Law, the Act of 9 June 2011 – the Geological and Mining Law as regards CCS, and the Act of 20 February 2015 on Renewable energy (including, to a certain extent, regulations of the Act of 20 May 2016 on Investments in wind power plants). The paper closes with evaluation of present regulations and formulation of de lege ferenda proposals.

Systemic Approach to Civil Protection in Poland

Systemic Approach to Civil Protection in Poland

The energy policy of Poland until 2040 and protection of the environment against low emissions – selected issues

The article is an attempt at depicting the intertwining of energy policy with the fight against low emissions and answers the question of whether this document can have a real impact on air protection in Poland. The author addresses the definitions of such terms as air protection and low emissions, and briefly outlines the key and most important – from the perspective of the topic of this article – objectives of the draft energy policy of Poland until 20401 (further: EPP2040). The article concludes with a discussion of the PEP2040 objectives in the context of the fight against low emissions and an attempt at evaluation of the adopted solutions.

Możliwości wsparcia socjalnego rodzin imigranckich ubiegających się o ochronę międzynarodową w Polsce

<b>Cel:</b> W eksploracji badawczej skoncentrowano się na rozpoznaniu polskich rozwiązań prawnych w zakresie legalizacji pobytu rodzin imigranckich oraz formalnoprawnych uwarunkowań skierowanej do nich pomocy socjalnej. <b>Metody:</b> Główną metodą badawczą była analiza dokumentów oraz literatury przedmiotu. Szczególne miejsce w materiale źródłowym zajmowały akty prawne, raporty z badań i dane statystyczne. Analizę uzupełniły wywiady przeprowadzane z pracownikami Departamentu Pomocy Socjalnej oraz Departamentu Postepowań Uchodźczych Urzędu do Spraw Cudzoziemców w Warszawie. <b>Wyniki:</b> W artykule omówiono procedury udzielania pomocy socjalnej oraz obszary współpracy międzysektorowej w zakresie organizowania i udzielania wsparcia społecznego dla rodzin imigranckich ubiegających się o ochronę międzynarodową, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem statusu uchodźcy. <b>Wnioski:</b> Planowanie i organizowanie wsparcia socjalnego dla rodzin imigranckich ubiegających się o ochronę międzynarodowa w Polsce jest procesem wielowymiarowym. Wynika to z faktu, iż imigranci stanowią szczególnie wrażliwą i niejednorodną grupę społeczną. Zatem stworzenie modelu kompleksowej pomocy prawnej, socjalnej i psychologicznej, dedykowanej rodzinom imigranckim, wymaga systemowych rozwiązań oraz podejmowania takich inicjatyw pomocowych, które będą tworzyły strukturę działającą długofalowo.

Bezpieczeństwo socjalne imigrantów w Polsce na przykładzie miasta Gdańska

According to Polish law, immigrants seeking international protection in Poland are eligible to receive social help either at immigrants centers or outside, in the forms of social security benefits for covering costs of staying in the Republic of Poland. The amount of social security benefit in Poland is relatively low, therefore many immigrants seek a better place for themselves in wealthier European countries. Proposed by Gdańsk authorities modal solutions concerning social help for immigrants are based on integration and assimilation processes which are worth noting. Model of Immigrants Integration with the verbal and financial support offered by governmental administration have a good chance of bringing multiple benefits both for the Polish community as well as the Polish industry.

Threats to Rural Landscape and Its Protection in Poland

The article describes the premises and conditions for the implementation of a pro-landscape spatial policy in rural areas in Poland. It presents the erosion of spatial order in a large part of the country’s territory. Firstly, the state of protection of the rural landscape and the legal aspects of shaping the space of rural areas are described. Secondly, the location is depicted, and the main physiognomic and environmental threats in the rural areas are discussed. It is then questioned whether the statutory regulations that have been introduced into the spatial planning system and adapt the Polish law to the requirements of the European Landscape Convention will stop the degradation of the landscape. Deep systemic changes are needed, as they will lead to the involvement of public policy in shaping the landscape and the introduction of tools and procedures for the management of visual landscape resources. They would constitute a convenient space for mediation in the relations between actors operating in space and an open knowledge laboratory of the environment, which would be useful in the participatory planning process. The presented arguments and conclusions result from the review and analysis of research results, which are mainly in the field of landscape protection and rural area management.

Current Problems and Tasks of Forest Protection in Poland

Abstract Current problems of forest protection concern the declining health of forest stands due to climate change and the resulting extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, hurricane winds, heavy rainfalls and floods. Repeated impacts of these factors increase susceptibility of forest stands to pest insects and fungal pathogens. Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] H. Karst) is sensitive to high air temperatures and water shortage. Long lasting droughts during the last two decades, have been one of the reasons behind Norway spruce dieback due to severe outbreak of European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (L.) in the mountainous regions of southern Poland. In the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands, water balance disorders have enhanced the colonization of weekend trees by steelblue jewel beetle Phaenops cyanea (F.) and engraver beetle Ips acuminatus (Gyll.), as well as contributed to the spread of fungal diseases caused by Gremmeniella abietina (Lagerb.) Cenangium ferruginosum Fr. and Sphaeropsis sapinea Fr. fungi. Water related stress leads to weakening of oak stands, which are attacked by Agrilus spp. beetles and pathogens from the genus Phytophthora. It is possible that long lasting droughts initiated the spread of infectious ash disease caused by Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (= Chalara fraxinea), which resulted in the epidemic of ash dieback throughout Europe. Until recently, the use of plant protection products was the most common method of forest protection against pest insects and pathogens. Poland’s accession to the European Union has affected the marketing and use of plant protection products in the country. The implementation of the EU legislation (Directive 91/414/EEC, Directive 2009/128/ EC and Regulation No 1107/2009) has resulted in decreased assortment of pesticides registered for the protection of forests. High costs and long registration process considerably limited the interest of producers in placing the plant protection products on the market. Systematic decrease in the number of plant protection products possible to register for use in forestry, as well as the principles of integrated plant protection established in the EU in 2014 call for seeking plant protection methods based on the natural enemies of pests, such as pathogenic microorganisms, parasites and predators. Therefore, contemporary forest protection requires the advancement of integrated methods for pest insect and disease control through developing methods of forecasting forest dangers, the use of natural enemies and agro-technical methods for regulation of pests, as well as the development of decision support systems as a tool facilitating introduction of integrated forest protection principles. Such support systems help to establish optimal terms for the implementation of protection measures, so as to increase their efficiency while limiting the use of chemical pesticides to an absolute minimum.

The influx of persons seeking international protection in Poland compared to other EU states during the EU migration crisis (2014–2016)

Przedmiotem rozważań niniejszego artykułu są zagadnienia związane z kryzysem migracyjnym w UE w latach 2014–2016. W artykule została dokonana analiza ilościowa zjawiska uchodźctwa do państw UE, w tym i Polski. W artykule przedstawiono reakcję społeczeństw poszczególnych państw unijnych na napływ osób poszukujących ochrony międzynarodowej po 2014 roku oraz próby rozwiązania problemu imigracyjnego na poziomie UE. Uwypuklono w nim zjawisko napływu do Polski osób szukających schronienia oraz przeanalizowano pochodzenie i stan liczebny osób, które w badanym okresie otrzymały ochronę międzynarodową na podstawie różnych decyzji prawnych.

Evaluation of the ecological efficiency of landscape protection in areas of different protection status. A case study from Poland

Poland ratified the ELC in 2004 and by 2015 the existing forms of landscape protection constituted a major tool for its implementation. The ecological efficiency of landscape protection in Poland in terms of the different kinds of protection status was evaluated. The main goal was to get general information about the dynamics of the changes in the landscape fragmentation process and the relationships between the landscape changes and the level of landscape protection on a national scale. A set of metrics using a CLC data-set at four points in time: 1990, 2000, 2006 and 2012 were examined. The metrics calculations were completed using FRAGSTATS 4.2.1 and Statistica software. Results confirmed that landscape protection depends on the level of protection assigned to it (the regime). In addition, it was demonstrated that the forms of the protected landscape areas are characterised by lower efficiency and higher landscape fragmentation dynamics when compared to those in unprotected areas. It also turns out that the newly established protection types such as Natura 2000 areas are characterised as insufficient tools to efficiently counteract growing human pressure. Although over 40% of the area of Poland falls under protection, merely 3% of this is characterised by a high efficiency of landscape protection.

Legal regulations in the field of cultural heritage protection in Poland after 1989 – evaluation attempt

This article attempts to analyze the legal regulations developed in the field of cultural heritage protection after 1989, with particular reference to the acquis after 2003. A thesis has been formulated that the period after 1989 was characterized by a clear redefinition of objectives and priorities in the field of cultural heritage protection compared to the period of the People’s Republic of Poland. To prove the thesis, the author referred to legal acts and jurisprudence, as well as to literature based on studies and articles from scientific journals on the legal protection of monuments. The research methods used were the legal acts analysis method and the literature analysis method. The presented content shows that the issue of legal protection of cultural heritage in Poland after 1989 was treated as one of the most important aspects of the long-term cultural policy of the state, although the work on the new law lasted for a relatively long time, 14 years after the political and structural transformation. The 2003 Act regulated a number of important issues regarding the protection of monuments and the care for monuments, redefining, and in many aspects setting, new directions in the field of cultural heritage protection in Poland. At the same time the legislator rejected the possibility of continuing the direction in this sphere, which had been chosen in the period between 1944 and 1989.

Plant protection and forest protection – the development of legislation and forest protection services in Poland

Abstract The paper presents the history of legal changes regarding forest protection in Poland and the development of forest protection services Poland’s accession to the European Union in 2004 has affected the marketing and the use of plant protection products (PPPs) in the country. The implementation of the EU legislation (Directive 91/414/EEC) has resulted in a decline in the assortment of pesticides registered for use in agriculture, and in forestry. This situation resulted from the limited interest of producers in placing PPPs on the market. Furthermore, limitations in the aerial application of PPPs have been introduced, which has consequences for the protection of the forest, where aerial treatments are often the only way to reduce the number of pests. On the other hand, the introduction of integrated pest management (also in forestry) confirmed the adequacy of activities carried out in the State Forest National Forest Holding, where, for many decades, the prevention methods have been used to increase the resistance of stands and the multi-stage Decision Support System (DSS) is used to select the optimal protective method.

Revolution in data protection in Poland?

The application of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) will undoubtedly constitute a challenge not only for data controllers and processors, but also for supervisory authorities. The new approach to data protection, that is, the risk-based approach providing for the need to analyse the risk that data processing may cause to privacy of the data subjects, or the accountability principle, that is, a completely new principle in the data protection system introduced by the regulation, will require from the controllers special responsibility for all data processing operations and data security. The new tasks and mechanisms aimed at consistent and transparent application of the regulation in all EU member states provide for the supervisory authorities tools for increasing effectiveness of the personal data protection activities.

Проблеми охорони рідкісних видів рослин на заповідних територіях Українського Розточчя

Багаторічні дослідження показали, що флора української частини регіону Розточчя налічує 1342 види рослин, на території новоствореного біосферного заповідника «Розточчя» виявлено 1112 видів судинних рослин і 210 видів мохів та печіночників. На підставі аналізу ботанічних матеріалів, зібраних у заповідних об’єктах, що входять в українську частину біосферного заповідника «Розточчя», визначено 144 види судинних рослин, які вимагають охорони, моніторингу за станом популяцій, і навіть реінтродукції. Проте на території новоствореного біосферного заповідника для охорони рідкісних видів рослин використовують тільки пасивні методи, які в кінцевому підсумку можуть призвести до зникнення видів з неактивною життєвою стратегією. У заповіднику повинні охоронятися цілі екосистеми, особливо ті, до складу яких входять рідкісні види рослин.
 Для потреб створення білатерального заповідника ми провели інвентаризацію рослинності з використанням методу Браун-Бланке та виділенням об’єктів мережі Natura 2000. Науковою основою збереження біорізноманітності регіону Розточчя є созологічна оцінка та категоризація об’єктів охорони згідно міжнародних природоохоронних стандартів. Для оцінки статусу раритетних таксонів та синтаксонів використано систему фітосозологічних індексів, розроблену J. Čeřovský (1977). За допомогою аутфітосозологічних індексів проведена созологічна оцінка видів рослин, що потребують охорони на Розточчі. Аутфітосозологічний індекс вище середнього мають 170 видів, синфітосозологічний індекс вище середнього мають 67 асоціацій рослинності.
 Проведений аналіз не тільки засвідчив високу репрезентативність фітобіоти регіону у європейській шкалі, а й створив систему базових критеріїв для підбору територій-ядер екомережі України. Наші спостереження показали, що функції і завдання білатерального заповідника не завжди можуть бути повністю реалізовані через розбіжності в природоохоронному законодавстві Польщі та України і можливі місцеві заходи, що проводяться на території лише однієї частини заповідника. Організація біосферного заповідника «Розточчя» і його подальше функціонування вимагають значної корекції двосторонніх юридичних документів та природоохоронних заходів щодо цієї території. Для правильного функціонування заповідника необхідно розробити загальну стратегію для збереження природи цілого регіону.

Archaeological monuments of the Warmian-Masurian voivodeship – spatial analysis using GIS tools

Archaeological monuments are one of the forms of monument protection in Poland. It includes various objects, among which one can distinguish: field remnants of prehistoric and historical settlements, graveyards, burial mounds and single graves, as well as relics of industrial, religious and artistic activity. All these objects are of great importance in spatial planning, and its location possess a big impact on the possibilities of land development. According to The National Heritage Board of Poland database for September 2018, there are 7 672 archaeological monuments registered in the polish register of objects of cultural heritage. The number of archaeological objects entered in the register in individual voivodeships is varied. The majority of monuments is located in the Lower Silesian voivodeship, the least in Łódź voivodeship. In this article, archaeological monuments in the Warmian-Masurian voivodeship were analysed, in which there are 286 of such objects. Identification with regard to function was carried out, and a detailed location was specified. With the use of GIS tools, a series of maps was created, which after analysing became the basis for formulating final conclusions. Some of it can be used in the preparation of planning documents at the voivodeship and municipal level.