Propranolol Research Articles

Effect of gastrointestinal transit on micro-environmental pH inside HPMC matrix tablets – in vitro study

A commonly used approach to enhance the dissolution of drugs with pH-dependent solubility is the incorporation of pH modifiers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the duration and extent of pH modifying effect on the micro-environmental pH in HPMC matrix by applying two mechanistic approaches regarding hydrodynamic stress on the tested formulation (i.e. static dissolution apparatuses (USP2) and dynamic approaches including the Advanced gastric simulator (AGS) and the Intestinal model for simulation of peristaltic action (IMSPA)). Moreover, the aim of our research was also the preparation of sustained-release matrix systems with improved – enhanced drug dissolution. In our study, the occurrence of a pH gradient in the gel layer of the HPMC tablets was observed during simulation of their passage along different compartments of the GIT. The pH gradient was affected by the media composition and duration of tablet exposure to the surrounding media. Both dissolution methods were also used to evaluate the influence of the mechanical stress on the drug release kinetics. Micro-environmental pH (pHM) was evaluated, using two methods: the cryostatic method with a surface pH electrode, and with the incorporation of a pH sensitive dye (methyl orange) into the matrix tablets. Our study demonstrates a significantly higher dissolution rate due to mechanical stress during the bio-relevant simulation of GIT transit of the mechanically sensitive HPMC tablets with poorly soluble drugs. A considerably higher release rate was also observed from tablets with the weakly basic drugs dipyridamole and propranolol hydrochloride containing pH modifier in case of mechanically bio-relevant dissolution models compared to the USP2 apparatus. For the assessment of the pHM, the incorporation of a pH indicator dye in the HPMC tablet proved to be more suitable, while the cryostatic method was found to be useful only for a rough pHM estimation.

Rare and intractable fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva shows different PBMC phenotype possibly modulated by ascorbic acid and propranolol treatment.

Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP) is a rare congenital intractable disease associated with a mutation in ACVR1 gene, characterized by skeleton malformations. Ascorbic acid (AA) and propranolol (PP) in combination is reported to minimize flare-ups in patients. FOP leukocyte phenotype may possibly be modulated by AA and PP treatment. In this study, expression of 22 potential target genes was analyzed by RT-PCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells culture (PBMC) from FOP patients and controls to determine effectiveness of the combination therapy. PBMC were treated with AA, PP and AA+PP combination. Basal expression of 12 of the 22 genes in FOP PBMC was statistically different from controls. ACVR1, ADCY2, ADCY9 and COL3 were downregulated while COL1 was upregulated. ADRB1, ADRB2, RUNX2, TNF-α and ACTB, were all overexpressed in FOP PBMC. In control, AA upregulated COL1, SVCT1, ACTB, AGTR2 and downregulated ADCY2. In FOP cells, AA upregulated ACVR1, BMP4, COL1, COL3, TNF-α, ADCY2, ADCY9, AGTR2 and MAS, while downregulated ADBR2, RUNX2, ADCY1, SVCT1 and ACTB. PP increased ADBR1 and decreased RUNX2, TNF-α, AGTR1, ACTB and CHRNA7 genes in treated control PBMC compared to untreated. PP upregulated ADBR1, ADBR2 and MAS, and downregulated TNF-α and ACTB in treated FOP PBMC versus untreated. AA+PP augmented ADRB1 and ADRB2 expressions in control PBMC. In FOP PBMC, AA+PP augmented ACVR1, COL1, COL3, ADBR1, AGTR2 and MAS expression and downregulated ADBR2, RUNX2, ACTB and MRGD. These data show distinct gene expression modulation in leukocytes from FOP patients when treated with AA and or PP.

Push-Pull Osmotic Pumps Using Crosslinked Hard Gelatin Capsule as a Structural Assembly for Delivery of Drugs with Different Water Solubilities

The aim of this work was to prepare push-pull osmotic pump capsules using crosslinked hard gelatin capsules as a structural assembly for delivery of four model drugs with different water solubilities including diltiazem hydrochloride, propranolol hydrochloride, ambroxol hydrochloride, and paracetamol. A hard gelatin capsule was crosslinked in formaldehyde vapor for 12 h. Then, a push-pull osmotic pump capsule was prepared, and formulation factors were investigated, i.e., the amount and solubility of model drugs, the amount of polyethylene oxide in pull layer, and size of the capsule. Drug release was evaluated to clarify the release characteristic in several release mediums. Results showed that drug release was independent of drug solubility, drug amount, and capsule size. Almost all of the drug release approached Higuchi’s release model. However, ambroxol hydrochloride could not deliver via this device because of its rather high-density drug particle. Reduction of the polyethylene oxide amount resulted in less drug release. Increasing osmolality of the medium reduced drug release. Drug release studies using a medium with digestive enzymes did not alter drug release compared to medium without enzymes. Push-pull osmotic pump capsules prepared from stored crosslinked hard gelatin capsule shells provided reproducible drug release characteristic. This developed push-pull osmotic pump capsule is an alternative osmotic pump device for delivery of drugs with different water solubilities.

Influence of metabolic cosubstrates on methanogenic potential and degradation of triclosan and propranolol in sanitary sewage

Triclosan (TCS) and propranolol (PRO) are emerging micropollutants that are difficult to remove in wastewater treatment plants. In this study, methanogenic potential (P) of anaerobic sludge submitted to TCS (3.6 ± 0.1 to 15.5 ± 0.1 mg L−1) and PRO (6.1 ± 0.1 to 55.9 ± 1.2 mg L−1) in sanitary sewage, was investigated in batch reactors. The use of cosubstrates (200 mg L−1 of organic matter) ethanol, methanol:ethanol and fumarate was evaluated for micropollutant degradation. Without cosubstrates, P values for 5.0 ± 0.1 mgTCS L−1, 15.5 ± 0.1 mgTCS L−1 and 55.0 ± 1.3 mgPRO L−1 were 50.53%, 98.24% and 17.66% lower in relation to Control assay (855 ± 5 μmolCH4) with sanitary sewage, without micropollutants and cosubstrates, respectively. The use of fumarate, ethanol and methanol:ethanol favored greater methane production, with P values of 2144 ± 45 μmolCH4, 2960 ± 185 μmolCH4 and 2239 ± 171 μmolCH4 for 5.1 ± 0.1 mgTCS L−1, respectively; and of 10,827 ± 185 μmolCH4, 10,946 ± 108 μmolCH4 and 10,809 ± 210 μmolCH4 for 55.0 ± 1.3 mgPRO L−1, respectively. Greater degradation of TCS (77.1 ± 0.1% for 5.1 ± 0.1 mg L−1) and PRO (24.1 ± 0.1% for 55.9 ± 1.2 mg L−1) was obtained with ethanol. However, with 28.5 ± 0.5 mg PRO L−1, greater degradation (88.4 ± 0.9%) was obtained without cosubstrates. With TCS, via sequencing of rRNA 16S gene, for Bacteria Domain, greater abundance of phylum Chloroflexi and of the genera Longilinea, Arcobacter, Mesotoga and Sulfuricurvum were identified. With PRO, the genus VadinBC27 was the most abundant. Methanosaeta was dominant in TCS with ethanol, while in PRO without cosubstrates, Methanobacterium and Methanosaeta were the most abundant. The use of metabolic cosubstrates is a favorable strategy to obtain greater methanogenic potential and degradation of TCS and PRO.

Degradation and detoxification of propranolol by a molecular intercalation bismuth oxychloride semiconductor-organic framework

In this work, the effects of different types of molecular intercalations on the morphology, photoelectrochemical performance, specific surface area and photocatalytic degradation propranolol (PRO) of BiOCl semiconductor-organic frameworks were studied by using different types of carbonate beverages (CBs) as solvents synthesized at room temperature. Interlayer organic molecules, as circuits of charge transmission can increase the strength of the electric field of the BiOCl layered structure and enhance the electronic coupling between layers. This, in turn, gives rise to narrowed bandgap energy and inhibited charge carrier recombination. Sugar (including fructose and glucose) molecules in the CB are helpful to insert into the BiOCl layer to make the thickness thinner, thus improving the specific surface area and light absorption capacity of BiOCl. Additionally, caramel molecules in CB can help broaden the light absorption and accelerate the charge transfer capacity of CB-BiOCl. The interaction of various molecules in the CB-BiOCl system significantly enhanced the photocatalytic degradation performance of PRO. Noticeably, twelve possible degradation intermediates were identified, and their toxicity decreased along with the degradation pathways. More importantly, the inhibiting effect of the degradation solution on zebrafish swimming activity weakened during the degradation process, indicating that the toxicity of the degradation solution gradually weakened. Furthermore, the mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of PRO with molecules as the circuit of charge transmission of the BiOCl semiconductor-organic framework was proposed.

Adsorption of pharmaceuticals in a fixed-bed column using tyre-based activated carbon: Experimental investigations and numerical modelling

Magnetic tyre char (MTC), activated tyre char (ATC) and commercial activated carbon (CAC) were used as packing materials in lab-scale column study for the adsorption of three pharmaceuticals: propranolol (PRO), ciprofloxacin (CIP) and clomipramine (CLO), from aqueous solution. The obtained breakthrough curves (BTCs) suggest that, lower flow rate, greater bed height, higher pH and nano particle size led to increased adsorption of PRO. The lowest adsorption capacity was observed for CIP either from single or ternary solution while it was significantly higher for CLO. Surface area of ATC increased nearly twelve-fold (38.17 to 453.81 m2/g), after thermal and chemical activation and adsorption capacity was comparable to commercial activated carbon. The suitability of Hydrus-1D model incorporating chemical non-equilibrium process to simulate the pharmaceutical transport and fit experimental BTCs was demonstrated (97.29 <R2 <99.22) in comparison to other common models (Adams–Bohart, Thomas and Yoon–Nelson). The modelling suggests the existence of non-equilibrium conditions and rate-limited sorption sites and the effect of dispersion and mass transfer mechanisms in the solute transport under dynamic conditions. The cost analysis showed that unit cost for treatment of wastewater using fixed-bed columns of tyre char was calculated to be 1.57 US$/m3 which can be deemed as commercially feasible.

Adsorption of propranolol hydrochloride from aqueous solutions onto thermally treated bentonite clay: A complete batch system evaluation

Sustainability is an increasingly prominent issue in our modern society. Propranolol, a β-blocker mainly indicated for the control of hypertension, is an emerging contaminant that has already been reported as non-biodegradable, highly persistent, partially removed by the conventional treatment processes of water and wastewater and harmful to aquatic organisms. The removal of propranolol hydrochloride by batch adsorption using calcined Verde-lodo, a thermally modified bentonite clay, was assessed in this work. pH analysis indicated that natural pH could be used in the experiments. The kinetic study, conducted at 25 °C and deeply evaluated by rate laws and mass transfer models, achieved the equilibrium after 15 h, with pseudo-second order model showing the best fit and resistance to mass transfer in external film as the limiting step of adsorption. The isotherms’ study, conducted at 20, 30 and 40 °C, showed a maximum adsorptive capacity of 0.468 mmol.g−1. The thermodynamic analysis revealed a spontaneous, endothermic and entropy-governed adsorptive process (with increase in randomness and disorder level at the solid/liquid interface), and that clay surface is energetically heterogeneous. The energies of the electron-rich and electron-deficient sites, as well as the quantum chemical parameters (based on DFT theory), were determined for propranolol. The effects of molecular sieving could be ignored. Experimental data was supported by characterization results of the clay before and after adsorption, which indicated that the process modified its surface by the effective removal of the drug from aqueous solutions.

PHARMACODYNAMIC INTERACTION OF TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA WITH ATENOLOL AND PROPRANOLOL IN ISOPROTERENOL INDUCED CARDIAC NECROSIS IN RATS

Objective: The present study was carried out to evaluate the combined cardioprotective effect of standardized extract of Tinospora cordifolia extract (TCE) with atenolol (AT) and propranolol (PP) in isoproterenol (ISO) induced cardiac necrosis in rats. &#x0D; Methods: Myocardial infarction (MI) or cardiac necrosis was induced by subcutaneous administration of ISO for two days consecutively at an interval of 24 h. Rats were pre-administered with test drugs for 21 d followed by ISO was administration on 20 and 21st day. 24 h after final ISO administration, mean arterial blood pressure (MAB), Heart rate (HR), electrocardiogram (ECG), heart bio-marker enzyme, and histopathological study of cardiac tissue were evaluated from control and experimental groups and analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukeys’s test. &#x0D; Results: Rats administered with ISO showed significant (p&lt;0.001) changes in ECG, HR, MAB, heart bio-marker enzyme, antioxidant parameters, and histopathology of the heart. The activities of biomarkers have reduced in serum and there is a significant (p&lt;0.001) increase in antioxidants in the heart tissue of animals treated with drug combination. Similarly, ECG, MAB, and HR were restored to normalcy in drug-treated animals. &#x0D; Conclusion: It may be concluded that the herb-drug combinations i. e TCE (500 mg/kg)+AT (10 mg/kg) and TCE (500 mg/kg)+PP (10 mg/kg) has shown increased cardioprotective activity than they were used alone.

Formulation Design and Optimization of Sustained Released Matrix Tablets of Propranolol HCl Using Natural and Synthetic Polymers

Formulation Design and Optimization of Sustained Released Matrix Tablets of Propranolol HCl Using Natural and Synthetic Polymers

Mixtures of chelating agents to enhance photo-Fenton process at natural pH: Influence of wastewater matrix on micropollutant removal and bacterial inactivation

Three organic fertilizers (EDTA (Ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid), EDDS (Ethylenediamine-N, N′-disuccinic acid) and DTPA (Diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid)) were tested as Fe-complexes in photo-Fenton process at natural pH for micropollutants (MPs) abatement and simultaneous E.coli inactivation. Less stable Fe-complexes show high iron precipitation, stopping MPs degradation. On the contrary, stable Fe-complexes imply low kinetic rates for MPs removal. To solve these inconveniences, three mixtures of organic fertilizers were also tested, trying to improve the kinetic rates of micropollutants oxidation and overcome iron precipitation. Three different pollutants (propranolol (PROP), acetamiprid (ACMP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX)) were used as the target compounds. As the iron release is, in part, linked to the hardness of water, two water matrices from two different secondary wastewaters (Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) and Conventional Activated Sludge (CAS)) were tested. The best performance in micropollutant degradation and E.coli inactivation was achieved with the combination of EDDS + EDTA, accomplishing a good equilibrium between iron precipitation and rate of MPs removal. For instance, total removal of propranolol was achieved at 45 min in MBR, while it was only 85.7% in CAS, being an improvement of the process comparing with that obtained using single organic fertilizers. At the end of the treatment, 2.1 log-inactivation for E.coli was reached in CAS. The differences observed between both wastewaters were related to CAS’ higher DOC, turbidity, and hardness. Finally, from the physicochemical characterization conducted, including Biochemical Oxygen Demand at 5 days and phytotoxicity, it is possible to highlight the suitability of these treated effluents for its reuse in irrigation, as long as in CAS matrix the final values of E. coli are within the legal limit.

Characterisation and fundamental insight into the formation of new solid state, multicomponent systems of propranolol

The physiochemical properties of acidic or basic active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can be optimised by forming salts with different counterions. The aim of this work was to synthesise a novel salt of propranolol (PRO) using sebacic acid (SEBA) as the counterion and to gain mechanistic understanding of not only the salt formation, but also its eutectic phase formation with SEBA. Thermal analysis showed a solid-state reaction occurring between PRO and SEBA leading to the formation of dipropranolol sebacate (DPS) melting at app. 170 °C and the eutectic composed of DPS and SEBA melting at app. 103 °C, comprising 0.33 mol fraction of PRO as determined by the Tammann plot. X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the identity of the new multicomponent phases of PRO. DPS can be conveniently obtained by heat-induced crystallisation, grinding and conventional solvent crystallisation. Detailed analysis by FTIR revealed H-bond interactions between DPS and SEBA at the inter-phase in the eutectic. Bravais, Friedel, Donnay and Harker crystal morphology coupled with full interaction maps analysis allowed to understand further the nature of interactions which led to formation of the eutectic phase. This work contributes to furthering research on multicomponent pharmaceutical systems to harness their full potential.

Design and Evaluation of Dissolving Microneedles for Enhanced Dermal Delivery of Propranolol Hydrochloride.

Oral propranolol hydrochloride has been the first-line treatment for infantile hemangioma (IH), whereas systemic exposure to propranolol has the potential of causing serious adverse reactions. Dermal delivery of propranolol is preferable due to high local drug concentration and fewer adverse effects. However, propranolol hydrochloride (BCS class I) is highly hydrophilic and has difficulty in penetrating the stratum corneum (SC) barrier. Dissolving microneedles (MNs) are an efficient tool for overcoming the barrier of the SC and enhancing dermal drug delivery. In this study, propranolol hydrochloride-loaded dissolving MNs were fabricated by using hyaluronic acid and polyvinyl pyrrolidone as matrix materials. Controllable drug loading in needle tips was achieved by a two-step casting procedure. The needles were good in mechanical strength for penetrating the SC while presented excellent dissolving capability for releasing propranolol hydrochloride. In comparison with the solution counterpart, irrespective of being applied to intact skin or solid MNs-pretreated skin, dissolving MNs significantly increased the permeability and skin retention of propranolol. In conclusion, dissolving MNs could be a potential approach for enhancing dermal delivery of propranolol to treat IH.

Photocatalytic degradation of propranolol hydrochloride using Nd–TiO2 nanoparticles under UV and visible light

Propranolol (PRO) hydrochloride is one of the most commonly used β-blockers for cardiovascular diseases that is frequently detected in aquatic environment. Photocatalytic removal of propranolol using an efficient UV and visible light responsive neodymium (Nd)-modified photocatalyst has been investigated. Nd–TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by a simple ultrasonic method with Nd-modified in the range of 0–1.0 mol% to evaluate the effects of Nd3+ content in crystal structure and photocatalytic activity. The TiO2–Nd 0.10% sample was the most efficient photocatalyst to degrade PRO with 95% and 90% degradation after 60 min under UV and visible light radiation, respectively. The characterization analysis revealed that neodymium is dispersed on the surface semiconductor, where probably forming Ti–O–Nd bonds, which can induce oxygen vacancies and surface defects. The effective separation of the photogenerated electrons and holes was regarded as the main reason for the high photocatalytic activity. The effective separation of the photogenerated electrons and holes was regarded as the main reason for the high photocatalytic activity.

Off-Label Use and Safety of Drug Use in Vascular Anomalies

Background: Off-label drug use is associated with an increased risk of adverse drug reactions. It is common in pediatrics and in rare diseases, which are two characteristics applying to vascular anomalies (VA). Objectives: The aim of this work was to quantify off-label drug use in VA and assess its safety. Methods: A review was conducted to extract a list of drugs used in VA management. A drug was considered to have significant safety concerns if a black box warning was present or if a serious adverse drug reaction (SADR) was reported in at least 1% of the patients (SADR is defined as a noxious and unintended response to a drug that occurs at any dose and results in hospitalization, prolongation of existing hospitalization, congenital malformation, persistent or significant disability or incapacity, life-threatening condition, or death). The labelling status and safety of each drug was assessed based on the product monograph, Micromedex, and the FDA data. Results: We found that 98.9% of the inventoried drugs were used off-label or unlicensed for VA management. Only the oral solution of propranolol hydrochloride (Hemangeol®) for the treatment of infantile hemangiomas is approved. Significant safety issues concerned 73% of the drugs and were more frequent among systemic than locally delivered drugs. Conclusions: Off-label drug use in VA is the rule and not the exception. Significant safety concerns are common. It is necessary to carefully weigh risk and benefits for every patient when using systemic and local treatments carrying safety concerns. Patients should be openly informed and involved in the decision-making process.

Effect of alkalizing agent on abuse deterrent potential of multiple-unit ingestion of bilayer abuse-deterrent extended-release tablets using propranolol as model drug for opioids overdose crisis

The objective of present study is to develop bilayer abuse-deterrent extended-release tablets (ADERTs) using propranolol HCl as model drug for opioids overdose crisis. Bilayer ADERTs were fabricated by direct compression and formulated with polymer matrix in extended-release drug layer coupled with alkalizing and aversive agents in fast-disintegrating pH modifying layer. Various alkalizing agents, like magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate, and calcium hydroxide, were evaluated for their abuse-deterrent potential via in-vitro drug release and extraction studies. Based on the outcomes, magnesium hydroxide was selected as an alkalizing agent, since it raised the pH of dissolving media near to pKa of the drug studied in this investigation. The formulated bilayer ADERTs with magnesium hydroxide provided similar drug release profiles as compared to conventional extended-release tablets for single-unit ingestion. However, upon ingestion of multiple-unit bilayer ADERTs, the fast-disintegrating pH modifying layer increases pH of dissolving media, while extended-release layer increases micro-environmental pH within tablets. Retarding drug release owing to low solubility of basic drug at higher pH was observed. Therefore, the application of alkalizing agent has impact on pH-dependent solubility of drug like opioids and demonstrate its useful potential to be incorporated in bilayer ADERTs for opioids overdose crisis.

Physicochemical evaluation of the effect of natural zeolite modification with didodecyldimethylammonium bromide on the adsorption of Bisphenol-A and Propranolol Hydrochloride

Wastewater pollution by organic anions is of great interest. Surfactant-modified zeolites exhibit high adsorption of both organic and inorganic toxicants. Here, bisphenol-A and propranolol hydrochloride were adsorbed on natural zeolite modified with the cationic surfactant didodecyldimethylammonium bromide with and without pretreatment of the zeolite with NaCl and HCl. Detailed physicochemical analysis shows chemisorption, electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions with the surfactant and bisphenol-A, and in the case of propranolol, also physisorption.

DEVELOPMENT OF LIQUISOLID FORMULATION FOR IMPROVED SUSTAINED RELEASE OF PROPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE

Objective: The aim of this study was to develop a liquisolid formulation of propranolol hydrochloride to obtain an improved sustained release profile by varying the ratio of liquid vehicles.&#x0D; Methods: In this study, propranolol hydrochloride (PPH) was dispersed in the combination of propylene glycol and polysorbate 80, as the liquid vehicles, with different ratios. Eudragit® RL and Aerosil® were used as carrier and coating materials, respectively, to produce a dry and free-flowing powder. In addition, HPMC was used to amplify the retardation effect. The prepared formulations were evaluated for its physicochemical properties, including loss on drying, flow rate, angle of repose calculation, drug content analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, as well as dissolution studies. The obtained dissolution profiles were subsequently fitted to the mathematical model in order to determine the drug kinetics.&#x0D; Results: The results show that all formulations performed dry and free-flowing granules containing PPH in the range of 7-9%. Furthermore, all the prepared formulations were able to sustain the drug release for a total of 8 h in two different dissolution media, namely simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid. F4 containing propylene glycol and polysorbate 80 (1:2) possessed the lowest drug release rate. It was also obtained that F1 and F3 followed first-order kinetics while F2, F4, and F5 complied with the Higuchi model.&#x0D; Conclusion: Overall, there was no difference in all the dissolution profiles based on the calculation of the difference and similarities factor.

Propranolol hydrochloride degradation using La@TiO2 functionalized with CMCD

Propranolol hydrochloride can be considered a persistent and bioaccumulative pharmaceutical in the environment. This drug and its by-products are potentially toxic and have adverse effects, since these compounds have been associated with endocrine-disrupting effects, reproductive deficiencies, embryo abnormalities and pericardial oedema. TiO2–La 0.05%–carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin (CMCD) nanoparticles were successfully prepared by a simple two-step method, which consists of sonification and functionalization. The characterization analyses reveal that lanthanum is dispersed on the semiconductor surface, probably forming Ti–O–La bonds, which can induce oxygen vacancies and surface defects that effectively restrain the recombination of photogenerated electron/holes pairs. The efficiency of TiO2–La 0.05%–CMCD samples in degradation of propranolol under UV-light irradiation is higher than that of pristine TiO2 within 20 min reaction, probably due to complex formation between the β-blocker and the oligosaccharide, which allows us to propose a photocatalytic mechanism based on the formation of intermediates and competition of these compounds to the radicals and CMCD cavities.

Loading of Propranolol Hydrochloride on MCF and Sustained Release

Aims: Adsorption conditions of propranolol hydrochloride onto MCF are optimized. Properties of this adsorption system are studied. The sustained release properties of propranolol hydrochloride in the loading system are also researched. Background: In today's society, demand for drugs is getting higher and higher. With the development of nanotechnology, it is easier to immobilize drugs on nanomaterials, which can easily transport drugs in the human body. It can control drug release, reduce side effects, improve drug efficacy, and develop drug orientation. Objective: The purpose of this study was to load propranolol hydrochloride, a drug for the treatment of heart disease and hypertension on the MCF nano-mesoporous material to prepare a sustainedrelease preparation and investigate the release law of propranolol hydrochloride in simulated human body fluid. Methods: Nanometer mesoporous MCF (mesocellular foams) silica material was prepared in acidic medium using triblock copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propyl glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) as template and tetraethoxysilane as silica source. Propranolol hydrochloride drug was incorporated into the MCF mesoporous material by the impregnation method to prepare MCF-propranol hydrochloride host-guest composite material. The loading amount of drug was calculated by spectrophotometry and difference subtraction method. Results: The loading amount of drug calculated by spectrophotometry and difference subtraction method was 385.5 mg·g-1 (propranolol hydrochloride/MCF). The adsorption process of propranolol hydrochloride in MCF belongs to the quasi-second-order kinetic process. Adsorption process ΔH0 = -19.11 kJ·mol-1, is an exothermic process, ΔG0 &lt; 0, the adsorption process is a spontaneous process. The effective release time of drug lasted up to 32 h and the maximum cumulative released amount was 99.4 % through the experiment of drug sustained release in the simulated body fluid. In the simulated gastric juice, the release time of drug reached 6 h, and the maximum cumulative released amount was 56.6 %. When drug release time arrived at 10 h in the simulated intestinal fluid, the maximum cumulative released amount was 71.3 %. Conclusions: The influence of the release rate of propranolol hydrochloride molecules from MCF mesopores was demonstrated, since it results in a very slow drug delivery from the nanocomposite system. Thus, it is concluded that the prepared MCF is an efficient drug sustained-released carrier.

Improvement of the photo-Fenton process at natural condition of pH using organic fertilizers mixtures: Potential application to agricultural reuse of wastewater

Five organic fertilizers (DTPA, EDDHA, HEDTA, EDTA and EDDS) were studied as iron sources for photo-Fenton process at natural pH to remove micropollutants (MPs) from wastewater for its reuse in irrigation. The results demonstrated that the stability constant of iron chelates is a key parameter for optimal micropollutants removal and it is linked to the structure of chelator. Mixtures of organic fertilizers were also tested to overcome excessive iron loose and to optimize MPs abatement kinetics. An improvement of photo-Fenton process occurred when using chelating mixtures. For instance, with 50 %EDDS + 50 %EDTA total removal of propranolol (PROP) was achieved at 30 min while EDTA needed up to 90 min of reaction and with EDDS total degradation was not achieved. In addition, the availability of dissolved iron of the mixture at the end of the treatment was 5.5 times higher than EDDS, increasing its suitability as reuse water for irrigation.