Proposed Image Encryption Scheme Research Articles

OFDM Transmission in Rayleigh Fading Channel for S-Box and 3D Chaotic Maps Based Encrypted Image

Data encryption is an important part of the communication system. The Chaos essential properties, make it a crucial candidate for encryption applications. There is a compromise between complexity and security in previous studies. In this study, high security was achieved with low complexity. This paper proposed a 3D chaotic map and S-Box has been cascaded to get a high efficiency as complex algorithms or multi-iteration schemes. The first stage is ciphering using 3D cat-map, the second stage is S-box based on 3D henon map, while the third stage is another ciphering stage using 3D henon map. In this study, various encryption techniques, including cipher algorithms and substitution box, are combined with the OFDM system to establish a secure image transmission over a Rayleigh fading channel. QPSK modulation is used to ensure the simplicity of the proposed system. Six gray images are used, Lena, the cameraman, Barbara, Baboon, pepper and Elaine for testing and comparing with previous works. Security analysis is performed to evaluate the quality and security of the encryption process, the entropy value reach 7.99, correlation coefficient is around zero and the histogram is uniform. In addition, the key size is 2630. For image transmission evaluation, the PSNR and BER are utilized and it reached 10-5 for BER. According to the statistical results, the proposed image encryption scheme is secure and efficient.

A robust approach to satellite image encryption using chaotic map and circulant matrices

AbstractIn the modern era, where satellite imagery is vital for applications like ecological monitoring and national security, ensuring the safety and integrity of these data repositories is crucial. This study presents an improved satellite image encryption technique that combines the cryptographic strength of the circulant matrix in the Hill cipher with the dynamic characteristics of the hyperbolic tangent tent map, further enhanced by the Kronecker XOR product. The algorithm initiates with computing alterations by a shift amount. After preserving the leftmost pixel in each row, it executes XOR operations between alternating rows, combining the value of the current even or odd row with corresponding pixels in the adjacent rows followed by encryption using the Hill cipher. The resulting image undergoes a diffusion process utilizing a hyperbolic tangent tent map. The Kronecker XOR product operation is then applied to individual pixels to produce a secure image followed by additional diffusion with keys from the hyperbolic tangent tent map to achieve the final encrypted image. We conducted simulations using MATLAB to assess the efficiency of the proposed satellite image encryption from theoretical and statistical perspectives. The results exhibit robust encryption performance as demonstrated by metrics such as an entropy value of 7.9982, a UACI of 33.5333%, and an NPCR of 99.6038%. The experiment results demonstrate the proposed image encryption scheme's reliability, practicability, and efficiency in securing satellite images during data storage and transmission. Comprehensive testing against various attacks including correlation, histogram, chi‐square, NPCR, PSNR, UACI, SSIM, key space and key sensitivity analysis confirms the scheme's robustness, efficiency and speed. These findings verify the scheme's ability to come across the most stringent encryption and decryption standards, making it an effective solution for securing sensitive satellite image data.

A novel plaintext-related image encryption and compression method based on a new coupled map lattices model

In this paper, we propose a new Sine-Logistic Map Coupled Map Lattices (SLMCML) model, which exhibits enhanced chaotic characteristics and more suitable for image encryption compared with the classical coupled map lattices. Based on the SLMCML system, we propose an image encryption and compression method. To improve the plaintext sensitivity of image cryptosystem, we propose a novel plaintext-related internal keys generation method, which can obviously improve the plaintext sensitivity of initial values of SLMCML system, thus improve the plaintext sensitivity of whole process of compression and encryption. Our proposed image encryption scheme contains several steps. Initially, the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is utilized to convert original image into coefficient matrix. Then a plaintext relation method is constructed, which generate internal keys as initial values of SLMCML system. Next the coefficient matrix is permutated by permutation sequences generated by SLMCML system to cyclic shift for making the energy evenly distributed. Next the coefficient matrix is done sparse processing. The compressed sensing is employed to compress coefficient matrix. Subsequently, the compressive image is permutated with spiral traversal and twice zigzag transform. Finally, the permutated image is diffused with column diffusion to generate cipher image. Through some common security analyses, our proposed image encryption scheme has good security performance and excellent image recovery quality.

Multiobjective Optimization of Chaotic Image Encryption Based on ABC Algorithm and DNA Coding

As digital communication and storage continue to expand, the protection of image privacy information becomes increasingly critical. To safeguard sensitive visual information from unauthorized access, this paper proposes a novel image encryption scheme that integrates multiobjective Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) optimization algorithm and DNA coding. Multiple evaluation metrics including correlation relationship, Number of Pixel Change Rate (NPCR), Unified Average Changing Intensity (UACI), and information entropy are collaboratively optimized by the ABC algorithm. The proposed method begins with the application of the SHA-256 algorithm to generate keys and random sequences using chaotic systems. These sequences are then employed for shuffling, DNA coding, decoding, and diffusion, generating initial encrypted images. Subsequently, the encrypted images serve as individuals within the ABC algorithm to determine optimal parameters of the chaotic systems and the best ciphertext image. Simulation experiments demonstrate that the ciphertext images achieved excellent results in information entropy, pixel correlation coefficient, NPCR, and UACI. The integration of the multiobjective ABC optimization algorithm with DNA coding in our proposed image encryption scheme results in heightened security, as evidenced by superior performance in various metrics.

Quantum-enhanced Chaotic Image Encryption: Strengthening Digital Data Security With 1-D Sine-based Chaotic Maps and Quantum Coding

The proposed work delves into the utilization of chaotic maps along with the quantum mechanisms to strengthen the security of the digital images along with addressing the limitations posed by conventional 1-D chaotic systems characterized by their pseudorandom and periodic attributes. Leveraging the inherent uncertainty in quantum theory, the proposed research introduces a new image encryption scheme. This method is built upon the concepts of two-dimensional quantum coding and the 1-D sine-based chaotic map (1-D SBCM). In the proposed encryption scheme, initially, a random sequence is created using 1-D SBCM by varying the seed parameters. This sequence is subsequently utilized for the purpose of scrambling. After that, a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) is meticulously devised, drawing inspiration from the concepts of quantum coherence. This PRNG generates a confidential code stream that defies predictability and remains incongruent with the plaintext image, thereby contributing to heightened security levels. Subsequently, the research employs the novel enhanced quantum representation (NEQR) model, capitalizing on its advanced capabilities. Within this framework, the study introduces a quantum right cyclic shift operator, as well as a quantum XOR operator. These operators play a vital role in the formation of highly robust encrypted images. The application of these quantum operators not only enhances the security measures but also increases the complexity of the encryption procedure Statistical evidence derived from comprehensive experimentation corroborates the efficacy of the proposed image encryption scheme. Through rigorous analysis, it becomes evident that the system exhibits a robust performance in terms of strong security. The integration of quantum principles and quantum coding demonstrates that the proposed encryption scheme is resilient against potential threats.

An efficient image encryption scheme integrating chaotic keystream generator with S-box and triangular block scrambling

A novel image encryption scheme has been developed to effectively meet the growing need for image security and privacy. This scheme combines a chaotic keystream generator with S-box and triangular block scrambling to provide efficient encryption. The keystream generator consists of a two-dimensional coupled map lattice (2DCML), linear interval transformation (LIT) and an S-box. By using a 2DCML, two initial chaotic sequences are generated and used to construct an S-box. Then, a final chaotic sequence is obtained after undergoing LIT and S-box processing. The proposed algorithm applies two rounds of scrambling operations and two rounds of substitutions. During the scrambling processes, global scrambling and triangular block scrambling are combined. Diffusion operations use an S-box while incorporating a key policy linked with image content to enhance resistance against chosen-plaintext attacks. The simulation outcomes, coupled with the security analysis, substantiate the efficacy and robust encryption performance of the proposed image encryption scheme.

A novel image encryption scheme with adaptive Fourier decomposition

This study creatively introduces a class of adaptive Fourier decomposition (AFD) techniques into the field of image encryption, where AFD and its variants are newly developed signal decomposition methods. The novelty of this article is twofold. First, we use three different AFD techniques, including Core AFD, Unwinding AFD, and Cyclic AFD, to generate two key streams through decomposing a source image. The two key streams generated by different AFD algorithms are different and aperiodic, which can effectively improve the security of encryption algorithm. Furthermore, this work also proposes a novel encryption method that implements the confusion and diffusion operations by index-sorted mapping method and pixel swapping operation based on two generated key streams, respectively. To ensure that the image is fully scrambled, both pixel-level and bit-level permutations are performed, which employs a novel bilateral sequence diffusion method to change the image pixel distribution based on pixel swap operations. The cryptographic performance of the scheme is evaluated through various security analyses, including key sensitivity, statistical, entropy, clipping attack, and differential attack analysis. Experimental results confirm that the proposed image encryption scheme ensures a high level of security and exhibits superior performance in resisting various attacks compared with several traditional and state-of-the-art image encryption methods.

An efficient hybrid chaotic map-based encryption technique for multiple image security systems

Researchers are increasingly interested in image encryption in the modern technological era. Their goal is to improve the security of image data from unauthorized sources. Due to its randomness and unpredictable behavior, chaos theory is considered the most suitable method for encrypting images. An image encryption algorithm based on diffusion maps is presented in this paper. An element of nonlinearity is generated by modifying the pixel values with a chaotic map first. Three chaotic maps are used in the proposed image encryption scheme. In an efficient encryption algorithm based on the improved three chaotic maps, the permuted image is subjected to a diffusion process using the key from the original image. This scheme has the advantage of a large key space and is resistant to various attacks. Real-time applications are suitable for the proposed scheme because of their high-security level and low computational complexity.

Image encryption algorithm based on a new 3D chaotic system using cellular automata

Cryptography and steganography are usual methods for safe transfer of information, which encryption algorithms turn original images into unreadable noise-like images. This paper presents a novel symmetric cryptosystem designed for the transmission of RGB color images through open channels and our goal is to provide a secure cryptography algorithm against cropping and noise attacks. The encryption algorithm is based on a suitable 3D hybrid chaotic system, with high Lyapunov exponent value, leveraging the advantages of common chaos maps while addressing their inherent limitations. To further enhance security, a novel pixel shuffle operator is employed to eliminate any potential neighborhood relations between image pixels. The encryption process incorporates reversible second-order cellular automata, which are applied to the outputs of the chaotic system. Key generation is achieved through the utilization of irreversible cellular automata. The resulting key space is large enough to resist brute-force attacks and performs a high level of sensitivity. Experimental results, including analysis of histograms, entropies, and pixel correlations, confirm the effectiveness of the proposed image encryption scheme, and prove its resilient against statistical attacks and a remarkable resistance against data loss attacks.

Design and optimization of nonlinear component of block cipher: Applications to multimedia security

Nowadays, various image encryption schemes based on chaotic systems have been developed, each of them has its own limitations and strength in terms of security and computational speed. The proposed image encryption scheme utilizes 2-D maps without disturbing their mathematical structure, characterized by topological features such as chaotic behavior and fractal properties, namely the Zaslavasky, Bakers, and Henon Maps. This approach utilizes both confusion and diffusion stages to achieve high levels of security against various attacks. The confusion stage utilizes chaotic values to muddle the rows and columns of the image, reducing the correlations between neighboring pixels, while the diffusion step achieves the avalanche effect with 2D Bakers map and Henon map. The proposed image encryption scheme is analyzed thoroughly to evaluate its security and performance. To evaluate the security and computational efficiency of the proposed image encryption method, various analysis such as correlation, contrast, entropy, energy, homogeneity, and performance analyses are conducted. Moreover, the three proposed S-boxes are also tested to evaluate their effectiveness using cryptographic analysis tests such as nonlinearity, strict Avalanche criterion, differential probability, linear probability, and bit independence criterion, which we also utilized in our proposed image encryption scheme.

An Applied Image Cryptosystem on Moore’s Automaton Operating on δ ( q k )/𝔽 2

The volume of multimedia-based image data or video frames in Web 3.0 is constantly increasing, owing to the advancement of real-time data transmission. However, security vulnerabilities frequently impair the performance of real-time applications. Many researchers have recently proposed image encryption schemes based on a high-dimensional chaotic system due to properties such as ergodicity and initial state sensitivity. Nonetheless, most schemes have suffered from excessive computational complexity, low security, and the generation of cryptographically secure random numbers. To overcome these challenges, an efficient and highly secure cryptosystem is necessary for safe multimedia transmission in Web 3.0. This article proposes a novel work on the image cryptosystem based on the Escalation function with a one-time key-oriented Moore’s Automaton over a finite field 𝔽 2 . The Escalation function is a nonlinear scrambling technique for plaintext images that goes through the confusion phase and plays an essential role in row-column permutation. To make the algorithm more secure and robust in the diffusion phase, the proposed Moore’s Automaton produced ciphertext images through a highly random key stream generated by the combination of a logistic map and cyclic group. Specifically, the proposed Moore’s Automaton operates on δ ( q k )/𝔽 2 to render random binary bits into unpredictable sequences to construct ciphertext images. Our new finding quickens the speed and provides adequate key space, and pixel distributions are more uniform, have high entropy value, and are secure against differential and statistical attacks.

Securing Medical Information Transmission Between IoT Devices: An Innovative Hybrid Encryption Scheme Based on Quantum Walk, DNA Encoding, and Chaos

The healthcare industry has undergone a transformation due to the widespread use of advanced communication technologies and wireless sensor networks such as the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), Health Information Exchange Technology (HIET), Internet of Healthcare Things (IoHT) and Health IoT (HIoT). These technologies have led to an increase in the transmission of medical data, particularly medical imaging data, over various wireless communication channels. However, transmitting high-quality color medical images over insecure internet channels like the Internet and communication networks like 5G presents significant security risks that could threaten patients’ data privacy. Furthermore, this process can also burden the limited bandwidth of the communication channel, leading to delayed data transmission. To address security concerns in healthcare data, researchers have focused a lot of attention on medical image encryption as a means of protecting patient data. This paper presents a color image encryption scheme that integrates multiple encryption techniques, including alternate quantum random walks, controlled Rubik’s Cube transformations, and the integration of the Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem with Hill Cipher (ECCHC). The proposed scheme divides various plaintext images by creating a regular cube by layering planes of a fixed size. Each plane is rotated in an anticlockwise direction, followed by row, column and face swapping, and then DNA encoding is performed. The image cube encoded with DNA is combined with the chaotic cube through DNA addition, and a couple of random DNA sequences are chosen for DNA mutation. After undergoing DNA mutation, the encoded cube is then decoded using DNA. The proposed method has the theoretical capability of encrypting 2D images of unlimited size and number by utilizing an infinitely large cube. The proposed image encryption scheme has been rigorously tested through various experimental simulations and cyberattack analysis, which shows the efficiency and reliability of the proposed encryption scheme.

A Color Image Encryption Method Based on Dynamic Selection Chaotic System and Singular Value Decomposition

As the basis for guiding business process decisions, flowcharts contain sensitive information pertaining to process-related concepts. Therefore, it is necessary to encrypt them to protect the privacy or security of stakeholders. Using the principles of image singular value decomposition, chaotic system randomness, and neural network camouflage, a business flow chart encryption method based on dynamic selection chaotic system and singular value decomposition is proposed. Specifically, a dynamic selected chaotic system is constructed based on the nonlinear combination of one-dimensional chaotic system Logistics and Sine, and its randomness is verified. Next, using the neural network, the process image is merged into a gray matrix. The double-bit unitary matrix scrambling based on singular value decomposition is then proposed. Subsequently, using the dynamic selected chaotic system, a new sub-division diffusion method is proposed, which combines, diffuses, and performs weighted superposition to generate a matrix after diffusion and compression. Finally, the asymmetric encryption method encrypts the color image and reduces its dimensionality into a single grayscale ciphertext, and the decryption process is not the reverse of the encryption process. Simulation results and performance analysis show that the proposed image encryption scheme has good encryption performance.

A Novel Fractional-Order Memristive Chaotic Circuit with Coexisting Double-Layout Four-Scroll Attractors and Its Application in Visually Meaningful Image Encryption

This paper proposes a fractional-order chaotic system using a tri-stable locally active memristor. The characteristics of the memristor, dynamic mechanism of oscillation, and behaviors of the proposed system were analyzed, and then a visually meaningful image encryption scheme was designed based on the chaotic system, DNA encoding, and integer wavelet transform (IWT). Firstly, the mathematical model of the memristor was designed, which was nonvolatile, locally active, and tri-stable. Secondly, the stability, dynamic mechanism of oscillation, bifurcation behaviors, and complexity of the fractional-order memristive chaotic system were investigated and the conditions of stability were obtained. Thirdly, the largest Lyapunov exponent, bifurcation diagram, and complexity of the novel system were calculated and the coexisting bifurcation, coexisting attractors, spectral entropy, and so on are shown. Finally, a visually meaningful image encryption scheme based on the proposed system was designed, and its security was assessed by statistical analysis and different attacks. Numerical simulation demonstrated the effectiveness of the theoretical analysis and high security of the proposed image encryption scheme.

Duple Color Image Encryption System Based on 3-D Nonequilateral Arnold Transform for IIoT

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is to continuously integrate network communication, intelligent analysis and other technologies into every link of the industrial production process, thus greatly improving the manufacturing efficiency. While such systems greatly improve the productivity of the industry, they introduce major safety challenges during the design and operational phases. Therefore, it is necessary to encrypt and protect the information transmitted by the system during the design and runtime stages. This paper focuses on the transmission security of image data in every link of IIoT. Two color images that need to be transmitted can be encrypted into color ciphertext image by using 3D Non-equilateral Arnold Transform (3D-NEAT) and 3D Lorenz System (3D-LS). Different from the traditional algorithm which encrypts one plain image into one ciphertext image, our algorithm encrypts two color images into one color ciphertext image which will cause great confusion to the attacker whom illegally breaks the ciphertext image. First, the proposed method converts two color images with <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$N\times M$</tex-math></inline-formula> into a 3D bit-level matrix with size <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$N\times M\times 48$</tex-math></inline-formula> . Next, 3D-NEAT is applied to permutate the positions of the elements of the resulted 3D bit-level matrix. Then, the permutated 3D bit-level matrix is transformed into three 2D pixel-level images and then diffused by the random diffusion sequences which 3D-LS generates. Finally, the scrambling matrices generated by 3D-LS are used to scramble three diffused 2D pixel-level images and the output is considered as three color components of the encrypted image. The numerical experiments and security analysis show that the proposed image encryption scheme has strong resistance to several known attacks, and yields near-zero correlation and near-eight entropy for the RGB cipher image, and some performance is better than some of the recently proposed image encryption algorithms.

An Image Encryption Transmission Scheme Based on a Polynomial Chaotic Map.

Most existing chaotic systems have many drawbacks in engineering applications, such as the discontinuous range of chaotic parameters, weak chaotic properties, uneven chaotic sequence outputs, and dynamic degradation. Therefore, based on the above, this paper proposes a new method for the design of a three-dimensional chaotic map. One can obtain the desired number of positive Lyapunov exponents, and can also obtain the desired value of positive Lyapunov exponents. Simulation results show that the proposed system has complex chaotic behavior and high complexity. Finally, the method is implemented into an image encryption transmission scheme and experimental results show that the proposed image encryption scheme can resist brute force attacks, correlation attacks, and differential attacks, so it has a higher security.

Memristive chaotic system-based hybrid image encryption application with AES and RSA algorithms

The widespread use of information and communication tools today facilitates information access and highlights the significance of information and data security. In recent years, chaos-based encryption systems have emerged as a promising approach for protecting the confidentiality of transmitted images. In particular, memristor-based hyperchaotic systems have attracted significant attention because of their robustness and complexity. In this paper, we propose an image encryption model that employs a two-stage encryption method using various chaotic systems, including the logistic map, Lorenz chaotic system, and memristor-based hyperchaotic system, with AES and RSA encryption algorithms. The proposed hybrid scheme applies bit-based pixel diffusion and confusion techniques to improve the security of encrypted images. Statistical and security tests are conducted to compare the performance of the different encryption systems and algorithms and to present the measurement values obtained from the analysis. Our experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed image encryption scheme in terms of security, speed, and reliability and provide valuable insights for the development of future chaos-based encryption systems.

Dynamics effects of bias current composed on inertial neural system: multistability control and application in image encryption

The function of the biological nervous system is related to its dynamics. This paper explored the dynamics effects of bias current composed on inertial neural system based with two neurons. The model affected by the bias current can induce a reduction in the number of equilibrium points, the number of coexistence attractors, as well as the disturbance of the symmetry of this model compared to the model in without bias current. In absence of bias current we report multistability of up to six different attractors, symmetry birth of chaos via period-bubbling cascades in are reported in the model. Coexistence of symmetry bursting oscillations, parallel branch, and hysteresis dynamic are also presented in the system. The presence of bias current control the symmetry of the model and generates complex phenomena among others, coexistence of five asymmetric attractors, coexistence of asymmetric bubble and asymmetric bursting oscillation. Equilibrium point and Hopf bifurcation are perform in the paper. Furthermore, control of multistability is used for future application in engineering. Security analyses indicates that the proposed image encryption scheme exhibits a good encryption performance and can withstand known attacks.

A K-SVD Based Compressive Sensing Method for Visual Chaotic Image Encryption

The visually secure image encryption scheme is an effective image encryption method, which embeds an encrypted image into a visual image to realize a secure and secret image transfer. This paper proposes a merging compression and encryption chaos image visual encryption scheme. First, a dictionary matrix D is constructed with the plain image by the K-SVD algorithm, which can encrypt the image while sparsing. Second, an improved Zeraoulia-Sprott chaotic map and logistic map are employed to generate three S-Boxes, which are used to complete scrambling, diffusion, and embedding operations. The secret keys of this scheme contain the initial value of the chaotic system and the dictionary matrix D, which significantly increases the key space, plain image correlation, and system security. Simulation shows the proposed image encryption scheme can resist most attacks and, compared with the existing scheme, the proposed scheme has a larger key space, higher plain image correlation, and better image restoration quality, improving image encryption processing efficiency and security.

Image Encryption Scheme Based on Newly Designed Chaotic Map and Parallel DNA Coding

In this paper, a new one-dimensional fractional chaotic map is proposed and an image encryption scheme based on parallel DNA coding is designed by using the chaotic map. The mathematical model of the new chaotic system combines a sine map and a fraction operation. Compared with some traditional one-dimensional chaotic systems, the new chaotic system has a larger range of chaotic parameters and better chaotic characteristics, which makes it more suitable for applications in information encryption. In addition, an image encryption algorithm based on parallel DNA coding is proposed, which overcomes the shortcoming of common DNA coding-based image encryption algorithms. Parallel computing significantly increases the speed of encryption and decryption algorithms. The initial key of the cryptosystem is designed to be related to the SHA-3 hash value of the plaintext image so that the algorithm can resist a chosen-plaintext attack. Simulation experiments and security analysis results show that the proposed image encryption scheme has good encryption performance and less time overhead, and has strong robustness to noise and data loss attacks, which indicates that the proposed image encryption scheme has good application potential in secure communication applications.