Child Prostitution Research Articles

Child Labor Trafficking Essentials for Forensic Nurses.

Human trafficking is a form of modern-day slavery and is a significant pediatric healthcare problem in the United States. The term "human trafficking" encompasses both sex and labor trafficking. Sex trafficking, especially child sex trafficking, has received significant lay and professional attention. However, few efforts have focused on learning more about youth experiencing labor trafficking in the United States. Pediatric healthcare providers, including forensic nurses, are likely to encounter victims of child labor trafficking in their practice. A basic understanding of child labor trafficking will assist forensic nurses in timely identification of and appropriate intervention for victims. In this article child labor trafficking is discussed in terms of definition, epidemiology, history, risk factors, consequences, identification, and implications for practice.

Kejahatan Terorganisir Terhadap Pelacuran Anak Di Kota Medan Ditinjau Dari Psikologi Kriminil (Studi Penelitian di Kota Medan)

Crimes that used to be committed by individuals are now mostly committed by organized groups where the legal force of the group is illegal. Theft, muggings, fraud, murder, corruption, money loundry, prostitution, terrorism are some forms of the crime that are mostly committed in an organized manner.The development of the world of the child prostitution has spread in various big cities in Indonesia, including Medan. The sparkling of the city has attracted many people who come from various places in Indonesia and outside Indonesia who want to taste the sweetness of the sparkle of the city with all its spices like a laron approaching a torch which eventually destroys them. The condition of the child prostitution in Medan City has become apprehensive where many children aged 14-17 are involved in the prostitution business. Their involvement tends to be due to the factor of deception committed by collectors who work as collectors and suppliers of children to the prostitution places. This crime was committed in an organized manner as evidenced by the existence of syndicates that collaborated, ranging from child collectors and suppliers (collectors) and those who accommodate and employ children as the prostitutes (pimps / pimps), with recruitment areas covering malls, plazas, suburban areas, as well as other entertainment centers, which are generally the place where teenagers hang out.In conclusion, the factors that cause organized crime against the child prostitution in Medan are environmental factors (there is good interaction and communication between them, both those from the same environment and those from different environments), economic factors and unemployment and which is very dominant is the psychological factor. The obstacles that are faced in overcoming organized crime against the child prostitution business are the obstacles in terms of legislation due to weaknesses rather than the scope of the law itself in ensnaring perpetrators of criminal acts of the child prostitution as well as the criminal threats which are still classified mild.Keywords : Organized Crime, Child Prostitution, Criminal Psychology

Kejahatan Terorganisir Terhadap Pelacuran Anak Di Kota Medan Ditinjau Dari Psikologi Kriminil (Studi Penelitian di Kota Medan)

Crimes that used to be committed by individuals are now mostly committed by organized groups where the legal force of the group is illegal. Theft, muggings, fraud, murder, corruption, money loundry, prostitution, terrorism are some forms of the crime that are mostly committed in an organized manner.The development of the world of the child prostitution has spread in various big cities in Indonesia, including Medan. The sparkling of the city has attracted many people who come from various places in Indonesia and outside Indonesia who want to taste the sweetness of the sparkle of the city with all its spices like a laron approaching a torch which eventually destroys them. The condition of the child prostitution in Medan City has become apprehensive where many children aged 14-17 are involved in the prostitution business. Their involvement tends to be due to the factor of deception committed by collectors who work as collectors and suppliers of children to the prostitution places. This crime was committed in an organized manner as evidenced by the existence of syndicates that collaborated, ranging from child collectors and suppliers (collectors) and those who accommodate and employ children as the prostitutes (pimps / pimps), with recruitment areas covering malls, plazas, suburban areas, as well as other entertainment centers, which are generally the place where teenagers hang out.In conclusion, the factors that cause organized crime against the child prostitution in Medan are environmental factors (there is good interaction and communication between them, both those from the same environment and those from different environments), economic factors and unemployment and which is very dominant is the psychological factor. The obstacles that are faced in overcoming organized crime against the child prostitution business are the obstacles in terms of legislation due to weaknesses rather than the scope of the law itself in ensnaring perpetrators of criminal acts of the child prostitution as well as the criminal threats which are still classified mild.Keywords : Organized Crime, Child Prostitution, Criminal Psychology

Juvenile and Family Court Judges’ Knowledge and Attitudes About Sex Trafficking of Minors: Associations with Gender, Race, and U.S. Region

AbstractJuvenile and family court judges are a professional group that have a significant amount of decision‐making power in cases of sex trafficking of minors. The purpose of this project is to examine the association of juvenile and family court judges’ gender, race, and U.S. region with their attitudes and knowledge about sex trafficking of minors. Drawing from a survey of 55 juvenile and family court judges in the U.S., this study used standardized scales to measure attitudes and knowledge about child sex trafficking. Results indicate some differences by gender and geography in a sample of experienced judges across the U.S. The consistency of these findings are discussed in the context of other research and implications for targeted training.

Prohibition of Child pornography: Enhancing Child Protection in Indonesia

As many other countries in the world, Indonesia has serious problems with child pornography. The problems linked with the child pornography exist in Indonesia, involving both male and female children. In 2008, Law Number 44/2008 on Pornography was enacted. With regard to the widespread distribution and accessibility of child pornography through the Internet, Indonesia also has Law Number 11/2008 and its revision on Electronic Information and Transaction. At the international level, Indonesia has ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). Furthermore, in 2012, Indonesia ratified the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography (OPSC). However, based on data from the Indonesian Child Protection Commission (Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia/KPAI) from 2011 to 2016 there were 1709 cases of child pornography and cybercrime. The cases of child pornography are still increasing and seems impossible to stop. This paper will scrutinize how the existing Indonesian law concerning prohibition of child pornography protects the children. It will also examine whether the law are in compliance with the OPSC. This paper is a doctrinal research using statute, conceptual and comparative approaches. The existing Indonesian law will be compared with the OPSC. The study will show some of the compatibility issues of Indonesian respective national law with the OPSC. On the basis of the findings, the last part of the study will provide recommendations on how Indonesia shall enhance the fight against child pornography.

Community Policing and Environmental Design: Panaceas to Crime Prevention in Ibadan, Nigeria

Community policing and crime prevention through environmental designs (CPTED) has provided panaceas to urbanisation challenges in developing African countries where apparatuses of formal and informal institutions have failed in combating crimes. Information was elicited from 180 household heads in 9 randomly selected communities in Ibadan. The efficiency of security apparatuses was Likert scale rated and made amenable for parametric analyses. Households’ attributes: age, education, income and length of stay were correlated with involvement in community policing whereas, the effectiveness of crime prevention (dependent) was evaluated across environmental designs (independent) through Analysis of Variance. Results show that child labour (58.9%), Prostitution (55.0%) and Auto robbery (52.8%) were among the most common crimes in the study area. High correlation for community policing across locality was evident (r = 0.642; p = 0.045), Household heads’ education (r = 0.588) and income (r = 0.452) also correlated positively whereas, age (r = – 0.270) and length of stay (r = – 0.205) were negative. The efficiency of crime prevention was significant given housing enclosure (F = 2.793) and street accessibility (F = 4.980). Therefore, improvements in security information dissemination, adoption of crime detecting technologies and designing out opportunities for crimes in the study area are suggested.

Civil Law Aspects of the Mauritian Children's Bill of 2019

The Mauritian Children’s Bill of 2019 addresses many issues pertaining to child protection, such as best interest of a child, prohibition of discrimination of children, marriage of children, ill-treatment of children, surrogacy and sale of children and child prostitution. However, we may observe that the Bill regulates mainly the criminal law aspects as well as the administrative measures aiming at protecting children. The Bill does not contain the rules on Civil law aspects of the issues addressed in the Bill. In this article, we will analyse those Civil law aspects.

Systematic review study on the most important tendency reasons for social harm in Iranian children

Introduction: This study was carried out to determine the extent of prostitution and its causes among Iranian children at risk of social harm.
 Material and Methods: The authoritative websites on the topic of childhood prostitution performed in Iran during the period 1985 to 2019 were searched in WHO, UNFPA, UNDP, ISI, ProQuest, Medline, Scopus, CINAHL, and Google Scholar databases for reviewing studies conducted in Iran. Articles from internal dissertations and Google's databases, SID, Magiran, Google Scholar, Iran Medex and Iran Doc search engines. Upon leaving unrelated and unqualified articles, finally, seven studies were selected. Information by 2blind researchers in the form of the article title, the first author, year of research, sample size, age was included in the Excel program.
 Results: The search yielded a total of 1256 records. After removing duplicates, 45 documents were retained for further examination. After screening the titles and abstracts, seven papers were retained for full-text review. Based on pre-defined inclusion criteria, seven records were included in the systemic review. Many reasons for prostitution were: running away from home, sexual harassment, forced sex, presence of a child among prostitutes including family members or friends, and other reasons including the history of addiction of parents, the history of detention and imprisonment before prostitution and the responsibility of supplying them (sponsorship) gifts and prices, membership in sex offending gangs, sex trade, and sex sales.
 Conclusion: Violence, sexual abuse, and sexually transmitted infections, pregnancy, mental illness, involvement in child trafficking networks and substance abuse are the consequence of the experiences of these children in prostitution, therefore, it is very important that specialists and authorities should first consider heavy penalties for adults seeking sexual contact with children and key measures should be taken for the use of these children by social services.

Sexual exploitation and violence of prostituted children

This study examines sexual exploitation and violence against prostituted children in East Java, Indonesia. Children who are involved in the commercial sex industry are generally prone to become victims of exploitation, violent acts, and other child abuse. This case study employs a qualitative research method to examine the various hardships experienced by prostituted children in East Java, Indonesia. The researchers interviewed ten prostituted children, seven “grey chickens” (female high school students doubling as prostituted children), eight former prostituted children, five pimps, eight procurers, and seven male customers in Surabaya City and Pasuruan Regency. This study found that, in the Indonesian commercial sex industry, prostituted children generally experience severe exploitation and violent acts. The children’s struggle to survive in the Indonesian prostitution business is a challenging condition because of their weak bargaining position: their subordinate status in the Indonesian patriarchal ideology, their weak position as children confronting adults, as well as their low socioeconomic position. The efforts to make policies to prevent exploitation and violence against prostituted children by the government and non-government agencies thus should take into account the conditions of the prostituted children as well as the driving factors for the child prostitution business that takes place in Indonesia.

Leveraging International Law to Strengthen the National Legal Framework on Child Sexual Abuse Material in Namibia

With the gazetting of the Regulations of the Child Care and Protection Act 3 of 2015, on 30 January 2019, a crucial regulatory piece of children’s rights in Namibia has finally been operationalised. However, the Act insufficiently addresses new emerging online offences against children such as the possession and distribution of child sexual abuse material, and hence leaves a considerable gap in the protection of children’s rights. As the Namibian Constitution follows a monist approach to international law, this article argues that the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography can be directly applied to complement the national legal framework to prosecute cases of possessing and disseminating child sexual abuse material, while upholding fair-trial principles.

Structural Vulnerabilities, Personal Agency, and Caste: An Exploration of Child Sex Trafficking in Rural India.

The commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) is considered normative and expected among some Indian castes. Focusing on the Bedia specifically, we sought to identify factors responsible for the intergenerational continuation of CSEC as well as opportunities for prevention. To this end, three questions were posed, including: (a) What structural factors perpetuate CSEC among the Bedia? (b) What are the mechanisms by which Bedia children enter the commercial sex industry (CSI)? and (c) To what extent do Bedia women have personal agency in exiting the CSI and in keeping their children from entering? Guided by structural vulnerability theory and a phenomenological approach, in-depth interviews were conducted with 31 Bedia women engaged in (or exited from) the CSI. Results indicate that girls as young as 12 are "selected" to enter the CSI; once involved, they carry the burden of familial financial sustainability and exit only comes when they are no longer able to attract paying clients and younger female kin able to assume the primary breadwinner role. Ability to keep female children from entry is minimal. Implications for future research, practice, and policy are discussed.

Rape, Child Sexual Abuse, and Mental Health in a Brazilian National Sample.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of self-reported rape and its associations with other forms of violence and mental health outcomes. The Brazilian National Alcohol and Drugs Survey is a probabilistic household survey that collected data from 4,283 Brazilians aged 14 years and older in 2012. The prevalence of rape was 2.3% (n = 107) and the majority (n = 81) of rapes were reported by women. Female gender increased the chances of rape (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.7, 4.3]). Adults aged 35 to 46 years (AOR = 2.0, 95% CI = [1.2, 4.4]) and being without religion (AOR = 2.2, 95% CI = [1.3, 3.8]) were also associated with increased chances of rape. Participants with a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) were 16.5 times (95% CI = [10.1, 26.7]) more likely to report having been raped. Other outcomes related to been raped were history of child prostitution (AOR = 5.1, 95% CI = [2.1, 13.4]) and witnesses of violence during childhood (AOR = 2.4, 95% CI = [1.5, 3.8]). People without social support (AOR≅3, 95% CI = [1.8, 4.3]), victims of multiple recent negative events (AOR = 3.7, 95% CI = [2.4, 5.8]), people with depression (AOR = 2.6, 95% CI = [1.7, 3.9]), history of suicidal ideation (AOR = 3.8, 95% CI = [2.0, 7.1]), and history of suicide attempts (AOR = 2.2, 95% CI = [1.1, 4.3]) are other outcomes related to having been raped. In this sample, rape was related to gender and to other forms of violence and victimization. Self-reports of rape appear to underestimate the true prevalence as the figures obtained from the survey were low. Other methods should be used to investigate this issue.

Categorizing Identity: Literary, Performative, and Legal Languages in Oscar Wilde’s Libel Trial vs the Marquess of Queensberry

Wilde has been generally accepted as one of the first figures of the queer man that is now known, however, how he came to represent this identity has not been much discussed. While his criminal trials, which led to his eventual conviction of ‘gross indecency,’ undoubtedly played a strong part on his emerging portrayal as a gay man, his first trial involving a libel suit against the Marquess of Queensberry is little discussed in relation to the start of his downfall and portrayal as a gay man. Thus, this project looks at Oscar Wilde’s libel trial and its effects on the identity of the homosexual man. By looking at the language used in the libel trial and its use of The Picture of Dorian Gray as evidence, the project concludes that by using the interpretations of Wilde’s novel during the trial, the law created a concrete image of what ‘gross indecency between men’ was, and of the type of person who participated in it, using Wilde as a representative for this identity. The way that his identity was forged allows us to see that while homosexuality as a way of being began to take shape thanks to Wilde’s trial, it was still imbued with negative connotations and seen as pederastic, tying it to anxieties around child prostitution and trafficking of the 1800s. The development of this new identity and its portrayal betters the understanding of the vilification of Wilde during his downfall and his novel’s role in this.

TINJAUAN VIKTIMOLOGI PADA ANAK KORBAN PROSTITUSI (STUDI KASUS “X” DI PEKANBARU)

Child prostitution is an act of obtaining or offering a child's sexual services by a person or to another person in return for money or other remuneration. Trafficking of children for sexual purposes or prostitution is a violation of human rights and is one of the worst forms of child exploitation due to its exploitative nature, both in the process of withdrawing children into prostitution and in their work and impacting the physical, mental and moral development of children, because exploited children are vulnerable to physical, psychological, sexual abuse. Through qualitative research methods by conducting in-depth interviews it can be concluded that, the tendency of perpetrators to choose girls as victims is due to the vulnerability of girls caused by age, physical condition, weak mental condition. The victim's vulnerability makes them more accessible to the perpetrator. The perpetrators can approach the victim in various places ranging from the public space, with various methods, such as lure prize money. The child as a prostitute victim also plays a role in the prostitution of this child, because the crime committed is actually used by the victim or child to get a big advantage and the cooperation between the victim is the child and the perpetrator is pimps due to the provocation or encouragement of the child so that the pimp acting and taking the role of prostitution in children.

О некоторых аспектах защиты прав детей

The article analyses the issue of the rights of minors. Issues of interaction between internal affairs bodies, commissioners for the rights of the child and other actors are under consideration. A number of normative acts and programmes on the rights of minors are being analysed. The normative basis for the protection of the rights of the child in modern Russia is analysed, in particular, the conventions ratified by Russia in this sphere and federal legislation. Selected law enforcement issues in the area of children ‘s rights are also addressed. Recommendations are made to improve the realization of the rights of minors in the activities of internal affairs bodies in cooperation with local self-government bodies. It is noted that in Russia the legal status of a minor is characterized by instability, insufficient social and legal protection, lack of reliable guaranteeing state mechanisms. The plight of minors in modern Russia today is further exacerbated by the fact that domestic legislation has not yet adequately guaranteed them reliable legal protection against adult abuse: in the family, in educational institutions, in society. There are also insufficient legal measures to combat child prostitution, drug addiction and alcoholism. It was to be hoped that addressing the problem in the article would more effectively address those problems. The author hopes that a number of proposals made will be useful in improving the mechanism for the protection of the rights of minors in Russia.

A Public Health Approach to Global Child Sex Trafficking.

Human trafficking and child sex trafficking and sexual exploitation in particular are global public health issues with widespread, lasting impacts on children, families, and communities. Traditionally, human trafficking has been treated as a law enforcement problem with an emphasis on the arrest and prosecution of traffickers. However, use of a public health approach focuses efforts on those impacted by exploitation: trafficked persons, their families, and the population at large. It promotes strategies to build a solid scientific evidence base that allows development, implementation, and evaluation of prevention and intervention efforts, informs policy and program development, and guides international efforts at eradication. This article uses the public health approach to address human trafficking, with a focus on child sex trafficking and exploitation. Recommendations are made for public health professionals to contribute to antitrafficking efforts globally.

Sale and Sexual Exploitation of Children in the Context of Travel and Tourism in Goa

Tourism has three sides: the good, the bad and the ugly. The good side is it generates employment and brings in investment. Tourism earns the state an average Rs 4,000 crore annually. 23 lakh tourists visit Goa; this income contributes to 15 per cent of India’s foreign exchange. The bad side is everything has become commercial in a state like Goa, where employment opportunities are few and everyone wants to ride the bus of tourism. They want to set up hotels, rent their homes, bikes and cars or start some business to facilitate tourism. In this process, the beautiful scenic Goa has become a commercial hub. The ugly side is tourism not only brings tourists but also their culture, culture which views children as sex objects or views sex with a child as normal behaviour. This has made Goa the sex capital of India. Many Indian and foreign tourists come in search of child sex in Goa. Goa is also openly advertised as a state with free and liberal values. This has made our children vulnerable. There are various ways in which the sex offenders get access to children. Some approach the children directly on the beach, while others offer them a drink or a meal before taking them back their hotel rooms. Many contact children through their social media platforms. After making friends and chatting with them for a considerable period of time, they fix a meeting with them only to exploit them. Many people function as agents who are involved in supplying children to these men who come in search of them. This article discusses the evil effects of tourism on children such as sale of children, child sexual abuse, child pornography, child prostitution and paedophilia. Abuse and exploitation of children in tourism can have severe impact on children; it can also affect the tourist destination. The article will discuss ethical methods, which can be adopted to encourage tourism and keep the children of Goa safe.

The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in Protection and Promotion of Child Rights in the North Lakhimpur Sub-Division of Lakhimpur District of Assam

‘Child Rights’ refers to those human rights which are very essential for all-round development of a child. These rights are fundamental rights which make their life meaningful. However, in today’s world all children do not enjoy their rights equally. Among all sections of people children are the most neglected, exploited and vulnerable to almost all forms of social evils. In the developing countries of the world problems relating to children like infanticide, child marriage, child trafficking, child labour, child prostitution, drug addicted children etc. are very severe. As a developing country India has also been struggling with similar problems. In the North Eastern state of Assam also problems relating to children is seen almost in all parts of the state. Efforts are being made by the government and several other agencies to protect and promote the rights of children. The present study is an attempt to evaluate the role of Non-Governmental Organizations in protection and promotion of child rights. The study was carried out in North Lakhimpur Sub-Division of Lakhimpur District of Assam State. The study is based on both theoretical and empirical data. The methodology used for the study was in-depth interview through both Qualitative and Quantitative Research techniques. The study assumes significance as it intends to highlight the ground reality of the functioning of Non-Governmental Organizations in the study area.

Retraction : Jaringan Prostitusi Terselubung di Wilayah Tambang: Dilema Kemiskinan dan Pekerja Seks Anak

Terbit : 18 Maret 2020
 Artikel ini ditarik kembali atas permintaan penulis pada 27 Maret 2020

Identifying children exposed to maltreatment: a systematic review update

BackgroundChild maltreatment affects a significant number of children globally. Strategies have been developed to identify children suspected of having been exposed to maltreatment with the aim of reducing further maltreatment and impairment. This systematic review evaluates the accuracy of strategies for identifying children exposed to maltreatment.MethodsWe conducted a systematic search of seven databases: Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane Libraries, Sociological s and the Education Resources Information Center. We included studies published from 1961 to July 2, 2019 estimating the accuracy of instruments for identifying potential maltreatment of children, including neglect, physical abuse, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse. We extracted data about accuracy and narratively synthesised the evidence. For five studies—where the population and setting matched known prevalence estimates in an emergency department setting—we calculated false positives and negatives. We assessed risk of bias using QUADAS-2.ResultsWe included 32 articles (representing 31 studies) that evaluated various identification strategies, including three screening tools (SPUTOVAMO checklist, Escape instrument, and a 6-item screening questionnaire for child sex trafficking). No studies evaluated the effects of identification strategies on important outcomes for children. All studies were rated as having serious risk of bias (often because of verification bias). The findings suggest that use of the SPUTOVAMO and Escape screening tools at the population level (per 100,000) would result in hundreds of children being missed and thousands of children being over identified.ConclusionsThere is low to very low certainty evidence that the use of screening tools may result in high numbers of children being falsely suspected or missed. These harms may outweigh the potential benefits of using such tools in practice (PROSPERO 2016:CRD42016039659).