Proportion Of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline induced alterations in biomass, photosynthesis, lipid productivity, and proteomic expression of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803.

Since antibiotics show hormesis effects in cyanobacteria at the nanogram per liter concentration level, the possibility for two commonly used antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline) to increase lipid productivity in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 was assessed in the present study. The two target antibiotics significantly promoted (p < 0.05) the biofuel productivity of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 through the increase of both biomass and lipid content. Sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline significantly stimulated (p < 0.05) cyanobacterial growth by upregulating proteins related to cell differentiation, cell division, and gene expression; significantly enhanced (p < 0.05) the photosynthetic activity by upregulating photosynthesis-related proteins; and significantly increased (p < 0.05) the lipid content in cyanobacterial cells by downregulating carbohydrate catabolic proteins and carbohydrate transport proteins. Due to the altered expression pattern of biosynthesis-related proteins, the two antibiotics increased the proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids, while tetracycline reduced the proportions of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The changes in fatty acid composition may improve the combustion performance of biofuel. This study provided insights into the application of antibiotics in cyanobacteria-based biofuel production. Graphical abstract.

Variation in ω-3 and ω-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Produced by Different Phytoplankton Taxa at Early and Late Growth Phase.

Phytoplankton synthesizes essential ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for consumers in the aquatic food webs. Only certain phytoplankton taxa can synthesize eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5ω3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6ω3), whereas all phytoplankton taxa can synthesize shorter-chain ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA. Here, we experimentally studied how the proportion, concentration (per DW and cell-specific), and production (µg FA L−1 day−1) of ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA varied among six different phytoplankton main groups (16 freshwater strains) and between exponential and stationary growth phase. EPA and DHA concentrations, as dry weight, were similar among cryptophytes and diatoms. However, Cryptomonas erosa had two–27 times higher EPA and DHA content per cell than the other tested cryptophytes, diatoms, or golden algae. The growth was fastest with diatoms, green algae, and cyanobacteria, resulting in high production of medium chain ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA. Even though the dinoflagellate Peridinium cinctum grew slowly, the content of EPA and DHA per cell was high, resulting in a three- and 40-times higher production rate of EPA and DHA than in cryptophytes or diatoms. However, the production of EPA and DHA was 40 and three times higher in cryptophytes and diatoms than in golden algae (chrysophytes and synyrophytes), respectively. Our results show that phytoplankton taxon explains 56–84% and growth phase explains ~1% of variation in the cell-specific concentration and production of ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA, supporting understanding that certain phytoplankton taxa play major roles in the synthesis of essential fatty acids. Based on the average proportion of PUFA of dry weight during growth, we extrapolated the seasonal availability of PUFA during phytoplankton succession in a clear water lake. This extrapolation demonstrated notable seasonal and interannual variation, the availability of EPA and DHA being prominent in early and late summer, when dinoflagellates or diatoms increased.

Sargassum Inundations in Turks and Caicos: Methane Potential and Proximate, Ultimate, Lipid, Amino Acid, Metal and Metalloid Analyses

The Caribbean has been experiencing beach inundations of pelagic Sargassum, causing environmental, health and financial issues. This study showed variations in the composition and methane potential (MP) between the species of Sargassum. The MPs for S. natans VIII, S. natans I and S. fluitans (145, 66 and 113 mL CH4 g−1 Volatile Solids) were considerably below theoretical potentials, possibly due to the high levels of indigestible fibre and inhibitors. The mixed mats Sargassum composition was substantially different from the individual species, being higher in ash, calcium, iron, arsenic and phenolics. The mixed mats produced no methane, perhaps due to the high levels of phenolics. There was a strong correlation between MP and phenolic content. Heavy metals and metalloids were at levels that should not cause concern, except for arsenic (21–124 mg kg−1 dry weight). Further work on the speciation of arsenic in Sargassum is required to fully determine the risk to health and agriculture. Both protein and lipid levels were low. The ‘indispensable amino acid’ profile compares favourably with that recommended by the World Health Organisation. Lipids had a high proportion of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. The use of Sargassum for biogas production could be challenging, and further work is required.

Ontogenetic diet change of hadal amphipods in the New Britain Trench revealed by fatty acid biomarker and stable isotope ratio

The hadal zone (from 6 to 11 km depth) is one of the least explored habitats on Earth, and the knowledge about trophic ecology of hadal organisms is limited. Here, we analyzed fatty acid biomarker and stable isotope ratios of the amphipod species (Alicella gigantean) collected in the New Britain Trench (8225 m depth) in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. A total of 50 samples were divided into five developmental stages according to body length (1–129 cm): Stages I (juvenile), II (sub-adult) and III/IV/V (adult). Stages III, IV and V were further divided according to sex. Mean total fatty acid content for stage I (237.7 ± 105.6 mg g-1) was significantly lower than that for stages II to V (476.4 ± 49.0 mg g-1). The δ15N (14.7–18.4‰) positively correlated with the body length, whereas the EPA/DHA (C20:5ω3/C22:6ω3) ratio (0.09–0.51) negatively correlated with the body length. These results suggested an increase of trophic level with growth. Principal component analysis (PCA) separated major fatty acids into three clusters: (1) C18:1ω9, C16:1ω7, C14:1ω5 (indicative of carrion-based diet); (2) C14:0, C15:0, isoC15:0, C16:0, C17:0, isoC17:0, anteisoC17:0, C18:1ω7, C18:0, C20:1ω9, and C22:1ω9 (bacteria/zooplankton-based diet); and (3) C20:4ω6, C20:5ω3, C22:6ω3 and C22:5ω6 (benthic fauna/algae-based diet). The PCA result revealed that stage I-individuals consumed more bacteria/zooplankton debris, stages II to IV-individuals primarily preyed on carrion, while stage V-individuals had more diverse diet (benthic fauna/algae and carrion). Female amphipods had higher proportions of monounsaturated fatty acids, lower proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and higher δ15N compared to male amphipods, suggesting that female individuals rely more on carrion from higher trophic organisms. This sex-related difference, however, diminished from stage III to V. Overall, our fatty acid and stable isotope data suggest an ontogenetic diet shift for hadal amphipods that may contribute to their success in the deepest ocean.

Impacts of different feeding modes on the gonadal development, total edible yield, and nutritional composition of male Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis)

This study analyzed the tissue indices, proximate composition, fatty acid and amino acid composition of edible tissues of male E. sinensis under three feeding modes (formulated diets (FD), natural diets (ND), and traditional diets (TD)). The results showed that different feeding modes had no impacts on the overall gonadal development, as no significant difference was found in gonadsomatic index among three treatments. For edible yield, three modes all had similar levels of the meat yield, hepatosomatic index, and total edible yield. Although different feeding modes did not affect the individual edible yield and gonadal development, significant differences were detected in the nutritional composition of males from three modes. For proximate composition, significant differences were found in the total lipids of gonads and the carbohydrate of hepatopancreas and meat. For fatty acids, crabs from ND had a higher proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids. In gonads and hepatopancreas, FD had a higher proportion of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. For amino acids, FD had higher amino acid contents, while ND had the lowest. Except tryptophan, the essential amino acids scores of the meat were all greater than 100. As there was no significant difference on meat quality and meat yields between three feeding modes, this study suggests that the formulated diet could replace the natural diet and traditional diet towards sustainable crab farming in future.

Fatty acid profile of phospholipids and sphingomyelin in milk and regulation of sphingomyelin synthesis of mammary glands in cows receiving increasing levels of crushed sunflower seeds

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of increasing dietary supplementation of crushed sunflower seed (CSS) in the diet of dairy cows on the fatty acid (FA) composition of phospholipids and sphingomyelin in milk, and on mammary transcription of genes that are important for sphingomyelin de novo synthesis. Four groups of 6 cows received diets supplemented with CSS at 0% (control), or 5, 10, or 15% of dry matter for a 5-wk experimental period. Milk samples and mammary biopsies were collected at the end of the experiment. Phospholipid concentration in milk fat decreased linearly with CSS supplementation. Sphingomyelin concentration in milk fat was unaffected by CSS supplementation. Daily yield of phospholipids decreased linearly with CSS supplementation. Daily yield of sphingomyelin was not significantly affected. The CSS supplementation linearly increased the proportion of monounsaturated FA in milk phospholipids. The major isomer incorporated into phospholipids was C18:1 (n-9 cis), which showed a linear increase with CSS supplementation. The C22:0 proportion in sphingomyelin increased linearly with CSS supplementation and constituted between 15.2 to 25.4% of total FA in sphingomyelin. However, CSS supplementation linearly decreased C23:0 sphingomyelin. Mammary transcription of serine palmitoyl transferase, long chain subunit 1 and subunit 2, the rate-limiting enzymes in ceramide synthesis, showed a linear decrease with increasing CSS supplementation. In conclusion, the data showed that dietary supplementation of CSS linearly increased the proportion of unsaturated FA and monounsaturated FA in milk phospholipids with no effect on phospholipid concentration. In addition, CSS supplementation linearly decreased n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid proportion in sphingomyelin. The results further showed that mammary transcription of important genes for sphingomyelin de novo synthesis is regulated by lipid supplementation.

Meat Quality and Fatty Acid Profiles of Chinese Ningxiang Pigs Following Supplementation with N-Carbamylglutamate.

Simple SummaryN-carbamylglutamate (NCG) has been demonstrated to promote the synthesis of endogenous arginine and improve reproductive performance. In the present study, we found that dietary NCG supplementation improved meat quality of a Chinese fat-type pig by increasing muscle tenderness and Phe concentration, and optimizing fatty acid profiles in different tissues. These results provided scientific evidence for the application of NCG as a feed additive in finishing pigs.The present study evaluated the effects of dietary N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) on carcass traits, meat quality, and fatty acid profiles in the longissimus dorsi muscle and adipose tissues of Chinese Ningxiang pigs. A total of 36 castrated female pigs with a similar initial weight (43.21 ± 0.57 kg) were randomly assigned to two treatments (with six pens per treatment and three pigs per pen) and fed either a basal diet or a basal diet supplemented with 0.08% NCG for 56 days. Results showed that dietary NCG reduced shear force (p = 0.004) and increased drip loss (p = 0.044) in longissimus dorsi muscle of Ningxiang pigs. Moreover, increased levels of oleic acid (C18:1n9c) (p = 0.009), paullinic acid (C20:1) (p = 0.004), and α-linolenic acid (C18:3n3) (p < 0.001), while significant reduction in the proportions of arachidonic acid (C20:4n6) (p < 0.001) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (p = 0.017) were observed in the longissimus dorsi muscle of pigs fed NCG when compared with those fed the control diet. As for adipose tissues, the C20:1 (p = 0.045) proportion in dorsal subcutaneous adipose (DSA), as well as the stearic acid (C18:0) (p = 0.018) level in perirenal adipose (PA) were decreased when pigs were fed the NCG diet compared with those of the control diet. In contrast, the margaric acid (C17:0) (p = 0.043) proportion in PA were increased. Moreover, the NCG diet produced PA with a greater proportion of total PUFAs (p = 0.001) (particularly linoleic acid (C18:2n6c) (p = 0.001)) compared with those produced by the control diet. These findings suggest that dietary NCG has beneficial effects by decreasing the shear force and improving the healthfulness of fatty acid profiles, providing a novel strategy for enhancing meat quality of pigs.

Comparative effects of nano-selenium and sodium selenite supplementations on fertility in aged broiler breeder males.

It is well documented that aging has negative effects on fertility. With increasing age, the activity of antioxidant enzymes are reduced and because of roosters sperm composition, a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), the probability of sperm damage increases. The objective of the present study was to compare the effects of nano-selenium and sodium selenite on fertility in aged male broiler breeder chickens. Thirty-five male broiler breeders (Cobb 500)® at 50 weeks of age were randomly divided into five equal groups: The control group was fed on a commercial diet, group T1 was fed on a commercial diet supplemented with sodium selenite (0.30 mg kg-1 feed), group T2, T3 and T4 were fed on a commercial diet supplemented with nano-selenium (0.15, 0.30 and 0.60 mg kg-1 feed, respectively). Sperm characteristics (sperm count, motility, viability, and maturity) as well as testicular histomorphometric features [tubule differentiation (TDI), spermiation (SPI), Sertoli cell (SCI) and meiotic (MI) indices] were assessed. The results showed that sperm characteristics were gradually decreased with age in the control group, however, it increased in group T3. Also, TDI, SPI, SCI, and MI in group T3 were higher than those of other groups. Our findings revealed that dietary supplementations with nano-selenium boosted fertility in aged male broiler breeders and the best results were obtained when the roosters received 0.30 mg kg-1 nano-selenium. Supplementation of nano-selenium in aged broiler breeder males might be effective to maintain flock fertility and/or increase the flock fertility.

Effect of the concentrate-based finishing on the proximate composition, organoleptic quality and fatty acids profile of the Beni-Guil sheep meat

The aim of this study is to compare two sheep farming practices (lamb farming with or without finishing period on concentrate), on carcass characteristics, fatty acid profile and organoleptic quality of the meat. The study was performed on 24 Beni-Guil lambs. Finished animals (F) had access to creep feeding until weaning and were fed a mixed ration of barley and alfalfa hay during a finishing period of 45 days; however, nonfinished animals (NF) remained on the pasture. This comparison was carried out by analyzing the carcass characteristics, proximate composition and fatty acids profile of the meat. Ultimate pH and meat lightness were lower for F-lambs than NF-lambs who didn’t go through the finishing period. The concentrate-based finished practice produced carcasses with better fatness state and conformation. The intramuscular fat content is more important in finished-lambs’ meats (3.81 vs 1.82) which show more juiciness and a high meat’s color lightness. However, meats of NF-lambs presented a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA: 20.70 vs 16.82), particularly the PUFA n-3 (3.97 vs 1.17) and consequently a low n-6/n-3 ratio (3.92 vs 12.72). Finally, we recommend, finished lamb meats for the large-scale market and meat of pasture-raised lamb for the niche market.

Grass finishing and the residual effect of pasture prior to concentrate finishingon the shelf stability of late-maturing bull beef

Context The finishing of late-maturing bulls on grass is economically more favourable than finishing on cereal concentrates but it may have a negative effect on oxidative stability. Aim To determine the effect of varying levels of pasture feeding during the finishing period on the oxidative stability of bull beef. Methods Groups of eight late-maturing breed sired bulls were assigned to one of the following production systems: (1) pasture only for 200 days (P), (2) pasture only for 100 days followed by pasture plus 50% of the dietary dry matter (DM) intake as concentrate for 100 days (P-C50), (3) pasture plus 50% of the DM intake as concentrate for 200 days (C50), (4) pasture only for 100 days followed by ad libitum concentrates for 100 days (P-C), (5) pasture plus 50% of the DM intake as concentrate for 100 days followed by ad libitum concentrates for 100 days (C50-C) and (6) ad libitum concentrates offered indoors for 200 days (C). The M. Longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle was excised post-slaughter for proximate, fatty acid and α-tocopherol analysis and for measurement of lipid and protein oxidation and colour stability. Results The polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentration and proportion in muscle were higher (P &amp;lt; 0.001) in C50 bulls compared with P, P-C50 and P-C bulls. The concentration of highly peroxidisable PUFA was at least 1.3-fold higher (P &amp;lt; 0.001) in the muscle of C50 bulls than of C and P-C bulls whereas the proportion was at least 1.5-fold higher (P &amp;lt; 0.001) in muscle of P, P-C50 and C50 bulls compared with C and P-C bulls. There was a higher (P &amp;lt; 0.001) concentration of saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids in muscle of bulls fed on concentrate in the last 100 days (P-C, C50-C and C) compared with those fed on grass (fully or partially) in the last 100 days (P, P-C50 and C50). α-Tocopherol concentration was at least 1.5-fold higher (P &amp;lt; 0.001) in muscle of P bulls compared with C, C50-C and P-C bulls. Redness, redness stability, lipid and protein oxidation did not differ between treatments (P &amp;gt; 0.05). Conclusions The increase in highly peroxidisable PUFA in beef, by increasing pasture in the finishing ration did not increase susceptibility to oxidation, most likely due to a concomitant increase in α-tocopherol. Implications Beef can be produced from late-maturing bulls grazing on pasture for 200 days without impacting negatively on oxidative stability.

Enhancing Lipid Oxidative Stability of Cooked‐Chilled Lamb Meat through Dietary Rosemary Diterpenes

AbstractA dietary rosemary extract (DRE) containing carnosic acid and carnosol at 1:1 (w/w) for enhancing the lipid oxidative stability in cooked‐chilled lamb meat, is evaluated. Three diets for fattening lambs are tested: i) a cereal‐based concentrate (C‐diet); ii) the C‐diet plus 600 mg vitamin E per kg feed (E‐diet); and iii) the C‐diet plus 600 mg rosemary diterpenes per kg feed (R‐diet). Griddled‐chilled lamb patties are kept at 4 °C and lighting for 2 days, simulating catering conditions. Diterpenes have a lower deposition rate than vitamin E in lamb muscle and are completely degraded during cooking. DRE is thus less effective than dietary vitamin E in enhancing the oxidative stability of the patties. After 2‐day storage, the R‐diet shows lower (p &lt; 0.01) peroxide values and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances than the C‐diet, while, in contrast to the E‐diet, it does not inhibit (p &gt; 0.05) the formation of cholesterol oxidation products. The R‐diet increases (p &lt; 0.05) the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids and decreases (p &lt; 0.05) the n‐6/n‐3 ratio. These findings suggest antioxidant protection by dietary bioactive compounds beyond the direct radical scavenging activity that is able to stabilize lipids during the meat shelf‐life.Practical Applications: Cooked‐chilled meat lipids strongly oxidize in ready‐to‐eat dishes kept in retailing conditions, which may negatively affect their levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), cholesterol oxidation products (COP), and other lipid oxidation products. Dietary rosemary diterpenes can be used as a clean alternative to feed additives to enhance the oxidative stability of cooked‐chilled meat. Improved health and antioxidant status of the animal might be able to reduce oxidative spoilage during meat shelf‐life. Diterpenes provide lesser antioxidant protection than dietary vitamin E but may improve the PUFA content, with positive implications for the nutritional quality of lamb fat. The use of dietary antioxidants with different properties may contribute to improving the efficacy of animal feeds to improve meat quality.

Fatty acid profiles and health lipid indices in the breast muscles of local Polish goose varieties

The aim of this study was to evaluate the fatty acid profile and health lipid indices of meat from 3 Polish local goose varieties (Romanian–RO, Pomeranian–PO, and Subcarpathian–SB) and the commercial cross White Kołuda goose (W31). Birds were fed ad libitum with the same complete feeds until 17 wk of age. The geese (n = 72) with body weight close to the arithmetic mean in particular flock were fasted for 12 h and slaughtered in an experimental slaughterhouse (18 females in each flock). Carcasses were stored at 2 to 4°C for 24 h. The breast muscles (m. pectoralis major) were cut out from the left side of carcass, separately vacuum-packed, and stored at −80°C until analysis. Fatty acid profile of meat was determined by gas chromatography and health lipid indices were calculated. The W31 muscles had a higher percentage of C 18:0 and a lower of C 16:0 than those of RO, PO, and SB geese. The W31 muscles were characterized by a significantly higher proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids (46.5%) than remaining ones (43.28%–PO, 43.38%–SB, and 44.24%–RO). The lowest proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids was established for W31 muscles (22.05%). The breast muscles of RO, SB, and PO had more favorable polyunsaturated n-6 and n-3 fatty acid (PUFA)/ saturated fatty acid (SFA) ratio (0.85, 0.82, 0.83, respectively) than W31 geese (0.72). The current findings showed that UFA/SFA, PUFA/SFA, and PUFA n-6/n-3 ratios in RO and SB muscles were within the optimum values for human diets. No significant differences were observed in the atherogenic, thrombogenic, and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic indices between the analyzed muscles. Commercial W31 geese breast muscles showed a lower value (43.90%) of peroxidizability index (PI) compared to SB (52.88%), PO (53.93%), and RO (53.47%). However, the higher values of the PUFA/SFA and PI in the meat of SB, PO, and RO birds may indicate a higher prohealth value of their meat.

An overview on the use of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in animal nutrition

The aim of the paper was to research the possibility of using hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in animal nutrition. In animal nutrition, hemp seeds can be used, as well as hempseed cake, and hemp oil as supplement in feed mixtures. Hemp seeds are rich in crude protein and crude fat with adequate proportions of linoleic (LA, C18:2 n-6) and linolenic (ALA, C18:3 n-3) acid. The addition of hemp oil in diets of dairy goats increased milk fat with increasing conjugated fatty acid (CLA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) proportions. When feeding ewes with addition of hemp seeds (180 g/day) or hempseed cake (480 g/day), higher milk fat content was observed with higher proportions of LA, CLA and ALA. Addition of hempseed cake (143 g/ kg DM) in diets of cows increased milk yield, compared to the control group and the group with higher levels of hempseed cake (233 or 318 g/kg DM). Nutrition of laying hens with hemp seeds in diet (10 and 20%) provided enrichment of yolk fat with ALA, and did not negatively influence laying performance. The aforementioned indicated possibility of using hemp in diets of animals without major changes in production, and with possible increase of desirable fatty acids in animal products.

Fatty acid profiling of 75 Indian snack samples highlights overall low trans fatty acid content with high polyunsaturated fatty acid content in some samples.

Diet-derived fatty acids have well-proven varying effects on human health. In particular, trans fatty acids (TFA) are associated with high risk of cardiovascular diseases whereas, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are considered to be beneficial to the human health. In this study, we report fatty acid profiling of 75 food samples from India belonging to three broad categories, viz., perishable deep-fried, non-perishable deep-fried and bakery. Lipids were extracted from the snacks and fatty acids converted into methyl esters and analysed by gas chromatography. Thirty-seven detected fatty acids were classified into four categories: saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), PUFA, and TFA, of which SFA represented the most abundant class in two-third of the samples. The highest average proportions of TFA and SFA of 3.26% and 56.1%, respectively, in total fatty acids were found in the bakery products; whereas, that of PUFA (38%) in the perishable deep-fried products. Principal Component Analysis depicted clustering of many samples according to the above-mentioned categories and helped predict the oil usage. Lower TFA content in all the samples and high proportion of PUFA in a quarter of the samples is suggestive of a better trend as compared to earlier studies.

Home parenteral nutrition with an omega-3-fatty-acid-enriched MCT/LCT lipid emulsion in patients with chronic intestinal failure (the HOME study): study protocol for a randomized, controlled, multicenter, international clinical trial

BackgroundHome parenteral nutrition (HPN) is a life-preserving therapy for patients with chronic intestinal failure (CIF) indicated for patients who cannot achieve their nutritional requirements by enteral intake. Intravenously administered lipid emulsions (ILEs) are an essential component of HPN, providing energy and essential fatty acids, but can become a risk factor for intestinal-failure-associated liver disease (IFALD). In HPN patients, major effort is taken in the prevention of IFALD. Novel ILEs containing a proportion of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) could be of benefit, but the data on the use of n-3 PUFA in HPN patients are still limited.Methods/designThe HOME study is a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind, multicenter, international clinical trial conducted in European hospitals that treat HPN patients. A total of 160 patients (80 per group) will be randomly assigned to receive the n-3 PUFA-enriched medium/long-chain triglyceride (MCT/LCT) ILE (Lipidem/Lipoplus® 200 mg/ml, B. Braun Melsungen AG) or the MCT/LCT ILE (Lipofundin® MCT/LCT/Medialipide® 20%, B. Braun Melsungen AG) for a projected period of 8 weeks. The primary endpoint is the combined change of liver function parameters (total bilirubin, aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase) from baseline to final visit. Secondary objectives are the further evaluation of the safety and tolerability as well as the efficacy of the ILEs.DiscussionCurrently, there are only very few randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the use of ILEs in HPN, and there are very few data at all on the use of n-3 PUFAs. The working hypothesis is that n-3 PUFA-enriched ILE is safe and well-tolerated especially with regard to liver function in patients requiring HPN. The expected outcome is to provide reliable data to support this thesis thanks to a considerable number of CIF patients, consequently to broaden the present evidence on the use of ILEs in HPN.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT03282955. Registered on 14 September 2017.

Evaluating Dietary Inclusion of High Oleic Soybean Meal and Oil on Broiler Performance and Lipid Quality

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary inclusion of high oleic soybean meal and oil on broiler performance and lipid quality.Materials and MethodsMale Ross 308 broiler chicks (n = 160) were sorted by weight and randomly assigned to one of two treatments containing 10 replicate pens with 8 broilers each. Treatment groups consisted of a control corn-soy diet that included commodity soybean meal and oil (CON) and a corn-soy diet containing high oleic soybean meal and oil (HO). Broilers received, ad libitum, a two-phase diet consisting of starter (d0–21) containing 5% oil and grower (d21–42) containing 3% oil. Pen weight (PW) and feed intake (FI) were recorded on Days 0, 21, and 42 and used to calculate feed to gain ratio (F:G). Broilers were slaughtered on d42, after which carcasses were weighed and fabricated. Weights of fabricated parts were recorded for carcass yield. Samples of breast and thigh meat were taken for fatty acid profile analysis, which was conducted using a modified version of methods by Folch et al. (1957) and Morrison and Smith (1964). To measure lipid oxidation, boneless, skinless breast halves chosen randomly from each pen were placed on Styrofoam trays and overwrapped with oxygen permeable, polyvinyl chloride and placed in retail storage (4°C) and used for collection of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) on Day 1, 3, and 5 of storage. Data was analyzed using PROC GLM procedure in SAS, with level of significance set at P &lt; 0.05.ResultsCON pens had a greater (P &lt; 0.002) change in weight (23480.61 g. vs. 21829.39 g.), however, the CON treatment had an increase in FI (P &lt; 0.0003) compared to the HO treatment (29841.74 g. vs. 27405.68 g). Thus, there was no significant difference (P = 0.22) in F:G between treatments. While there was no difference (P = 0.39; P = 0.71) in percent carcass yield or breast yield, the CON treatment had a higher (P = 0.01) percent thigh yield compared to the HO treatment (16.36% vs. 15.86%). Results of lipid oxidation showed there was an effect of day (P &lt; 0.0001), but no treatment or interaction effects were observed. Diet changed (P &lt; 0.0001) the proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in breast and thigh meat. HO treatment increased the proportion of MUFA and decreased the proportion of PUFA and SFA in both breast and thigh meat. Both breast and thigh samples from the HO treatment had increased (P &lt; 0.0001) proportions of oleic acid (C18:1) and decreased proportions of linoleic acid (C18:2) compared to the control. Inclusion of HO soybean meal and oil in broiler diets resulted in increased uptake of MUFA (C18:1) and decreased PUFA (C18:2) in both breast and thigh meat, while having no impact on broiler feed efficiency.ConclusionPull through effect of HO acid seen in fatty acid analysis of broiler meat shows the ability to serve as a mechanism to increase oleic acid inclusion in human diets. Oleic acid needs are potentially related to omega-3 fatty acid needs which are shown to have health benefits related to cardiac health in humans among other things. Studies have shown that increases in oleic acid in diets can lead to an increase in omega-3 fatty acids.

Dietary supplementation with pioglitazone hydrochloride improves intramuscular fat, fatty acid profile, and antioxidant ability of thigh muscle in yellow-feathered chickens.

Muscle fat content and fatty acid composition play an important role in poultry flavor and taste. To investigate the effects of pioglitazone hydrochloride (PGZ) on growth performance and thigh muscle quality in yellow-feathered chickens, 360 female chickens were randomly divided into three groups and treated with three doses of PGZ (0, 7.5, and 15 mg kg-1 ) for 28 days. Each group had six replicates of 20 chickens. The results showed that dietary supplementation with 15 mg kg-1 PGZ increased average daily feed intake (ADFI) and the average daily gain (ADG) from 0 to 14 days. Furthermore, the triglyceride (TG) level was decreased by 15 mg kg-1 PGZ, whereas the eviscerated yield was increased. The relative weight of the heart and kidneys showed a linear increase with dietary PGZ supplementation, and the drip loss of the thigh muscle was significantly decreased by 15 mg kg-1 PGZ supplementation. Moreover, a* value, intramuscular fat (IMF), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) showed a linear increase, and pH24 h and drip loss showed a quadratic influence with the levels of PGZ supplementation. In particular, the PUFA proportion was increased by 7.63% and 9.14% in the 7.5mg kg-1 PGZ and 15 mg kg-1 PGZ groups, respectively. Additionally, 15 mg kg-1 of PGZ increased the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX ) activity. In summary, 15 mg kg-1 PGZ has substantial effects on growth performance and meat quality, particularly by decreasing drip loss and increasing IMF content, PUFA proportions, and antioxidant ability. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Monogalactosyldiacylglycerols with High PUFA Content From Microalgae for Value-Added Products.

Monogalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDGs) from microalgae containing a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have enormous potential applications in various industries. In this study, the productivity and fatty acid composition of MGDGs from three microalgae in commercialized production, Chlorella sorokiniana GT, Nannochloropsis oceanica IMET1, and Arthrospira platensis, were evaluated under nitrogen-sufficient (+N) and nitrogen-deficient (-N) conditions. Under +N conditions, higher productivities of MGDGs from C. sorokiniana GT1, N. oceanica IMET1, and A. platensis were obtained with 16.3, 4.3, and 1.3 mg/L/day, respectively. In agreement with a high ratio of PUFAs in MGDGs, they accounted for 56%, 66%, and 47% of the total fatty acids in MGDG correspondingly. α-linoleic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and γ-linoleic acid (GLA) were the specific PUFAs of the three microalgae. The proportions of the specific PUFAs in MGDG accounted for 26%, 44%, and 63% of total specific PUFAs, respectively. Considering the production, cost of microalgae biomass and price of MGDG, the commercialized microalgae C. sorokiniana GT1 and A. platensis showed great potential to produce MGDGs with a high content of PUFAs, in contrast to N. oceanica IMET1, with its high biomass cost and low production. This study provides basic data for the extraction and separation of microalgae lipids from commercialized microalgae, which is helpful to promote the commercialization of microalgae.

The effect of dietary glycerol supplementation on milk production and composition, blood parameters and performance of lactating sows

Modern lactating sows have an increased demand for nutrients for the large litter size compared to the traditional genotypes. Glycerol is considered to be a good alternative to moderate the energy deficiency and provide energy supply in the feed of lactating sow. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of a liquid “feed grade” glycerol source on the milk production and milk composition of sows including its fatty acid profile, on the major physiological indicators of sows, and on the digestibility of nutrients. The trial was conducted with Danish Landrace×Danish Yorkshire (323±17.0 kg) sows (n = 12/treatment) and their litters. 5% glycerol supplementation increased the milk yield on d 21 of lactation [control (C): 8.94±2.27 kg/d vs. 5% glycerol (G): 10.39±1.56 kg/d; P<0.05], but had no effect on the milk production of the total lactation period (P>0.05). Glycerol inclusion decreased the milk protein content on d 14 and d 21 and had a decreasing effect on the milk protein (CP) content in the total lactation period, either (C: 5.33±0.40 g/100 g milk vs. G: 5.15.±0.33 g/100 g milk; P<0.05). Glycerol supplementation did not influence the dry matter (DM), ether extract (EE) and lactose content. 5% glycerol did not have any effect on the feed intake, live weight, back-fat thickness, and weaning-to-oestrus interval of lactating sows and neither did significantly influence the weaning weight of the piglets. There was no difference between control and experimental groups in total protein, albumin and triglyceride concentration of blood samples of sows and in the activity of liver enzymes (ALT, AST, GGT), but there was a tendency (P<0.10) for increased plasma glucose (C: 4.94±0.29 mmol/L vs. G: 5.17±0.55 mmol/L) and cholesterol (C: 2.10±0.27 mmol/L vs. G: 2.34±0.33 mmol/L) in the experimental group. Due to the 5% glycerol supplementation, the ratio of total saturated fatty acids (SFAs) of the milk fat decreased (C: 43.47±3.37 g/100 g fatty acid vs. G: 39.39±4.51 g/100 g fatty acid; P<0.05). In the SFAs group the ratio of C14:0 and C16:0 fatty acids decreased significantly compared with the control group (P<0.05). In contrast, there was a tendency for increased total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) content of the milk (C: 43.62±2.54 g/100 g fatty acid vs. G: 47.11±4.29 g/100 g fatty acid; P<0.10) but the total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) content was not affected (C: 12.88±1.23 g/100 g fatty acid vs. G: 13.50±0.64 g/100 g fatty acid;). The total n-3 PUFAs proportion in the milk increased (C: 0.63±0.06 vs. G: 0.68±0.05; P<0.05). No differences were observed in the apparent total tract digestibility of DM, CP, EE and crude fiber between control and experimental groups. Our findings have shown that 5% “feed grade” glycerol can be fed with lactating sows without having a negative effect on the performance. Additional dose trials are needed to be performed in order to further study the effect of glycerol supplementation on milk production and on metabolic processes of lactating sows.

The Effect of Substitution of Palm Fat with Linseed Oil on the Lipid Peroxidation, Antioxidative Capacity and Intestinal Morphology in Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).

Simple SummaryBy changing the source of fat in the diet of animals, the fat content of animal products, such as meat, could be improved. The addition of linseed oil, with a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially n-3 α-linolenic acid, is often used in animal nutrition. Rabbit diet manipulation is effective in increasing or changing the level of fatty acids such that meat could become a functional food for humans. Since polyunsaturated fatty acids are susceptible on oxidation, an effect on animal health could arise. Therefore, we conducted a trial replacing palm fat (saturated fatty acids) with linseed oil (polyunsaturated fatty acids) in the rabbit diet to compere the oxidative status and histology of intestinal tissues. There was no significant effect in the substitution of linseed oil on the malondialdehyde concentration in urine and plasma, antioxidative capacity of water soluble or lipid soluble antioxidants, or intestinal morphology. Therefore, with an appropriate dietary strategy, the content of rabbit meat can be improved without reducing animal welfare.This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different dietary fatty acids (saturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids) supplementation on the oxidative status and intestinal morphology of adult rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Twenty-four “slovenska kunka” rabbits were randomly assigned to two different dietary treatments (12 rabbits per treatment) and fed the experimental diets between 80 and 102 days of age. The palm fat (PALM) diet with 6% palm fat and linseed (LINSEED) diets with 6% linseed oil were used. To evaluate the oxidative status of rabbits, the malondialdehyde concentration in urine and plasma and concentration of water and lipid soluble antioxidants in plasma were measured. The antioxidative capacity of the gastrointestinal tract was evaluated by measuring concentration of water and lipid soluble antioxidants in tissues and contents of the intestine. The histological structure of the small intestine and caecum was analyzed via histomorphometric analysis. No significant differences were found in either of those parameters. In summary, rabbits were exposed to high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids with a high predisposition to oxidation, but their health and welfare were not endangered.