Proportion Of Phosphatidylcholine Research Articles

Multi-omics analysis of metabolic differences in rape bee pollen fermented by single and mixed lactic acid bacterial strains

Bee pollen is a nutrient-rich granule, but its hard cell wall limits the absorption of its nutrients by the human body. Fermenting bee pollen with lactic acid bacteria breaks down its cell wall and enhances its metabolite profile, improving nutrient availability. However, the differences in metabolites and cell wall disruption effects between mixed and single-strain fermentation have not been clarified. This study aimed to analyze the metabolites of Lactobacillus plantarum comprehensively fermented bee pollen (LPFP), Lactobacillus acidophilus fermented bee pollen (LAFP), and L. plantarum and L. acidophilus mixed fermented bee pollen (LMFP) using targeted and untargeted metabolomics as well as lipidomics, to explore the key metabolic pathways of LMFP. The results showed that under scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the cell wall of LMFP was more thoroughly disrupted. Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) and metabolic pathway enrichment analysis indicated that the degradation of flavonoids in LMFP was reduced, while the contents of total phenols, total flavonoids, rutin, and other polyphenols were significantly increased. Meanwhile, the metabolism of sucrose and amino acids in LMFP was enhanced, which might have contributed to the production of flavor compounds. Additionally, compared to LAFP and LPFP, triglycerides (TG) in LMFP increased by 8.14% and 9.85%, respectively, while the proportion of phosphatidylcholine (PC) decreased by 0.62% and 2.88%. Overall, this study presents a comprehensive metabolic profile of LAFP, LPFP, and LMFP, demonstrating how fermentation strategies affect cell wall disruption and metabolite diversity, laying a foundation for enhancing bee pollen's nutritional and functional properties.

Class A lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase 2 from Camelina sativa promotes very long-chain fatty acids accumulation in phospholipid and triacylglycerol.

Very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are important industrial raw materials and can be produced by genetically modified oil plants. For a long time, class A lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAT) was considered unable to promote the accumulation of VLCFA in oil crops. The bottlenecks that the transgenic high VLCFA lines have an oil content penalty and the low amount of VLCFA in phosphatidylcholine remains intractable. In the present study, a class A LPAT2 from Camelina sativa (CsaLPAT2) promoting VLCFAs accumulation in phospholipid was found. Overexpression of CsaLPAT2 alone in Arabidopsis seeds significantly increased the VLCFA content in triacylglycerol, including C20:0, C20:2, C20:3, C22:0, and C22:1. The proportion of phosphatidic acid molecules containing VLCFAs in transgenic seeds reached up to 45%, which was 2.8-fold greater than that in wild type. The proportion of phosphatidylcholine and diacylglycerol molecules containing VLCFAs also increased significantly. Seed size in CsaLPAT2 transgenic lines showed a slight increase without an oil content penalty. The total phospholipid content in the seed of the CsaLPAT2 transgenic line was significantly increased. Furthermore, the function of class A LPAT in promoting the accumulation of VLCFAs is conserved in the representative oil crops of Brassicaceae, such as C. sativa, Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica napus, Brassica rapa, and Brassica oleracea. The findings of this study provide a promising gene resource for the production of VLCFAs.

Optimization of Method and Proportion of Phosphatidylcholine and Ethanol for Preparation of Kojic Acid Ethosome

Optimization of Method and Proportion of Phosphatidylcholine and Ethanol for Preparation of Kojic Acid Ethosome

Properties and bioavailability assessment of shrimp astaxanthin loaded liposomes.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of phospholipid composition on the properties and bioavailability of astaxanthin-loaded liposomes using cell culture. Two mixtures of phospholipids with different proportions of phosphatidylcholine (PC, 23% and 70%) were used at various concentrations (0.8, 1.6, and 2.0% w/v) to prepare astaxanthin-loaded liposomes, which were investigated for entrapment efficiency (EE), antioxidant activity, morphology and changes in astaxanthin properties during a storage period of 8weeks at 4°C. Furthermore, Caco-2 human colon adenocarcinoma cells were employed to examine the cellular uptake of astaxanthin-loaded liposomes. The highest EE was observed with astaxanthin-loaded liposomes containing 70% PC, and used at the concentration of 2.0% w/v. Liposomes maintained the antioxidant activity of astaxanthin. All liposomal preparations were non-toxic. Cellular uptake of astaxanthin-loaded liposomes containing 70% PC was significantly higher than that of 23% PC-containing liposomes (p < 0.05).

How CCTα puts a leash on phospholipid synthesis

The proportion of phosphatidylcholine (PC) in the membrane is controlled by CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase α (CCTα), which is known to be regulated by a dual auto-inhibitory and membrane-binding domain. However, the detailed mechanism by which this domain regulates CCTα activity is not clear. Ramezanpour et al. use a combined computational and biochemical approach to define new details of this mechanism, providing an elegant illustration of how the lipid-sensing domain of a phospholipid biosynthetic enzyme controls membrane homeostasis.

Effects of nanoliposomal and pegylated nanoliposomal artemisinin in treatment of breast cancer.

This study is aimed to investigate the nanoliposomal artemisinin preparation, and its implementation on breast cancer cells. Side effects have been one of the common challenges of drug usage, as well as cancer treatment. In order to reduce such effects, nanotechnology has been a great help. Nanoliposomes are provided through reverse phase evaporation. In this method, certain proportions of phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and artemisinin were mixed together. Besides, the obtained formulation was pegylated by using polyethylene glycol 2000 in order to increase its stability and solubility. The mean diameter of non-pegylated and pegylated liposomal artemisinin was determined by Zeta sizer system. The percent of drug released from liposome was performed by dialysis. The encapsulation efficiency of both formulations was estimated by spectrophotometry method. As a result, encapsulation and drug release of nanoliposomal formulation were more than the pegylation of the same formulation. In addition, this study indicated that cytotoxicity effect of pegylated nanoliposomal artemisinin was more, in comparison with nanoliposomal artemisinin.

Modeling and prediction of cytotoxicity of artemisinin for treatment of the breast cancer by using artificial neural networks

While artemisinin is known as anticancer medication with favorable remedial effects, its side effects must not be neglected. In order to reduce such side effects and increase artemisinin therapeutic index, nano technology has been considered as a new approach. Liposome preparation is supposed to be one of the new methods of drug delivery. To prepare the desired nanoliposome, certain proportions of phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and artemisinin are mixed together. Besides, in order to achieve more stability, the formulation was pegylated by polyethylene glycol 2000 (PEG 2000). Mean diameter of nanoliposomes was determined by means of Zeta sizer. Encapsulation was calculated 96.02% in nanoliposomal and 91.62% in pegylated formulation. Compared to pegylated formulation, the percent of released drug in nanoliposomal formulation was more. In addition, this study reveals that cytotoxicity effect of pegylated nanoliposomal artemisinin was more than nanoliposomal artemisinin. Since artificial neural network shows high possibility of nonlinear modulation, it is used to predict cytotoxicity effect in this study, which can precisely indicate the cytotoxicity and IC50 of anticancer drugs.

Study of Toxicity Effect of Pegylated Nanoliposomal Artemisinin on Breast Cancer Cell Line

Nano carriers have greatly revolutionized the treatment of most diseases recently. One of these nano carriers, liposomes, has got particular significance. On the other hand, Artemisinin which is used as an effective anticancer drug has some side effects. To reduce such side effects, liposomes can be employed. In order to prepare pegylated nanoliposomal artemisinin, particular proportions of phosphatidylcholine, polyethylene glycol 2000 and artemisinin were combined. As a result, the mean diameter of nano liposomes is 455nm. Besides, the encapsulation efficiency and the drug release from pegylated nanoliposomes for pegylated nanoliposomal artemisinin are respectively 91.62±3.5 and 5.17%. The results also show that IC50 of the produced formulation is less than that of the standard drug. This study reveals that the amount of artemisinin cytotoxicity compared to standard drug is increased by pegylated nanoliposomal formulation.

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An interconnection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phosphatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.

Toward a Mathematical Model of the Assembly and Disassembly of Membrane Microdomains: Comparison with Experimental Models

We study a model system in which lipid bilayers are created using variable (precisely known) proportions of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. The model membranes exhibit cholesterol-enriched microdomains that are analogous to the so-called “lipid rafts” that form in living cells. After briefly presenting some experimental results, we formulate and solve a novel mathematical model based on the Smoluchowski equations for coagulation and fragmentation. We present a comparison between the distribution of lipid-raft areas observed in experimental lipid bilayers, and that distribution predicted by the theoretical model. Excellent agreement between the experiments and theory is obtained, with minimal parameter fitting.

Thermally induced changes in lipid composition of raft and non-raft regions of hepatocyte plasma membranes of rainbow trout

In poikilotherms, increases in plasma membrane (PM) cholesterol and an increase in the degree of lipid acyl chain saturation commonly accompany an increase in growth temperature. This has typically been interpreted in terms of membrane fluidity/order homeostasis, but these changes would also be expected to stabilize the structure of PM rafts against thermal perturbation. Rafts are microdomains that organize the molecules of many signaling cascades and are formed as a result of interactions between lipids with saturated acyl chains and cholesterol. No study to date has examined the thermally induced compositional changes of raft and non-raft regions of the PM separately. In this study we have measured the phospholipid class composition and fatty acid composition of raft-enriched (raft) and raft-depleted PM (RDPM) of hepatocytes from trout Oncorhynchus mykiss acclimated to 5 degrees C and 20 degrees C. In the raft, warm acclimation was associated with a reduction in the proportion of phosphatidylcholine from 56% to 30% while phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol each increased from 8% to approximately 20% of the total phospholipid. Additionally, there were significantly fewer unsaturated fatty acids in the raft lipids from warm-acclimated (61%) than from the cold-acclimated trout (68%). In contrast, there were no significant changes in phospholipid class or acyl chain unsaturation in the RDPM. These data suggest that changes in raft lipid composition, rather than the PM as a whole, are particularly important during thermal acclimation.

Changes in lipid content of fowl spermatozoa after liquid storage at 2 to 5°C

Quantitative and qualitative changes may occur in the lipids of spermatozoa during in vitro storage of gametes and may indicate possible degradations occurring within the cells under these conditions. The aim of the present study was to investigate such changes. The motility, viability, morphological integrity and lipid content were measured in fowl semen stored for 48 h at 2 to 5°C and diluted 11 in Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender (BPSE) under aerobic agitation. The total lipid content of spermatozoa decreased (P<0.05) from 820 to 620 μg/10 9 cells over 48 h. There was no significant evolution in the total lipid content of seminal plasma (1000 to 850μg/10 9 cells). The proportion of phospholipids in spermatozoa decreased from 75 to 60% of the total lipids. Among the phospholipids, the proportions of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingomyelin decreased (P<0.05) from 58, 13 and 10% at 0 h to 42, 10 and 9% at 48 h, respectively. In contrast, lysophosphatidylcholine, which was marginally represented at 0 h (2%), increased considerably (24%) at 48 h. During the same period, the proportion of motile spermatozoa decreased from 87.5 to 46% and the proportion of viable and morphologically normal cells decreased from 84 to 48%. These results indicate the occurrence of lipid lysis, peroxidation and /or endogenous metabolism able to modify the structure of the spermatozoal membranes and to alter their metabolism and fusion abilities.

Encapsulation and stability of clofazimine liposomes

The entrapment of clofazimine (CLO) in aliposomal delivery system for topical application can protect it from absorption into the blood circulation and increase its residence time within the skin. This may reduce the very long mean period of leprosy treatment, as well as the side effects due tothe long term administration of large doses of the drug. This investigation deals with critical parameters controlling the formulation and stabilization of liposomes with encapsulated CLO. The entrapment efficiency of CLO in liposomes was increased by altering the proportion of phosphatidyl choline (PC) and cholesterol (CHOL) in liposomes. The stability of liposomal suspensions and the liposomal gels (HPMC K4M) in terms of retention of CLO was measured at refrigeration temperature (2-8oC), room temperature (25 2o C) and body temperature (37o C) for aperiod of 3 months. The results show that entrapment of CLO in liposomes can be increased by increasing the proportion of PC. However, the optimum encapsulation and retention of CLO was achieved only with a specific PC:CHOL molar ratio (5.13:1.00). An almost identical value of the entrapment efficiency was obtained when gel filtration and ultracentrifugation methods were used to separate the CLO-carrying liposomes from free drug. The effect of vortexing and sonication on the entrapment efficiency gave similar results, although the mean particle size was different. CLO liposomal gels were found to be stable at room temperature for up to 3 months.

Comparison of native, lyso and hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine as phospholipid source in the diet of postlarval penaeus japonicus bate

Native and two modified forms of soybean phosphatidylcholine were used to study the nutritional effect of their fatty acids for postlarval Penaeus japonicus. Five semipurified and isolipidic diets were formulated using casein as a protein source. Three diets contained 1.5 % of different types of phosphatidylcholine (95 % purity), i.e. native soybean phosphatidylcholine, hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine and 1‐acyl lyso soybean phosphatidylcholine, besides 1% of n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acid formulated as triglycerides. Two negative control diets contained either triglycerides or ethyl esters as a source of n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids without phospholipid. The experiment was conducted during two successive phases of 20 d starting from 12‐d old postlarvae. Feeding the diet containing native soybean phosphatidylcholine resulted in significantly better growth and resistance to osmotic shock of P. japonicus postlarvae compared to the other diets. The total lipid content of the tissue was significantly increased by the supplementation of soybean phosphatidylcholine, whereas no significant difference was observed for the shrimp fed the modified phosphatidylcholine sources compared to the phosphatidylcholine‐free diet at the end of the experiment. Shrimp fed the diet containing soybean phosphatidylcholine exhibited a higher polar lipid fraction in the whole body total lipid mainly as a result of the increased proportion of phosphatidylcholine and to a lesser extent of phosphatidylinositol at the expense of free fatty acids, free sterols and sterol esters. The content of 20: 5n‐3, 22 : 6n‐3 and total n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids in the shrimp tissue were higher in shrimp fed the native soybean and hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine diets compared to those fed the phosphatidylcholine‐free and 1‐acyl lyso soybean phosphatidyl‐choline‐based diets. The fatty acid profile of tissue phosphatidylethanolamine was more influenced by the type of dietary phosphatidylcholine than that of tissue phosphatidylcholine. In the absence of phospholipids in the diet, triglyceride fish oil and a mixture of ethyl ester concentrate arid coconut oil with similar n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids content were equivalent sources of n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids. The beneficial effects of dietary phospholipids may be due to a more efficient transport and utilization of dietary neutral lipids through a better lipid mobilization following absorption in the intestinal mucosa rather than due to a better emulsification of neutral lipid in the gut lumen. The functionality of phosphatidylcholine in the diet of postlarval P. japonicus requires the presence of unsaturated fatty acids and an intact fatty acid moiety.

Effects of dietary supplementation with alpha-linolenic acid on the phospholipid fatty acid composition and quality of spermatozoa in cockerel from 24 to 72 weeks of age.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementing the diet of the male chicken with alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) on the phospholipid fatty acid composition, motility and fertilizing ability of chicken spermatozoa. The birds in the control group received a diet supplemented with soybean oil rich in linoleic acid (18:2n-6) whereas those in the test group were supplemented with linseed oil rich in alpha-linolenic acid. A number of age-related changes in the lipid parameters of the spermatozoa were observed in control birds. Between 24 and 72 weeks of age the amount of total lipid in the spermatozoa of control birds increased by approximately 2.4 times and the proportions of cholesterol and free fatty acid also increased significantly, whereas the proportions of phospholipid and triacylglycerol decreased. In addition, the proportion of phosphatidylcholine in the total phospholipid increased, whereas the proportion of phosphatidylserine decreased during the same period. The proportion of docosatetraenoic acid (22:4n-6) in the phospholipid decreased significantly between 24 and 72 weeks of age. The concentration of spermatozoa in the semen of control birds increased to a maximum at week 39 and had decreased significantly by week 72. Supplementation with alpha-linolenic acid had little or no effect on the proportion of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) in the phospholipid profile of the spermatozoa. However, supplementation with alpha-linolenic acid did produce a significant but small increase in the proportion of docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3) recorded at 39 and 54 weeks. Thus, this study shows that the fatty acid composition of the sperm phospholipid demonstrates a marked resistance to dietary manipulation. Supplementation with alpha-linolenic acid significantly enhanced semen fertility at week 39. The results suggest that the small increase in the proportion of n-3 fatty acids in the sperm phospholipids induced by enriching the diet with alpha-linolenic acid is associated with a significant improvement in semen quality at 39 weeks of age.

Choline deficiency in cultured adrenal medullary cells: effect on phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis.

The effect of choline deficiency on the composition and biosynthesis of the major membrane phospholipids was examined in adrenal medullary cells maintained in suspension cultures. The amount and proportions of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in these cells were not affected by the removal of choline from the culture media. However, the rate of biosynthesis of choline at the phosphatide level by the stepwise methylation of PE increased twofold within 24 h after choline was removed from the culture media, while ethanolamine incorporation into PE was increased by 50%. In contrast, the rate of incorporation of labeled choline into PC, presumably via CDP-choline, was virtually identical in cells that had been preincubated in the presence or absence of 1 mM choline. These results demonstrate that cultured cells of neural origin are capable of compensating for lack of exogenous choline by forming choline at the phosphatide level through the sequential methylation of PE. The hypolipidemic drug, DH-990, when added to the culture media, inhibited conversion of phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine (PME) to PC, but had no effect on the N-methylation of PE. This differential effect indicates that the initial N-methylation of PE is catalyzed by an enzyme that is distinguishable from the enzyme(s) catalyzing the conversion of PME to PC.

Phospholipid analysis of alveolar macrophages and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid following bleomycin administration to rabbits.

Changes in the lipid metabolism of the lung during pulmonary injury were investigated by quantitative and qualitative analysis of phospholipids in pulmonary surfactant and alveolar macrophages (AM) obtained from rabbits that had been given a single transtracheal injection of bleomycin hydrochloride (BLM) 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days previously. BLM treatment increased the phospholipid content of both bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) supernatant fluids and BAL cells. Furthermore, the proportion of phosphatidylcholine (PC) showed an increase in BAL cells during the development of pulmonary injury, and BLM treatment appeared to cause transformation of AM to foamy AM. Lipid analyses of the foamy AM revealed that their phospholipid content was increased, and that the percentage of PC with palmitic acid was elevated. Thus it appears that accumulation of phospholipids derived from pulmonary surfactant contributes to the increase in phospholipids and PC in BAL cells. These findings indicate that BLM treatment produces an alteration in the amount and composition of AM phospholipids, and also in BAL supernatant fluids.

A Contrast of the Plasma Membrane Lipid Composition of Oat and Rye Leaves in Relation to Freezing Tolerance.

The lipid composition of the plasma membrane isolated from leaves of spring oat (Avena sativa L. cv Ogle) was vastly different from that of winter rye (Secale cereale L. cv Puma). The plasma membrane of spring oat contained large proportions of phospholipids (28.8 mol% of the total lipids), cerebrosides (27.2 mol%), and acylated sterylglucosides (27.3 mol%) with lesser proportions of free sterols (8.4 mol%) and sterylglucosides (5.6 mol%). In contrast, the plasma membrane of winter rye contained a greater proportion of phospholipids (36.6 mol%), and there was a lower proportion of cerebrosides (16.4 mol%); free sterols (38.1 mol%) were the predominant sterols, with lesser proportions of sterylglucosides (5.6 mol%) and acylated sterylglucosides (2.9 mol%). Although the relative proportions of individual phospholipids, primarily phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, and the molecular species of these two phospholipids were similar in oat and rye, the relative proportions of di-unsaturated species of these two phospholipids were substantially lower in oat than in rye. The relative proportions of sterol species in oat were different from those in rye; the molecular species of cerebrosides were similar in oat and rye, with only slight differences in the proportions of the individual species. After 4 weeks of cold acclimation, the proportion of phospholipids increased significantly in both oat (from 28.8 to 36.8 mol%) and rye (from 36.6 to 43.3 mol%) as a result of increases in the proportions of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. For both oat and rye, the relative proportions of di-unsaturated species increased after cold acclimation, but the increase was greater in rye than in oat. In both oat and rye, this increase occurred largely during the first week of cold acclimation. During the 4 weeks of cold acclimation, there was a progressive decrease in the proportion of cerebrosides in the plasma membrane of rye (from 16.4 to 10.5 mol%), but there was only a small decrease in oat (from 27.2 to 24.2 mol%). In both oat and rye, there were only small changes in the proportions of free sterols and sterol derivatives during cold acclimation. Consequently, the proportions of both acylated sterylglucosides and cerebrosides remained substantially higher in oat than in rye after cold acclimation. The relationship between these differences in the plasma membrane lipid composition of oat and rye and their freezing tolerance is presented.

Factor Va-membrane interaction is mediated by two regions located on the light chain of the cofactor.

Factor Va was incubated with 1-azidopyrene, a fluorescent lipophilic probe, in the presence of phospholipid vesicles composed of various proportions of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylserine (PS). The majority of the label was associated with the light chain of factor Va. The light chain was found to be labeled in the presence of phospholipid vesicles containing either 100% PC or 100% PS. After cleavage by factor Xa and incubation with PC/PS vesicles composed of 75% PC and 25% PS, label was found both on the M(r) = 30,000 fragment, derived from the NH2-terminal portion of the bovine factor Va light chain (residues 1537-1752), and on the M(r) = 46,000/48,000 carboxyl-terminal fragment of the factor Va light chain (residues 1753-2183). The M(r) = 46,000/48,000 fragment incorporated 1-azidopyrene independent of the phospholipid composition, while label incorporation into the M(r) = 30,000 fragment required phospholipid vesicles containing PC. No labeling of the M(r) = 30,000 fragment was observed with phospholipid vesicles composed of 100% PS. The label incorporation into the two portions of the molecule was found to be independent of the ionic strength in the presence of phospholipid vesicles containing 75% PC and 25% PS. In contrast, the labeling of the M(r) = 46,000/48,000 fragment with phospholipid vesicles composed of 100% PS was ionic strength dependent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Comparative Estimation of the Liposomal Content of Phosphatidylcholine/Triolein Emulsions Using fluorescence Quenching and 1H-NMR Techniques.

The proportions of phosphatidylcholine (PC) molecules forming liposomes and the monolayer of emulsion particles in sonicated dimyristoyl or egg yolk PC/triolein dispersions (emulsions) were estimated by fluorescence quenching, using phosphatidylethanolamine with its hydrophilic group labelled with a fluorescent dansyl group, and by the 1H-NMR signal shift of the choline-methyl proton of PC using a paramagnetic shift agent. From a comparison of the values estimated by the fluorescence and 1H-NMR methods, it was concluded that the fluorescence method slightly underestimates the proportion of PC molecules in liposomes but can be effectively used to estimate the liposomal content of lipid dispersions due to the sensitivity and the relative simplicity of the basic methodology and instrumentation.