Proposed Image Encryption Scheme Research Articles

Pseudorandom Number Generator Based on Three Kinds of Four-Wing Memristive Hyperchaotic System and Its Application in Image Encryption

In this paper, we propose a method to design the pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) using three kinds of four-wing memristive hyperchaotic systems (FWMHSs) with different dimensions as multientropy sources. The principle of this method is to obtain pseudorandom numbers with good randomness by coupling XOR operation on the three kinds of FWMHSs with different dimensions. In order to prove its potential application in secure communication, the security of PRNG based on this scheme is analyzed from the perspective of cryptography. In addition, PRNG has passed the NIST 800.22 and ENT test, which shows that PRNG has good statistical characteristics. Finally, an image encryption algorithm based on PRNG is adopted. In the encryption algorithm, the optimized Arnold matrix scrambling method and the diffusion processing based on XOR are used to obtain the final encrypted image. Through the evaluation of encryption performance, it is concluded that there is no direct relationship between the pristine image and encrypted image. The results show that the proposed image encryption scheme has good statistical output characteristics and security performance in line with cryptography.

An image encryption scheme based on public key cryptosystem and quantum logistic map

Most of existing image encryption schemes are proposed in the spatial domain which easily destroys the correlation between pixels. This paper proposes an image encryption scheme by employing discrete cosine transform (DCT), quantum logistic map and substitution-permutation network (SPN). The DCT is used to transform the images in the frequency domain. Meanwhile, the SPN is used to provide the security properties of confusion and diffusion. The SPN provides fast encryption as compared to the asymmetric based image encryption since operations with low computational complexity are used (e.g., exclusive-or and permutation). Different statistical experiments and security analysis are performed against six grayscale and color images to justify the effectiveness and security of the proposed image encryption scheme.

An efficient approach for encrypting double color images into a visually meaningful cipher image using 2D compressive sensing

An efficient visually meaningful double color image encryption algorithm is proposed by combining 2D compressive sensing (CS) with an embedding technique. First, two color images are measured by measurement matrices in two directions to achieve simultaneous compression and encryption, in which low-dimensional matrices generated from Logistic-Sine system (LSS) are extended with Kronecker product (KP), and the resulting high-dimensional matrices optimized by singular value decomposition (SVD) are employed as measurement matrices. Second, the compressed cipher images are confused by index sequences produced by a 6D hyperchaotic system. Finally, a visually meaningful cipher image is obtained by embedding permutated cipher images into a color carrier image. The final cipher image and plain image are of the same size, which greatly reduces the storage space and transmission bandwidth. To enhance the relationship of our algorithm with plain images and prevent vulnerability to known-plaintext and chosen-plaintext attacks, SHA 256 hash values and feature parameters of plain images are combined to generate the initial values of the LSS and 6D hyperchaotic system, and these parameters are both embedded into the carrier image to avoid additional transmission and storage. Simulation results and performance analyses demonstrate the effectiveness and security of the proposed image encryption scheme.

Advanced framework for highly secure and cloud‐based storage of colour images

The evergrowing virtualised information technology infrastructure is powered by cloud-centric technology around the world. Cloud-based multimedia storage has become an essential aspect for users and business behemoths. However, as per a survey of Norton, around 3800 breaches have been publicly disclosed with 4.1 billion numbers of records exposed in 2019, which is a 54% rise when compared to 2018. So the data security is a widely quoted barrier for cloud storage. Ciphering the confidential images before transmission and subsequent storage in cloud database needs critical attention for techno-specific applications. In image encryption, chaos-based keys can do better confusion, but the diffusion process using XOR is vulnerable to chosen plain text attack. The proposed colour image encryption scheme innately uses Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid coding that blends well with chaotic cryptosystem for an efficient statistical shift. The ciphered images are stored in authenticated and authorised cloud storage facilities. The experimentation is carried out with the help of Amazon Web Services storage instances. The proposed image encryption scheme offers a strong resistance towards the brute force, occlusion, statistical and differential attacks and yields near-zero correlation and good entropy.

Memristor-based hyper-chaotic circuit for image encryption* *Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2018YFB1306600), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 62076207 and 62076208), and the Fundamental Science and Advanced Technology Research Foundation of Chongqing, China (Grant Nos. cstc2017jcyjBX0050).

The memristor is a kind of non-linear element with memory function, which can be applied to chaotic systems to increase signal randomness and complexity. In this paper, a new four-dimensional hyper-chaotic system is designed based on a flux controlled memristor model, which can generate complex chaotic attractors. The basic dynamic theory analysis and numerical simulations of the system, such as the stability of equilibrium points, the Lyapunov exponents and dimension, Poincare maps, the power spectrum, and the waveform graph prove that it has rich dynamic behaviors. Then, the circuit implementation of this system is established. The consistency of simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (SPICE) simulation and numerical analysis proves the ability to generate chaos. Finally, a new image encryption scheme is designed by using the memristor-based hyper-chaotic system proposed in this paper. The scheme involves a total of two encryptions. By using different security analysis factors, the proposed algorithm is compared with other image encryption schemes, including correlation analysis, information entropy, etc. The results show that the proposed image encryption scheme has a large key space and presents a better encryption effect.

Coupling chaotic system based on unit transform and its applications in image encryption

Chaotic maps are very important for establishing chaos-based image encryption systems. This paper introduces a coupling chaotic system based on a certain unit transform, which can combine any two 1D chaotic maps to generate a new one with better performance in cryptography applications. The chaotic behavior analysis has verified this coupling system’s effectiveness and progress. In particular, we give a specific strategy about selecting an appropriate unit transform function to enhance the chaotic behaviors of generated maps. Besides, a new chaos-based pseudo-random number generator, shorted as CBPRNG, is designed to improve the randomness of chaotic sequences. Moreover, based on CBPRNG, a novel digital image encryption algorithm is introduced, where we design a two-way multi-round transformation network to encrypt the higher bits and lower bits of input images separately. Simulation results and security analysis indicate that the proposed image encryption scheme is competitive with some existing methods.

Image encryption application in a system for compounding self-excited and hidden attractors

Abstract Nowadays, chaos-based encryption systems implemented by hardware attracted highly attention. While chaotic systems, encryption algorithms and hardware platform are the core of the chaos-based image encryption system. In this paper, an image encryption system is developed. The proposed image encryption scheme employs a multi-scroll chaotic system and the Arnold map as entropy sources. The images are preprocessed by XOR operation between chaotic sequences and image pixels; Arnold map is used to change the position of the processed image pixels for scrambling the image. The chaotic sequences are generated by the multi-scroll chaotic system which is constructed by introducing Piecewise (PW) functions into Lorenz-like system. The modified Lorenz-like system produces a novel composite chaotic attractor consisting of a pair of different magnitude self-excited attractors and a pair of different magnitude hidden attractors. Through adjusting the parameters of PW functions, the system can also produce novel grid multi-scroll attractors. The hardware implementation of the image encryption scheme has been realized by using FPGA XC7A35TCPG236 and VGA monitor. The proposed encryption system consumes low power (248 mW) and has high throughput (4 bit/us) with an encryption time of 237 ms for encrypting a 256 × 256 plain image. Then, some basically tests are proved our image encryption system effectively.

An image encryption scheme based on a hybrid model of DNA computing, chaotic systems and hash functions

In this paper, we propose a novel image encryption scheme based on a hybrid model of DNA computing, chaotic systems and hash functions. The significant advantage of the proposed scheme is high efficiency. The proposed scheme consists of the DNA level permutation and diffusion. In the DNA level permutation, a mapping function based on the logistic map is applied on the DNA image to randomly change the position of elements in the DNA image. In the DNA level diffusion, not only we define two new algebraic DNA operators, called the DNA left-circular shift and DNA right-circular shift, but we also use a variety of DNA operators to diffuse the permutated DNA image with the key DNA image. The experimental results and security analyses indicate that the proposed image encryption scheme not only has good encryption effect and able to resist against the known attacks, but also is sufficiently fast for practical applications. The MATLAB source code of the proposed image encryption scheme is publicly available at the URL: https://github.com/EbrahimZarei64/ImageEncryption .

A novel digital contents privacy scheme based on quantum harmonic oscillator and schrodinger paradox

The security of digital information is one of the most unavoidable issue in current digital world. The existing world facing number of digital information breaches due to weak utilization of confidentiality preserving techniques. In this article, we have designed a new mechanism for the security of secret digital information for instance digital images. The proposed image encryption scheme is based on quantum harmonic oscillator and Schrodinger paradox. Moreover, suggested technique is further authenticated by utilizing security performance analysis and compared the obtained results with existing benchmarks schemes.

An efficient image encryption scheme based on chaotic and Deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing

In this research article, we have designed a novel image encryption scheme based on Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and chaotic sequencing. We have studied sequences of different genes consisting of four bases, Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) and Guanine (G), also known as nucleotides which are the fundamental code of life. The purpose of DNA is to store, copy and transmit the genetic information of the living organism. The proposed image encryption scheme uses the chaotic system to generate random sequences and to choose between two or more options. The image is totally transformed by first encoding it into DNA nucleotides, shuffling to achieve diffusion and then substitution is performed to achieve confusion. Then later the DNA fusion operation is performed on the DNA image and the DNA complements are applied on the resulting DNA image, a random number of times to break the residual correlation between the pixels. The cipher image has been tested to fulfill all the standard benchmarks to be categorized as a good ciphered image which includes entropy, correlation coefficient, Pearson’s chi square, peak signal to noise ratio, mean square error, mean absolute error, structure similarity indexed measures, differential analysis and histogram uniformity test.

A new design of cryptosystem based on S-box and chaotic permutation

In this paper, we present a new design of cryptosystem characterized by an optimized substitution box (S-box) and random permutation. Our proposed S-box is generated using a modified genetic algorithm. The crossover process is performed with sophisticated research using the best previous population. We use randomness and ergodicity of the logistic map to add complexity and robustness to our proposed method. Many tests proving the nonlinearity of our S-box have been carried out to demonstrate the efficiency of our algorithm. In the second part, we offer a new permutation algorithm based on a chaotic sequence generated from the logistic map. To show the performance of our proposition, we compare our results with previous algorithms. The results of its statistical analysis, like entropy value and correlation between adjacent pixels, show that the proposed image encryption scheme provides security for image encryption. The time speed of the proposed algorithm confirms the possibility of real-time implementation.

A Bijective Image Encryption System Based on Hybrid Chaotic Map Diffusion and DNA Confusion.

Modern multimedia communications technology requirements have raised security standards, which allows for enormous development in security standards. This article presents an innovative symmetric cryptosystem that depends on the hybrid chaotic Lorenz diffusion stage and DNA confusion stage. It involves two identical encryption and decryption algorithms, which simplifies the implementation of transmitting and receiving schemes of images securely as a bijective system. Both schemes utilize two distinctive non-consecutive chaotic diffusion stages and one DNA scrambling stage in between. The generation of the coded secret bit stream employs a hybrid chaotic system, which is employed to encrypt or decrypt the transmitted image and is utilized in the diffusion process to dissipate the redundancy in the original transmitted image statistics. The transmitted image is divided into eight scrambled matrices according to the position of the pixel in every splitting matrix. Each binary matrix is converted using a different conversion rule in the Watson–Crick rules. The DNA confusion stage is applied to increase the complexity of the correlation between the transmitted image and the utilized key. These stages allow the proposed image encryption scheme to be more robust against chosen/known plaintext attacks, differential attacks, cipher image attacks, and information entropy. The system was revealed to be more sensitive against minimal change in the generated secret key. The analysis proves that the system has superior statistical properties, bulkier key space, better plain text sensitivity, and improved key sensitivity compared with former schemes.

Optical image encryption based on chaotic fingerprint phase mask and pattern-illuminated Fourier ptychography

An optical image encryption scheme based on chaotic fingerprint phase masks (CFPMs) and pattern-illuminated Fourier ptychography (FP) is proposed. During the encryption process, the primary image that is under the non-uniform intensity patterns’ illumination can be encrypted into multiple low-resolution intensity images with the CFPMs placed respectively at the input plane and the Fourier plane. And during the decryption process, the primary image can be recovered from these encrypted images with a Fourier ptychographic recovery algorithm and CFPMs. In this proposed image encryption scheme, the fingerprint image and the chaotic parameters are served as secret keys directly, and the CFPMs are just used as interim variables and functions. If the fingerprint image is shared by the sender and the authorized receiver, the security of the proposed image encryption scheme will be enhanced greatly, and the management and transmission of the secret keys will also become convenient to some extent. Additionally, the illumination pattern can also act as an additional secret key. Numerical simulations have been performed to verify the feasibility, security and robustness of the proposed image encryption scheme.

A secure image encryption scheme based on a novel 2D sine–cosine cross-chaotic (SC3) map

In this paper, we propose a new 2D sine–cosine cross-chaotic (SC3) map to design an image encryption scheme with high confusion and diffusion capability. We evaluate the maximum Lyapunov exponent (MLE) of the proposed SC3 map to measure its degree of sensitivity to initial conditions and perform bifurcation analysis to find the chaotic region. The proposed chaotic map generates two pseudo-random sequence $$R_1$$ and $$R_2$$ , which are used in confusion (permutation) and diffusion phase, respectively. The confusion layer is designed by shuffling the image pixels, and the diffusion layer is designed by bitwise XOR operation. The strength of the proposed image encryption scheme is evaluated against resistance to the statistical attack (information entropy, correlation coefficient, and histogram analysis), differential attack (NPCR and UACI), and sensitivity to the secret key. The experimental results of both security and performance analysis show that the proposed image encryption scheme is secure enough to resist all the existing cryptanalytic attack and efficient in terms of encryption time.

Colour image encryption scheme based on enhanced quadratic chaotic map

In this study, an enhanced quadratic map (EQM) is proposed and has been applied in a new colour image encryption scheme. The performance evaluations show that the EQM has excellent performances such as better Lyapunov exponent and larger chaotic ranges when compared with the classical quadratic map. The sequences generated from this EQM are successfully used in a new proposed colour image encryption scheme with excellent confusion and diffusion properties. The encryption structure is based on the permutation–diffusion process, and then adopted on the classical permutation, it is characterised by a high speed of diffusion, which enables the encryption of the three components of the plaintext image at the same time, and these encrypted components are simultaneously related to each other. The proposed scheme is tested on the USC-SIPI image dataset and on the real-life image dataset; its effectiveness is also compared with five latterly proposed image encryption schemes. The simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme has the properties of large key space, a weaker correlation between neighbouring pixels, higher sensitivity towards key, greater randomness of pixels and the capacity to withstand statistical analysis, plaintext/chosen-plaintext attacks, and differential attacks, thus that it has higher security and can be appropriate for image encryption.

Image encryption based on permutation polynomials over finite fields

In this paper, we propose an image encryption algorithm based on a permutation polynomial over finite fields proposed by the authors. The proposed image encryption process consists of four stages: i) a mapping from pixel gray-levels into finite field, ii) a pre-scrambling of pixels’ positions based on the parameterized permutation polynomial, iii) a symmetric matrix transform over finite fields which completes the operation of diffusion and, iv) a post-scrambling based on the permutation polynomial with different parameters. The parameters used for the polynomial parameterization and for constructing the symmetric matrix are used as cipher keys. Theoretical analysis and simulation demonstrate that the proposed image encryption scheme is feasible with a high efficiency and a strong ability of resisting various common attacks. In addition, there are not any round-off errors in computation over finite fields, thus guaranteeing a strictly lossless image encryption. Due to the intrinsic nonlinearity of permutation polynomials in finite fields, the proposed image encryption system is nonlinear and can resist known-plaintext and chosen-plaintext attacks.

An Efficient Image Encryption Scheme Based on the LSS Chaotic Map and Single S-Box

This paper presents an efficient and secure chaotic S-Box based image encryption algorithm. Firstly, by cryptanalyzing a multiple chaotic S-Boxes based image encryption algorithm, we successfully cracked the cryptosystem by using chosen-plaintext attack (CPA). Secondly, we put forward a new image encryption scheme based on a novel compound chaotic map and single S-Box. In the new scheme, a novel discrete compound chaotic system, Logistic-Sine system (LSS), is proposed, which has wider chaotic range and better chaotic properties. And a new S-Box is constructed by using LSS, which has satisfactory cryptographic performance. Based on the new S-Box and the chaotic key stream, the new image encryption algorithm is designed, which consist of a round of permutation and two rounds of substitution process. The permutation and substitution key sequences are related to the plaintext image content, this strategy enables the cryptosystem to resist CPA. The simulation results and security analysis verified the effectiveness of the proposed image encryption scheme. Especially, the new scheme has obvious efficiency advantages, showing that it has better application potential in real-time image encryption.

Efficient Image Encryption Scheme Using Henon Map, Dynamic S-Boxes and Elliptic Curve Cryptography

Image encryption schemes can be vulnerable to a variety of cryptanalysis attacks. The use of key-dependent dynamic S-boxes has been shown to improve security. Threats of chosen-plaintext and chosen-ciphertext attacks still linger. In this paper, we present an efficient algorithm for constructing secure dynamic S-boxes derived from Henon map. We use the proposed dynamic S-box to construct an image encryption scheme that includes a novel combination of security features to resist chosen-plaintext and chosen-ciphertext attacks. Namely, a hash verification step at the end of the decryption procedure effectively thwarts chosen-ciphertext attacks. The hash also serves as an image dependent initialization for the keystream, which together with using an image dependent S-box resist known-plaintext attacks. Furthermore, encryption keys are protected against cryptanalysis using elliptic curve cryptography (ECC).Therefore, the recovery of secret keys is as hard as the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem even in the unlikely case of the recovery of the temporary S-box or keystream. Our evaluation of the proposed image encryption scheme reveals that it achieves a higher security standard than existing techniques. Moreover, the proposed scheme is computationally efficient with encryption throughput approaching 60 MB/s.

A Dynamic Triple-Image Encryption Scheme Based on Chaos, S-Box and Image Compressing

To guarantee the security and high-efficiency of image transmission, a novel triple-image encryption scheme based on chaotic system, S-box and image compressing is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the combination process is performed by compressing three plain images to 25% and combining the compressed images with a stochastic matrix generated by the 2D-LSCM system to construct a new image. This process makes the proposed image encryption scheme have higher image transmission efficiency comparing to that of the state-of-the-art methods. Then, Z-scan and the proposed coded lock scrambling algorithm with low time complexity is used to randomly scramble the positions of pixels in the new construct image. Next, a cipher image is obtained by performing the diffusion operation on the scrambled image through S-box and chaotic sequences. In addition, the added stochastic matrix in the combination process makes the cipher image dynamic. In other words, the generated cipher images are always different to each other even when they are generated by the proposed encrypt scheme with identical plain images under the same secret keys, which can resist chosen-plaintext attacks. Finally, experimental results and simulation analysis are performed, which shows the proposed scheme can effectively resist common kinds of attacks.

Colour image encryption algorithm combining Arnold map, DNA sequence operation, and a Mandelbrot set

The third party misuse and manipulation of digital images is a threat to security and privacy of human subjects. The requirements to fulfil the security needs of digital images have led to the development of good encryption techniques. The proposed method of encryption scheme combines the techniques of chaotic image encryption and DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) sequence operations. The encryption mechanism is applied separately on three channels (R, G and B) of the colour image with a suitable chaotic map. The map selection algorithm selects a good chaotic map based on image properties and other parameters. A method of DNA encoding is also applied after chaotic encryption. A new Mandelbrot Set based conditional shift algorithm is introduced to apply confusion effectively on R, G and B channels. Simulation and security analysis confirm that the proposed image encryption scheme demonstrates extraordinary performance in terms of security.