Proportion Of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

토끼, 돼지 및 한우 간의 영양성분 및 조직감 비교

This research evaluated the nutritional composition and texture of rabbit (male, crossbreed) liver as compared to those from pig (barrow, L × Y × D) and Hanwoo (Korean cattle, steer, Bos taurus coreanae). The liver from rabbit had similar fat, protein, and calorie contents to those from pig and Hanwoo. Vitamin A, niacin, total amino acids, nonessential amino acids, and essential amino acids contents were not significantly different among livers from rabbit, pig, and Hanwoo. Rabbit liver had higher (p>0.05) total unsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) proportions and lower (p>0.05) n6/n3 PUFA ratio as compared to those from pig and Hanwoo. Moreover, linolenic acid proportion was more than 4 times higher (p>0.05) in rabbit liver than in those from pig and Hanwoo. These findings suggest that rabbit liver may be more beneficial to human health than those from pig and Hanwoo in terms of fatty acid composition.

Differences in Glycerolipid Response of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Starchless Mutant to High Light and Nitrogen Deprivation Stress Under Three Carbon Supply Regimes.

Carbon source serves as a crucial factor for microalgal lipid biosynthesis. The supplied exogenous inorganic or organic carbon affects lipid accumulation in microalgae under stress conditions. However, the impacts of different carbon availability on glycerolipid metabolism, triacylglycerol (TAG) metabolism in particular, still remain elusive in microalgae. Chlamydomonas starchless mutant BAFJ5 has emerged as a model system to study TAG metabolism, due to its property of hyper-accumulating TAG. In this study, the glycerolipidomic response of the starchless BAFJ5 to high light and nitrogen-deprived (HL-N) stress was deciphered in detail to distinguish glycerolipid metabolism under three carbon supply regimes. The results revealed that the autotrophically and mixotrophically grown BAFJ5 cells aerated with air containing 2% CO2 presented similar changes in growth, photosynthetic activity, biochemical components, and glycerolipid metabolism under HL-N conditions. But the mixotrophically grown BAFJ5 aerated with air containing 0.04% CO2 exhibited more superior accumulation in TAG, which was esterified with a significantly higher proportion of C18:1n9 and prominently the lower proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In addition, these cells increased the relative levels of C18:2n6 in the membrane lipids, i.e., monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), in priority, and decreased that of C18:3n3 and C18:4n3 in the betaine lipid, N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine diacylglycerol (DGTS), subsequently, to adapt to the HL-N stress conditions, compared to the cells under the other two conditions. Thus, it was suggested that C. reinhardtii starchless mutant appeared to present distinct metabolism for TAG biosynthesis involving membrane lipid remodeling under distinct carbon supply regimes. This study provides insights into how the different carbon supply regimes affect lipid metabolism in Chlamydomonas starchless cells, which will benefit the optimized production of storage lipids in microalgae.

Feeding effects of low-level fish meal replacement by algal meals of Schizochytrium limacinum and Nannochloropsis salina on largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

Microalgae exhibit diverse and high nutritional value, and therefore, have a huge potential application as a raw material for the preparation of aquafeeds. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of low-level replacement of dietary fishmeals by algal meals comprised of Schizochytrium limacinum (SL) and Nannochloropsis salina (NS) individually and in combination in the diet of juvenile largemouth bass (LMB, Micropterus salmoides). Five isonitrogenous, isolipidic, and isoenergetic diets with fishmeal-based diets as control, and four experimental diets with replacement by individual 4% SL (4SL), individual 4% NS (4NS), 2% SL combined with 2% NS (2SL + 2NS) and 4% SL combined with 4% NS (4SL + 4NS) were formulated. Five hundred juvenile fish (average weight 8.72 ± 0.10 g) were evenly distributed to five groups with quadruplicate each, in twenty fiberglass tanks and fed for eight weeks. Our results showed that there were no significant difference in weight gain, special gain rate, hepatosomatic index, viscerasomatic index, conditioning factor, and the whole-body composition among the five groups (p > 0.05). However, feed intake and feed conversion ratio in the 4NS treatment were significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared with the control. Further, lipid content and intraperitoneal fat ratio in the liver of the 4NS and 4NS + 4SL groups were significantly decreased, suggesting that NS may reduce visceral fat accumulation in LMB. The serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of LMB in the 4NS group was significantly increased compared with the control (p < 0.05). However, malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the liver of the 4NS group and intestine of the 4SL + 4NS group was significantly lower than that in the control (p < 0.05). Replacement with 4% SL significantly increased docosahexaenoic acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and n-3 PUFA proportions in the liver. Further, SL alone or in combination with NS increased the n-3 to n-6 ratio of PUFAs in the liver and muscle, creating more balanced unsaturated fatty acids. The fillet texture was significantly enhanced by taste and flavor. Nevertheless, the present study verified the successful addition of SL and NS algal meals to fish feed, which exhibited excellent potential to replace fishmeals and fishoil, respectively, as protein and lipid sources.

Effects of Purple Corn Anthocyanin on Growth Performance, Meat Quality, Muscle Antioxidant Status, and Fatty Acid Profiles in Goats.

Simple SummaryCurrently, unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) in goat meat have gained popularity among consumers based on the benefits to human health. However, UFAs are prone to lipid oxidation. Purple corn is rich in anthocyanins, which have a wide range of biological activities, such as antioxidation, scavenging free radicals, and preventing lipid peroxidation. This study hypothesized that purple corn anthocyanin can improve meat quality and prevent lipid oxidation by promoting antioxidant status and UFA levels in longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle of growing goats. The results of the current study indicate that dietary supplementation with purple corn anthocyanins has the potential to improve meat quality and prevent lipid oxidation by promoting antioxidant status and regulating related antioxidant gene expression, as well as improving polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations in the longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle of growing goats.This study was conducted to examine the effect of purple corn anthocyanin on performance, meat quality, muscle antioxidant activity, antioxidant gene expression, and fatty acid profiles in goats. The feeding trial period lasted 74 d. The adaptation period was 14 d, and the formal experimental period was 60 d. Eighteen Qianbei-pockmarked goats (Guizhou native goat breed; body weight, 21.38 ± 1.61 kg; mean ± standard deviation) were randomly allotted into three equal groups, including a control with no purple corn pigment (PCP) and groups receiving either 0.5 g/d PCP or 1.0 g/d PCP. The inclusion of PCP did not affect (p > 0.05) the dry matter intake, average daily gain, or feed conversion ratio compared to the control group. The addition of PCP reduced (p < 0.05) shear force in the longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle (LTL) during the growth phase of the goats. Goats receiving PCP showed higher (p < 0.05) levels of reduced glutathione, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity and peroxidase in LTL compared to the control. Moreover, compared to the control, the PCP group displayed lower (p < 0.05) concentrations of 12:0, C16:0, and total saturated fatty acids, but increased (p < 0.05) concentrations of various unsaturated fatty acids, including C18:1n9, C20:3n6, C20:4n6, C18:2n6 cis, C20:3n6, C22:5n3, C22:6n3, and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The abundance of nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2, superoxide dismutase 1, glutathione peroxidase 1, and catalase was upregulated (p < 0.05) in the LTL of goats receiving 0.5 g/d PCP in comparison to the other groups. Collectively, result of the current study indicated that PCP anthocyanin could be used as a source of natural functional additive because anthocyanin-rich PCP has the potential to improve meat quality and enhance muscle antioxidant status as well as improve the proportions of PUFAs in goat muscle.

Effect of Concentration of Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) and Duration of Administration on Fatty Acid Profile, and Oxidative Stability of Pork Meat.

Simple SummaryDietary fat intake is substantially high in Western countries, resulting in overweight, obesity and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) among consumers. One way to reduce the incidence of CVD is to change food consumption and food intake with a higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the human diet. Meat and meat products are considered to be the main source of dietary fats, especially as a source of saturated fatty acids. The aim of this study was to increase the proportion of PUFAs and, conversely, to decrease the proportion of saturated fatty acids in fat of pork meat. Flaxseed with a concentration of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) at 57% was used in the swine diet. Flaxseed supplementation at two inclusion levels (5% and 10%) in two time intervals (3 and 6 weeks before slaughter) was evaluated. The aim was to increase the proportion of n-3 PUFAs, especially ALA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and to improve the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in produced pork meat. The storage conditions and oxidation stability of the produced meat under refrigerator temperature (+4 °C) were also observed.Flaxseed is a common ingredient used for livestock feed. The aim of this work was to study the effect of a diet supplemented with flaxseed at 5% and 10% concentrations in the intervals of 3 and 6 weeks prior slaughter on fatty acid profile and oxidative stability of pork meat. Meat samples were collected after slaughter from each animal (five groups, n = 6). Samples of the musculus longissimus dorsi (MLD) and the musculus gluteobiceps (MGB) were selected. Chemical composition, fatty acid profile and oxidative stability during the storage of meat under chilling conditions (4 °C, 7 days) was analyzed. The addition of flaxseed significantly affected the composition of fatty acid profile and the shelf life of the produced meat. The fat content was changed in the experimental groups with 10% flaxseed supplementation (10.84% in MGB and 9.56% MLD) versus the control group. Despite the different concentrations of flaxseed, the best EPA/AA ratio was observed in the experimental groups fed with flaxseed supplementation for 3 weeks. The worst oxidative stability of meat samples (p < 0.05) was recorded in the experimental groups with the addition of flaxseed for 6 weeks, which was related to higher PUFA content in samples of the experimental groups and higher susceptibility of PUFAs to lipid oxidation. The oxidative stability of meat in the experimental group fed 5% flaxseed supplementation for 3 weeks was not affected.

Supplementing goats' diet with sainfoin pellets (versus alfalfa) modifies cheese sensory properties and fatty acid profile

In two different goat farms, producing Picodon and Mutschli cheese respectively, two groups of lactating goats were fed alfalfa pellets (ALF) or sainfoin pellets (SNF) for 6 weeks. The cheeses produced at the end of the trial were analysed for sensory properties, composition, fatty acid profile, proteolysis, and rheology. The SNF Picodon had higher “goat” and “farm” aroma and odour, and higher bitter taste, compared with the ALF Picodon. The SNF Picodon showed lower dry matter than the ALF Picodon, leading to differences in texture and mouthfeel. The SNF Mutschli had a different mouthfeel than the ALF Mutschli. In a triangle test, consumers were able to perceive a difference in both Picodon and Mutschli between ALF and SNF groups. In both Picodon and Mutschli, feeding sainfoin increased cheese proteolysis and modified cheese fatty acid profile, resulting in higher polyunsaturated fatty acids proportion and lower n-6/n-3 ratio.

Antioxidant, flavonoid, α-tocopherol, β-carotene, fatty acids, and fermentation profiles of alfalfa silage inoculated with novel Lactiplantibacillus Plantarum and Pediococcus acidilactici strains with high-antioxidant activity

Six lactic acid bacteria strains with high-antioxidant activity were screened and applied to alfalfa silage to develop antioxidant probiotics for silage production. Alfalfa was ensiled without inoculants (control) or with a commercial strain (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GFG) and antioxidant strains L. plantarum 24-7 (24-7), L. plantarum BX62 (BX62), L. plantarum AS21 (AS21), L. plantarum FM15 (FM15), Pediococcus acidilactici 13-7 (13-7), P. acidilactici J17 (J17) at dry matter concentration of 400 g/kg for 60 d, respectively. Alfalfa silage was investigated on silage fermentation, chemical and microbial compositions, antioxidant enzymes, total flavonoid, α-tocopherol, β-carotene and fatty acid. The results showed that AS21, FM15, 13-7, and J17 inoculations improved (P < 0.001) lactic acid concentration in alfalfa silage compared with control and GFG-treated silages. Compared with control and GFG-treated silages, AS21- (P < 0.001), FM15- (P = 0.007), 13-7- (P = 0.03), and J17-treated (P < 0.001) silages decreased ammonia nitrogen concentration. All inoculants with high-antioxidant activity reduced the losses of α-tocopherol (P < 0.001) and β-carotene (P < 0.001). Higher total flavonoid concentration was found in 24-7- (P = 0.004), BX62- (P < 0.001), FM15- (P = 0.03), J17-treated (P < 0.001) silages versus control. In comparison to control and GFG-treated silages, 24-7- (P < 0.001), BX62- (P < 0.001), AS21- (P = 0.004), FM15- (P = 0.002), J17-treated (P < 0.001) silages had higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acid. Except for strain J17, inoculations with the screened strains had higher (P < 0.001) total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) activity in alfalfa silage compared with control and GFG-treated silages. The highest T-AOC (P < 0.001, 200 U/g FW) was observed in AS21-treated silage. Inoculated silages had higher (P < 0.001) glutathione peroxidase activity versus control. Conversely, compared with control and GFG-treated silages, lower superoxide dismutase activity was observed in FM15- (P < 0.001) and J17-treated (P < 0.001) silages. Lower lipoxygenase (LOX) activity (P < 0.001) was observed in screened strains treated-silages compared with control and GFG-treated silages. Pearson correlation analysis showed that T-AOC was positively correlated with α-tocopherol (r = 0.66, P = 0.05) and β-carotene (r = 0.76, P = 0.02), but negatively correlated with LOX (r = − 0.67, P = 0.05). Conclusively, all the tested strains with high-antioxidant activity can be used as candidate strains to improve the antioxidant status of ensiled alfalfa, and strain AS21 is the most preferred strain.

Nutritional Composition and Bioactive Compounds of Basil, Thyme and Sage Plant Additives and Their Functionality on Broiler Thigh Meat Quality.

Meat industries across the world are constantly focusing to find natural low-cost additives for the development of novel meat products to meet consumer demand for improving the health benefits. In this study, we investigated the chemical composition and the bioactive compounds of some herbal plants, namely basil, thyme, sage, and their functionality on broiler chicken thigh meat quality. Chemical composition, as well as total antioxidant activity, polyphenols, vitamin E lutein and zeaxanthin and the fatty acids of the plants, were analyzed. According to findings, total polyphenols was 21.53 mg gallic acid/g in basil, 31.73 mg gallic acid/g in thyme and 38.87 mg gallic acid/g in sage. The antioxidant capacity was 19.91 mM Trolox in basil, 54.09 mM Trolox in thyme and 54.09 mM Trolox in sage. Lutein and zeaxanthin from basil was 267.91 mg/kg, 535.79 mg/kg in thyme and 99.89 mg/kg, and vitamin E ranged from 291.71 mg/kg in basil to 379.37 mg/kg in thyme and 148.07 mg/kg in sage, respectively. After, we developed a trial on 120 unsexed broiler chickens (n = 30) which were separated into four groups with six replications of five chickens each: control (C); 1% basil (B); 1% thyme (T) and 1% sage (S). The B, T and S groups deposited significantly higher (p < 0.05) concentration of zinc, polyphenols, antioxidant capacity and vitamin E in meat samples compared with the C group. In the experimental groups, the proportion of total polyunsaturated fatty acids, the ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids, and the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids in the thigh muscles were significantly improved (p < 0.05). The tested plants exhibited a significant (p = 0.0007) hypocholesterolemic effect in the meat of the B (45.90 mg/g), T (41.60 mg/g) and S (48.80 mg/kg) experimental groups compared with the C (60.50 mg/g) group. These results support the application of the studied plants as natural sources of additives which could be effective in improving meat quality, from the human consumption perspective.

Responses of Lactation, Rumen Fermentation and Blood Biochemical Parameters with Increasing Dietary Inulin Supplementation in Mid-Lactation Dairy Cows

Effects of dietary supplementation of inulin in dairy cows were investigated in this study. Thirty-six mid-lactation Holstein dairy cows were randomly divided into six groups with six cows per group and offered a total mixed ration supplemented with 0 (control), 50, 150, 200, 250 and 350 g/d inulin per head, respectively. The animals were pre-fed for 2 weeks before rumen fluid, milk and blood samples were collected weekly for 3 weeks. With increasing inulin doses, milk yield (p &lt; 0.01) and milk fat concentration (p = 0.04) were linearly increased, while milk urea nitrogen (p &lt; 0.01) and somatic cell count (p = 0.04) were linearly decreased. Linear increases were also detected in the proportions of milk saturated fatty acids (p &lt; 0.01) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (p = 0.04); however, milk monounsaturated fatty acids were linearly decreased (p = 0.04). The ruminal concentrations of acetate, propionate and butyrate increased, while the ruminal pH and the concentration of NH3-N reduced at a decreasing rate with increasing inulin doses (p &lt; 0.01). Moreover, the concentrations of lactic acid (p = 0.03) and total volatile fatty acids (p &lt; 0.01) were linearly upregulated. There were linear increases in the serum concentrations of superoxide dismutase (p = 0.02), immunoglobin G (p &lt; 0.01), immunoglobin M (p = 0.04), interleukin-2 (p &lt; 0.01) and interleukin-10 (p = 0.04); quadratic increases in serum total protein (p &lt; 0.01) and albumin (p = 0.02) and linear decreases in serum total cholesterol (p = 0.02), triglyceride (p &lt; 0.01) and malondialdehyde (p &lt; 0.01). The results indicated that inulin increased milk production, shifted milk fatty acid profile, upregulated rumen volatile fatty acid concentration, and enhanced antioxidant and immunity function in dairy cows in a dose-dependent manner.

Effects of Rearing System and Fattening Intensity on the Chemical Composition, Physicochemical Properties and Sensory Attributes of Meat from Young Crossbred (Holstein-Friesian × Hereford) Bulls.

Simple SummaryCalves could be reared using automatic computer-controlled feeding machines or in a foster cow system, where one cow usually nurses two calves. The unrestricted access of calves to fresh milk in the foster cow system might have a beneficial effect on their health and later fattening performance and, ultimately, meat quality. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of these rearing systems and fattening intensities on bioactive compounds content in beef originated from young bulls. An analysis of different rearing systems and fattening intensity levels indicates that natural calf rearing should be followed by intensive fattening to produce beef with optimal sensory attributes and a high nutritional value.The study was aimed at determining the effects of the rearing system and intensity of fattening on beef physicochemical properties and sensory quality, fatty acid composition, and mineral compounds and vitamins concentration. The study was conducted using meat from 38 young, crossbred bull calves, which were reared with nurse cows (C) or were fed milk replacer (R). In the study, intensive (Int) or semi-intensive (SInt) fattening system were applied. The bulls were slaughtered at the age of 560 days and samples of the longissimus lumborum (LL) muscle were collected. Meat from C bulls was juicier (p < 0.05) and had a higher concentration of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), as well as zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and α-tocopherol, compared with meat from R bulls. The Int system resulted in the intramuscular fat (IMF) content increase (p < 0.01) and reduced shear force (p < 0.05), compared with the SInt system. Meat from Int bulls had a better eating quality and a higher monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFAs), Zn, and Fe; however, it had a lower proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and α-tocopherol concentration than meat obtained from SInt bulls.

Lipid composition of oocytes and tissues of sturgeons depending on conditions of detention

Shortage of sturgeon spawners has led to the need for reservation and long-term detention of spawners, creation of their own brood stocks. The issues of assessing the functional state of producers and the reproductive products and offspring become topical. The wintering conditions of fish in cages at the natural course of temperatures negatively affect their physiological state. During this period, the fish actively move in the cages, but do not feed. The detention of sturgeon spawners in the pools with regulating the parameters of the aquatic environment makes it possible to stabilize the cycle of maturation of the gonads and increase the number of fish-producing females. The lipid composition of caviar affects its fish-breeding quality. The main components of sturgeon caviar fats are triglycerides and lipoid substances, which are represented by phospholipids that are actively involved in generative metabolism during the maturation of gonads. The main fraction of oocyte lipids is represented by triglycerides, whose level in the oocytes of fish from recirculating water installation (RWI) is higher in comparison with cage fish. It was found that sterlet oocyte lipids are mainly represented by triglycerides. Their concentration in the oocytes of fish kept in RWI is higher in comparison with fish kept in cages. Against the higher amount of triglycerides in fish roe from RWI, a decrease in the level of phospholipids and cholesterol was noted. The aging conditions of producers affect the composition of the main lipid fractions. As a result of the research, a relationship was established between the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the tissues of aquatic organ-isms and environmental conditions. The amount of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in the muscles of fish kept in RWI was higher than in the tissues of fish kept in cages. Increasing proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the eggs of fish kept in cages indicates a fairly high utilization of monounsaturated fatty acids.

Changes in Quinoa Seed Fatty Acid Profile Under Heat Stress Field Conditions.

The nutritional quality of quinoa is often related to the high protein content of their seeds. However, and despite not being an oilseed crop, the oil composition of quinoa seeds is remarkable due to its profile, which shows a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly in essential fatty acids such as linoleic (ω-6) and α-linolenic (ω-3). In line with this, this study aimed at evaluating the effect of elevated temperatures on the oil composition of different quinoa cultivars grown in the field in two consecutive years (i.e., 2017 and 2018). In 2017, heat stress episodes resulted in a reduced oil content and lower quality linked to decreased ratios of oleic acid:linoleic acid, larger omega-6 (ω-6) to omega-3 (ω-3) ratios, and lower monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and higher PUFA contents. Furthermore, the correlations found between mineral nutrients such as phosphorous (P) and the contents of oleic and linoleic acids emphasize the possibility of optimizing oil quality by controlling fertilization. Overall, the results presented in this study show how the environmental and genetic factors and their interaction may impact oil quality in quinoa seeds.

Overexpression of Shinorhizobium meliloti flavohemoglobin improves cell growth and fatty acid biosynthesis in oleaginous fungus Mucor circinelloides.

Oxygen availability is a limiting factor for lipid biosynthesis in eukaryotic microorganisms. Two bacterial hemoglobins from Vitreoscilla sp. (VHb) and Shinorhizobium meliloti (SHb), which deliver oxygen to the respiratory chain to produce more ATP, were introduced into Mucor circinelloides to alleviate oxygen limitation, thereby improving cell growth and fatty acid production. The VHb and SHb genes were integrated into the M. circinelloides MU402 genome by homologous recombination. VHb and SHb protein expression was verified by carbon monoxide difference spectrum analysis. The biomass was increased by ~ 50% in the strain expressing SHb compared with VHb. The total fatty acid (TFA) content of the strain expressing SHb reached 15.7% of the dry cell weight (~ 40% higher than that of the control strain) during flask cultivation. The biomass and TFA content were markedly increased (12.1g/L and 21.1% dry cell weight, respectively) in strains expressing SHb than strains expressing VHb during fermenter cultivation. VHb and SHb expression also increased the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Overexpressed bacterial hemoglobins, especially SHb, increased cell growth and TFA content in M. circinelloides at low and high aeration, suggesting that SHb improves fatty acid production more effectively than VHb in oleaginous microorganisms.

Distinguishing Aroma Profile of Highly-Marbled Beef according to Quality Grade using Electronic Nose Sensors Data and Chemometrics Approach.

Fat deposition in animal muscles differs according to the genetics and muscle anatomical locations. Moreover, different fat to lean muscle ratios (quality grade, QG) might contribute to aroma development in highly marbled beef. Scientific evidence is required to determine whether the abundance of aroma volatiles is positively correlated with the amount of fat in highly marbled beef. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of QG on beef aroma profile using electronic nose data and a chemometric approach. An electronic nose with metal oxide semiconductors was used, and discrimination was performed using multivariate analysis, including principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering. The M. longissimus lumborum (striploin) of QG 1++, 1+, 1, and 2 of Hanwoo steers (n=6), finished under identical feeding systems on similar farms, were used. In contrast to the proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), the abundance of volatile compounds and the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) decreased as the QG increased. The aroma profile of striploin from carcasses of different QGs was well-discriminated. QG1++ was close to QG1+, while QG1 and QG2 were within a cluster. In conclusion, aroma development in beef is strongly influenced by fat deposition, particularly the fat-to-lean muscle ratio with regard to the proportion of PUFA. As MUFA slows down the oxidation and release of volatile compounds, leaner beef containing a higher proportion of PUFA produces more volatile compounds than beef with a higher amount of intramuscular fat.

Effects of in ovo feeding of t10,c12-conjugated linoleic acid on hepatic lipid metabolism and subcutaneous adipose tissue deposition in newly hatched broiler chicks

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether in ovo feeding of t10,c12-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) could regulate hepatic lipid metabolism and decrease lipid accumulation in newly hatched chicks. Three hundred and sixty fertilely specific pathogen-free hatching eggs were selected and randomly divided into 6 groups. On embryonic day 11 of incubation (E11), 0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, or 7.5 mg t10,c12-CLA were injected into the eggs. The results indicated that in ovo feeding of t10,c12-CLA significantly decreased the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) mass and the relative SAT weight of newly hatched chicks in linear and quadratic manners (P < 0.05). In liver, the levels of triglycerides were reduced linearly and quadratically and total cholesterol were reduced quadratically as the dose of t10,c12-CLA increased (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1a (CPT1a) content and polyunsaturated fatty acid proportion were increased quadratically in t10,c12-CLA groups (P < 0.05), accompanied by the decrease of malondialdehyde level and the increase of glutathione peroxidase and total antioxidant capacity activities (P < 0.05). In addition, in ovo feeding of t10,c12-CLA decreased the mRNA expression levels of fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 in linear and quadratic manners (P < 0.05), and decreased the mRNA expression of adipose triacylglyceride lipase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase significantly in liver (P < 0.05), accompanied by upregulating the mRNA expression of CPT1a quadratically and AMP-activated protein kinase α linearly and quadratically (P < 0.05). In SAT, the mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c were decreased linearly and quadratically (P < 0.05), and the expression of PPARα and CPT1a genes were increased linearly and quadratically as the dose of t10,c12-CLA increased (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that in ovo feeding of t10,c12-CLA alleviates lipid accumulation in newly hatched chicks by suppressing fatty acid synthesis and stimulating lipolysis in the liver and inhibiting adipocyte differentiation in subcutaneous adipose tissue.

Feeding mango wastes to dairy goats: Effects on diet digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and milk yield and composition

The aim of this study was to assess the potential of mango wastes (0.65:0.35 pulp:peels mixture, PP) preserved in multinutrient blocks (MMB) for goats feeding that replaced part of a commercial concentrate for dairy goats, and contained 0.29 of the mango PP. The multinutrient blocks were formulated to have similar protein content than the concentrate. In addition, soybean meal was totally replaced with sunflower meal. Two diets composed of 0.4 of alfalfa hay and either 0.6 of a commercial concentrate (control diet) or 0.4 of concentrate and 0.2 of MMB (MAN diet) were fed to two homogeneous groups of Murciano-Granadina dairy goats of 8 animals each. Feed intake, diet digestibility, milk yield, composition and fatty acid (FA) profile, ruminal fermentation parameters, and urinary excretion of purine derivatives were measured. The daily intake of MMB averaged 83.9 g dry matter (DM) per goat and was accompanied by an average daily decrease of 71.0 g in concentrate intake (P = 0.324) and 41.0 g of increase in alfalfa hay intake. However, there were no differences between groups (P ≥ 0.253) in the intake of total DM, nitrogen and gross energy. Similarly, nutrient digestibility, utilization of both nitrogen (N) and energy, and urinary excretion of purine derivatives were similar (P ≥ 0.103) for both diets. Partial replacement of concentrate with MMB did not affect (P ≥ 0.358) milk yield and composition, but the milk from MAN-fed goats had greater (P = 0.038) saturated FA and lower (P = 0.047) polyunsaturated FA proportions than the milk from goats fed the control diet. Feeding the MAN diet also resulted in greater (P = 0.003) proportions of milk FA with less than 16 carbons and lower (P = 0.009) proportions of FA with more than 16 carbons compared with feeding the control diet. Similar values (P ≥ 0.213) of ruminal pH and concentrations of NH3-N and total volatile fatty acids were registered in both groups of animals, but goats fed the MAN diet had lower (P = 0.003) acetate and greater (P = 0.029) propionate proportions than those fed the control diet. Under the circumstances of the present study, the profit of milk production (€/d) tended (P = 0.056) to be greater for the MAN diet compared with the control diet. Although multinutrient blocks seem to be a feasible option to preserve mango wastes, more studies are needed to increase the intake of MMB by goats.

High-value lipids accumulation by Pavlova pinguis as a response to nitrogen-induced changes

The challenges of exploring the potential of microalgal strains for biotechnological applications include the optimization of their cell growth and chemical composition. To overcome this, it is essential to understand the mechanisms that lead to the accumulation of desired products within microalgal cells. In this study, a gradient of nitrogen as nitrate (NO3−−N) concentrations was used for the preparation of P. pinguis growth medium. The algal growth dynamics, pigments, nutrient uptake, and detailed lipid composition across treatments were assessed. Increasing the NO3−−N level led to higher lipid content (21%), a higher cell uptake rate (0.20 pg NO3−−N cell−1 d−1) and more accumulation of chlorophylls, carotenoids, and high-value lipids. Eicosapentaenoic acid, essential fatty acids, phytol and stigmasterol were the key high-value lipids that were positively influenced by higher NO3−−N levels. High NO3−−N conditions induced an increase of 54% in total sterol content, while low NO3−−N conditions resulted in increased proportions of saturated fatty acids (66% more) and decreased proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (14% less). The low NO3−−N level also led to higher amounts of monoglyceride (1.60 mg g−1; 64% more). The analysis of P. pinguis lipids before and after hydrolysis provided an insight into the composition of the esterified lipids across treatments. NO3−−N supplementation was revealed to be an effective strategy for enhancing P. pinguis lipid composition, for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries (high NO3−−N level). A greater understanding of the NO3−−N uptake and the use efficiency by P. pinguis was reached, showing its potential for further biotechnological applications.

Tocochromanol Profiles in Chlorella sorokiniana, Nannochloropsis limnetica and Tetraselmis suecica Confirm the Presence of 11'-α-Tocomonoenol in Cultured Microalgae Independently of Species and Origin.

11′-α-Tocomonoenol (11′-αT1) is structurally related to vitamin E and has been quantified in the microalgae Tetraselmis sp. and Nannochloropsis oceanica. However, it is not known whether 11′-αT1 is present in other microalgae independent of species and origin. The aim of this study was to analyze the tocochromanol profiles of Chlorella sorokiniana, Nannochloropsis limnetica, and Tetraselmis suecica and to determine if 11′-αT1 is present in these microalgae. Cultured microalgae were freeze-dried and the presence and identity of α-tocomonoenols were confirmed by LC-MSn (liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy) and GC-MS (gas chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy). Tocochromanol profiles were determined by HPLC-FLD (liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection) and fatty acid profiles (as fatty acid methyl esters; FAME) by GC-MS. As confirmed by LC-MSn and GC-MS, 11′-αT1 was the dominant αT1 isomer in cultured microalgae instead of 12′-αT1, the isomer also known as marine-derived tocopherol. αT1 represented less than 1% of total tocochromanols in all analyzed samples and tended to be more abundant in microalgae with higher proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In conclusion, our findings confirm that αT1 is not restricted to terrestrial photosynthetic organisms, but can also accumulate in microalgae of different species, with 11′-αT1—and not the marine-derived tocopherol (12′-αT1)—as the predominant αT1 isomer.

Hydroxytyrosol Benefits Boar Semen Quality via Improving Gut Microbiota and Blood Metabolome.

Semen quality is one of the most important factors for the success of artificial insemination which has been widely applied in swine industry to take the advantages of the superior genetic background and higher fertility capability of boars. Hydroxytyrosol (HT), a polyphenol, has attracted broad interest due to its strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities. Sperm plasma membrane contains a large proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids which is easily impaired by oxidative stress and thus to diminish semen quality. In current investigation, we aimed to explore the effects of dietary supplementation of HT on boar semen quality and the underlying mechanisms. Dietary supplementation of HT tended to increase sperm motility and semen volume/ejaculation. And the follow-up 2 months (without HT, just basal diet), the semen volume was significantly more while the abnormal sperm was less in HT group than that in control group. HT increased the “beneficial microbes” Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Eubacterium, Intestinimonas, Coprococcus, and Butyricicoccus, however, decreased the relative abundance of “harmful microbes” Streptococcus, Oscillibacter, Clostridium_sensu_stricto, Escherichia, Phascolarctobacterium, and Barnesiella. Furthermore, HT increased plamsa steroid hormones such as testosterone and its derivatives, and antioxidant molecules while decreased bile acids and the derivatives. All the data suggest that HT improves gut microbiota to benefit plasma metabolites then to enhance spermatogenesis and semen quality. HT may be used as dietary additive to enhance boar semen quality in swine industry.

Dietary Coleus amboinicus Lour. decreases ruminal methanogenesis and biohydrogenation, and improves meat quality and fatty acid composition in longissimus thoracis muscle of lambs

BackgroundMethane production and fatty acids (FA) biohydrogenation in the rumen are two main constraints in ruminant production causing environmental burden and reducing food product quality. Rumen functions can be modulated by the biologically active compounds (BACs) of plant origins as shown in several studies e.g. reduction in methane emission, modulation of FA composition with positive impact on the ruminant products. Coleus amboinicus Lour. (CAL) contains high concentration of polyphenols that may potentially reduce methane production and modulate ruminal biohydrogenation of unsaturated FA.This study aimed to investigate the effect of BAC of Coleus amboinicus Lour. (CAL) fed to growing lambs on ruminal methane production, biohydrogenation of unsaturated FA and meat characteristics. In this study, the in vitro experiment aiming at determining the most effective CAL dose for in vivo experiments was followed by two in vivo experiments in rumen-cannulated rams and growing lambs. Experiment 1 (RUSITEC) comprised of control and three experimental diets differing in CAL content (10%, 15%, and 20% of the total diet). The two in vivo experiments were conducted on six growing, rumen-cannulated lambs (Exp. 2) and 16 growing lambs (Exp. 3). Animals were assigned into the control (CON) and experimental (20% of CAL) groups. Several parameters were examined in vitro (pH, ammonia and VFA concentrations, protozoa, methanogens and select bacteria populations) and in vivo (methane production, digestibility, ruminal microorganism populations, meat quality, fatty acids profiles in rumen fluid and meat, transcript expression of 5 genes in meat).ResultsCAL lowered in vitro methane production by 51%. In the in vivo Exp. 3, CAL decreased methane production by 20% compared with the CON group, which corresponded to reduction of total methanogen counts by up to 28% in all experiments, notably Methanobacteriales. In Exp. 3, CAL increased or tended to increase populations of some rumen bacteria (Ruminococcus albus, Megasphaera elsdenii, Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus, and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens). Dietary CAL suppressed the Holotricha population, but increased or tended to increase Entodiniomorpha population in vivo. An increase in the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) proportion in the rumen of lambs was noted in response to the CAL diet, which was mainly attributable to the increase in C18:3 cis-9 cis-12 cis-15 (LNA) proportion. CAL reduced the mRNA expression of four out of five genes investigated in meat (fatty acid synthase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, lipoprotein lipase, and fatty acid desaturase 1).ConclusionsSummarizing, polyphenols of CAL origin (20% in diet) mitigated ruminal methane production by inhibiting the methanogen communities. CAL supplementation also improved ruminal environment by modulating ruminal bacteria involved in fermentation and biohydrogenation of FA. Besides, CAL elevated the LNA concentration, which improved meat quality through increased deposition of n-3 PUFA.