Proportional Amount Research Articles

Provenance, paleoweathering, sediment maturity, and depositional environment of intertrappean sediments in Angot–Gazo volcanic plateau, northeastern Ethiopia: Evidence from field mapping, petrography and geochemistry

Numerous intertrappean beds have been reported in different sections of the Ethiopian highlands; however, their detailed paleo-sedimentological characteristics have not been fully examined. This study investigates the source rock composition, tectonic setting, degree of past weathering, paleoclimatic conditions, sediment maturity, and depositional environments of the Angot–Gazo terrestrial sediments through geological mapping, mineralogical analysis, and geochemical approaches. Two terrestrial beds, consisting of mudrock and sandstone, were identified. The sandstone is characterized by massive, medium to coarse, and poorly sorted grains that range from sub-rounded to angular shapes. Minerallogically, the sandstone comprises quartz, feldspar, and lithic fragments grains with a proportional amounts of ash material. Both mineralogical (Q–F–R) and geochemical classification plots categorize the sandstone as arkosic to lithic greywacke. Felsic volcanic rocks are the main source material for the investigated sediments, as evidenced by multiple discrimination plots (DF1 vs. DF2, V–Ni–Th∗10, La–Th–Sc, Cr/Th–Th/Sc, La/Co–Th/Co, La/Sc–Th/Co and Y/Ni–Cr/V), LREE/HREE patterns, elemental ratios, and the appearance of abundant felsic-derived lithic fragments within the sandstone. A new bivariate discriminant function plot from DF1 vs. DF2 analysis, coupled with ternary diagrams of Zr/10–Th–Sc for the studied intertrappean sediments, revealed a continental rift setting, particularly a passive continental margin. Ternary diagram of A–CN–K, binary plots of Al₂O₃/Na₂O vs. average values of weathering indices (CIA, CIW, PIA, & MIA), and SiO2 vs. Al2O3+K2O + Na2O plot demonstrate slight to moderate degree of weathering for the sandstone, and deep weathering for the mudrock under semi-arid paleoclimatic conditions. The binary schemes of SiO2/Al2O3 and Ni–TiO2 ratio, along with the significant abundance of angular to sub-angular framework grains, reflect both immaturity and initial sediment recycling. Finally, the examined sediments were deposited in freshwater under oxic conditions, as evidenced by binary plots of Sr/Ba, Th/U, U/Th, and Ni/Co.

A phylogenetic approach for identifying new sources of economically important fatty acids in plants and algae

Societal Impact StatementNew sources of essential and other nutritionally and/or pharmacologically important fatty acids for human use can be discovered through bioprospecting. Demonstrating how fatty acids in plants and algae are distributed across a phylogeny is a critical first step in this process. Here, new sources of essential omega‐3 fatty acids that are critically important to human health were identified, such as green and Chromista algae, bryophytes and some angiosperm families. The identification of certain taxa that are high in critical fatty acids is important for developing new sources of these healthful compounds.Summary Essential fatty acids (EFA) including long‐chain omega‐3 and omega‐6 EFA are key nutrients that broadly support the health of individuals and the ecosystems they inhabit. Production of these EFA is critical to global nutritional security, and therefore, it is imperative to assess the distribution patterns of FA in plants to bioprospect new resources that do not threaten biodiversity. We used a meta‐analytic approach (phylogenetic signal analysis), which incorporated a wide variety of taxa to map FA profiles including both presence and abundance of specific FA and EFA onto a plant phylogeny including algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms. Our phylogenetic signal analysis revealed that presence/absence of most FA of interest were randomly or ubiquitously distributed, while FA content was significantly clustered in specific clades for most key FA (including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and nervonic acid). Both green and Chromista algae displayed relatively high proportions of EPA and DHA, while green algae contained higher proportional amounts of stearidonic acid (SDA). Further, signal analysis revealed high proportional content of gamma‐linoleic acid (GLA) in bryophytes and some angiosperm families, suggesting potential sources for bioprospecting GLA. This analysis provides a crucial foundation for understanding the influence of phylogenetic relationships in the relative proportions of key FA in plants and algae across a diverse phylogeny. Furthermore, in demonstrating how fatty acids in plants and algae are distributed across a phylogeny, we provide a critical first step in bioprospecting for new sources of essential and other nutritionally‐ and/or pharmacologically important fatty acids for human use.

Preparation of Co x Mg y Cu(1- x - y )Fe2O4 nanoparticles and their adsorption mechanism of methyl blue

A facile rapid-combustion process was introduced for preparing magnetic Co x Mg y Cu(1- x - y )Fe2O4 nanoparticles, and to enhance their specific surface area and saturation magnetization, the optimization involved adjusting the element proportion, calcination temperature, and solvent amount. The optimal element proportion of x:y:(1-x-y) for Co x Mg y Cu(1- x - y )Fe2O4 nanoparticles was 0.1:0.7:0.2, and the effects of solvent amount, and calcination temperature were also investigated. The average particle size and specific surface area of Co0.1Mg0.7Cu0.2Fe2O4 nanoparticles calcined at 400 °C with 25 mL absolute alcohol were 17.9 nm and 56.96 m2/g, respectively; while demonstrating a saturation magnetization of 8.5 emu/g. To solve the increasingly severe issue of water pollution, these nanoparticles were employed to efficiently treat dye wastewater containing methyl blue (MB). After fitting kinetic and isotherm models, the adsorption process of magnetic Co0.1Mg0.7Cu0.2Fe2O4 nanoparticles for MB dominated by chemisorption and was a multilayer adsorption process. The adsorption isotherm experiments revealed a remarkable maximum adsorption capacity of methyl blue, reaching 2255.7 mg/g, within the concentration range of MB from 400 to 4000 mg/L. The thermodynamic analysis indicated the spontaneity of the exothermic adsorption process. The studies on the effect of pH also led to satisfying results; while the residual adsorption capacity could still remain 91.2% initial adsorbance after 12 times recycle. The outstanding recycling ability, resistance to ionic strength, and pH resistance distinguished the magnetic Co0.1Mg0.7Cu0.2Fe2O4 nanoparticles among vast adsorbents. These results highlight the significant potential of these nanoparticles for treating dye wastewater.

Synthesis of varied oleic acid-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles using the co-precipitation technique for biosensor applications

This study successfully synthesized oleic acid (OA)-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles using the coprecipitation method for the needs of biosensor applications, as shown through the characterization of structure and morphology using XRD and TEM. This observation used 0.75 ml of OA (Fe3O4-OA(0.75)) and 1.25 ml of OA (Fe3O4-OA(1.25). A decrease in particle size distribution from 18.55 nm to 16.30 nm was observed, which means a reduction in agglomeration and increased dispersibility. Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) observations showed that the saturation magnetization of Fe3O4 particles modified with OA decreased from 47.71 emu/g to 45.90 emu/g at Fe3O4-OA(0.75) and decreased again to 42.29 emu/g at Fe3O4-OA(1.25). But they all show soft ferromagnetic properties with very low coercivity, making them suitable for Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) biosensor applications. A series of concentrations in ethanol solution were performed to evaluate the detection sensitivity of GMR for these pure and oleic acid-modified Fe3O4 samples. Concentrations of 2, 5, 10, 15, 25, and 35 mg/ml were integrated at 2 μL each onto the surface of the GMR chip. A decrease in sensitivity was observed due to the change in saturation. Pure Fe3O4 with a sensitivity of 5.07 mV (mg/ml) decreased to 4.49 mV (mg/ml) and 3.35 mV (mg/ml) after oleic acid coating. Thus, although adding a proportional amount of oleic acid can slightly decrease the saturation magnetization, it can be a valuable method for applications such as GMR biosensors that demand high dispersibility and sensitivity that remains strong.

Yakut Department of the Imperial Orthodox Church Palestinian Society in the History of Yakutia

The relevance of the research topic lies in the analysis of the historical experience of the activities of the Yakut department of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society (IOPS), which contributed to identifying the characteristics of communications between the authorities and the Russian Orthodox Church, the clergy and believers, as well as identifying its educational and translation work. For the first time, the purpose of the research is to study the characteristics and role of the IOPS department in the history of Yakutia. The article uses materials from the periodical “Yakut Diocesan Gazette”: orders of the leadership of the IOPS, reports, lists of members, texts of bishops’ speeches, information on meetings, etc., as well as published letters of Bishop Dionysius. The article uses the methodology of intellectual history, civilizational approach, methods of cultural transfer and statistics. A fivefold increase in the number of the Yakut department of the IOPS by 1900 and the active involvement of the indigenous population in its composition amounting to 36 percent of the community were revealed. It has been established that despite the dispersed type of settlement, the absolute lack of roads and the widespread poverty of the Yakuts, the proportional amounts of donations on their part exceeded similar indicators in the center of Russia. The origin of the Yakut pilgrimage to Palestine and Greece is considered, which had a beneficial effect on the development of the intellectual and creative abilities of the pilgrims themselves. The influence of the IOPS on the genesis of imperial identity among indigenous peoples was determined, which for a long period allowed the Yakuts to resist the propaganda of exiles. We draw a conclusion on the role of the IOPS in the formation of the monarchical, conservative and anti-Zem movement of the Yakuts led by M. S. Shelomov by 1905, as a serious alternative to the liberal movement of the intelligentsia led by V. V. Nikiforov

Effect of Active Lime on the Availability of Metal Micronutrients

The low solubility of minerals containing metal micronutrients such as Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn in alkaline or lime-rich soils adversely affects plant development in these soils, leading to significant yield losses. This study was conducted to determine the effects of active lime on metal microelement availability in calcareous soils. The analysis of 55 soil samples taken from Narlı Plain in Kahramanmaraş Province revealed a significant positive correlation (r=0.95**) between active and total lime values. The study also indicated that an average of 58% of total lime was present in the active form. Furthermore, it demonstrated that as total lime increased, the proportional amount of active lime decreased. The points where the ratio of active lime to total lime is highest are observed to have low total lime contents. As the total lime content increases, the ratio of active lime to total lime decreases. This is thought to be related to the measurement of relatively higher active lime contents as the calcium on exchangeable surfaces passes into solution when the total lime is low. Therefore, this situation calls into question the reliability of active lime analysis at low total lime contents. With the increase in total lime content, this relative effect disappears and more reliable results are obtained. While active and total lime values showed similar correlations with Mn and Cu, Fe showed a higher correlation with active lime than with total lime. Active lime did not exhibit superior predictability compared to total lime when explaining the utility of metal microelements, excluding iron.

Low temperature acclimation of electroactive microorganisms may be an effective strategy to enhance the toxicity sensing performance of microbial fuel cell sensors

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) sensing is a promising method for real-time detection of water biotoxicity, however, the low sensing sensitivity limits its application. This study adopted low temperature acclimation as a strategy to enhance the toxicity sensing performance of MFC biosensor. Two types of MFC biosensors were started up at low (10 °C) or warm (25 °C) temperature, denoted as MFC-Ls and MFC-Ws respectively, using Pb2+ as the toxic substance. MFC-Ls exhibited superior sensing sensitivities towards Pb2+ compared with MFC-Ws at both low (10 °C) and warm (25 °C) operation temperatures. For example, the inhibition rate of voltage of MFC-Ls was 22.81 % with 1 mg/L Pb2+ shock at 10 °C, while that of MFC-Ws was only 5.9 %. The morphological observation showed the anode biofilm of MFC-Ls had appropriate amount of extracellular polymer substances, thinner thickness (28.95 μm for MFC-Ls and 41.58 μm for MFC-Ws) and higher proportion of living cells (90.65 % for MFC-Ls and 86.01 % for MFC-Ws) compared to that of MFC-Ws. Microbial analysis indicated the enrichment of psychrophilic electroactive microorganisms and cold-active enzymes as well as their sensitivity to Pb2+ shock was the foundation for the effective operation and good performance of MFC-Ls biosensors. In conclusion, low temperature acclimation of electroactive microorganisms enhanced not only the sensitivity but also the temperature adaptability of MFC biosensors.

Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) beverage spontaneously fermented

Abstract: Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) is a tuberous root with a high phenolic compounds and fibers content which has a prebiotic effect, both important for preventing and/or promoting the reduction of non-communicable chronic diseases risks. However, this root’s shelf life is highly reduced and culminates the reduction of the beneficial to health compounds, which can be avoided by some strategies. In this sense, this work aimed to produce yacon beverages added with anti-browning agents (cysteine or citric acid) and evaluated the spontaneous fermentation during storage. Three yacon beverages have been produced with cysteine or citric acid (0.05% w/w) and a control beverage. Beverages were analyzed by microbiological counts, nutritional composition, physical-chemical characteristics, total phenolic compounds and phenolic acids, for 60 day storage. The data were evaluated by ANOVA and compared using the Duncan test (p≤0.05) or regression models were adjusted. Regarding microorganisms, all beverages have reached 109 CFU.ml-1 after 30 day storage. To the anti-browning agents use, the differences were occasional; however, the citric acid beverage had a desirable pH (< 4.5) for a fermented beverage, which allows inhibition of undesirable bacteria and a higher proportional initial FOS amount and less variation with 30 and 60 day storage. However, the citric acid beverage have presented smaller amount of phenolic compounds like chlorogenic and gallic acids (230.37 ± 168.63 and 40.87 ± 1.32, respectively). So, we conclued that spontaneous fermentation was a preparation technique which has added nutritional and functionals values to the yacon beverage, in special to beverage added citric acid, with a higher proportion of FOS.

Assessing the Effectiveness of Alternative Tile Intakes on Agricultural Hillslopes

Existing surface inlets behind terraces and water and sediment control basins (WASCoBs) were replaced with alternative tile intakes (ATIs) in agricultural fields of southeast Iowa. These ATIs consisted of a buried column of gravel atop woodchips. Computational, experimental, and field methods were used to design and evaluate the ATIs’ capacity to reduce sediment and nutrient export. Single-storm simulations using the Watershed Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) provided boundary conditions for permeameter experiments that yielded a hydraulic conductivity for the layered gravel–woodchip configuration of 4.59 cm/s ± 0.36 cm/s. Additionally, a proportional amount of sediment was retained in the permeameter (42%) compared to the amount that settled on the permeameter surface (58%). Event monitoring of field-installed ATIs during three growing seasons measured a sediment trapping efficiency of 86 ± 12% that led to deposition rates of 5.44 ± 3.77 cm/yr, quantified with 210Pb profiles. Percent reduction values were 43% for nitrate and 17% for ortho-phosphate. Finally, long-term continuous-storm modeling using the WEPP suggested that these ATIs could withstand at least 75 25-year events before clogging. Modeling using the Agricultural Conservation Planning Framework suggested watershed-scale load reductions of 1.6% for NO3 and 1.4% for total P for ATIs draining 6.8% of the modeled watershed. Using ATIs in conjunction with WASCOBs and terraces, or as standalone practices, can be a cost-effective means for keeping sediment and nutrients in the landscape.

Comparison of changes in ocular aberrations with accommodation and accommodative facility

Aims/Purpose: This study aimed to analyse whether a relationship exists between subjectively measured monocular Accommodative Facility (AF), the magnitude of the revolution‐symmetric Zernike coefficients C20, C40 and C60, and the objectively measured Accommodative Response (AR).Methods: A total of 66 eyes, from 33 healthy young volunteers (26 women and 10 men) with a mean age of 25.12 ± 3.40 years (range age 20–30) participated in this study. Three measurements were made for each eye with the aberrometer Hartmann‐Shack (IRX3, Imagine Eyes, Orsay, France). The stimulus vergence was increased from 0 to 5 D (near vision) in steps of 0.5 D. The AR for each Zernike coefficient was calculated as the difference between the value at 5 D and the value at 0 D, for 4.0 mm pupil size. Monocular assessment of AF was assessed monocularly and conducted at 40 cm ± 2.00 D flippers. Statistical analysis was performed to determine a relationship between the Zernike coefficients, AR and AF. The coefficient of determination (R‐squared) was calculated to measure the proportional amount of variance.Results: The results showed that the highest values of R‐squared were obtained for the C20 coefficient measured at 5D of accommodation (R2 = 0.196, p < 0.01). Lower values were obtained for C40 and C60. The R‐squared values decreased from 0D (R2 = 0.097, p = 0.10) to 5D (R2 = 0.044, p = 0.60) for C40. However, there was an increase in R‐squared values from 0D (R2 = 0.0081, p = 0.47) to 5D (R2 = 0.058, p = 0.05) for C60.Conclusions: No clear trends were found when comparing the Zernike coefficients C20, C40 and C60, analysed in three stages of accommodative demand compared with the accommodative facility measured.The Zernikes coefficients analysed do not explain the differences in AF in this sample of young adult healthy eyes. However, there was found a trend that deserves further investigation.

Suppressing thermo-induced peroxidation products in peroxidatively-susceptible frying oils by the employment of culinary oil blend formulations

The consumption of highly polyunsaturated fatty acid rich (PUFA)-culinary oils is of growing concern, knowing that they are highly susceptible to thermo-oxidation, which renders them a richer source of mutagenic and cytotoxic epoxy-fatty acid and aldehydic lipid oxidation products (LOPs). To observe the effects on the resistance of PUFA-rich oils to thermo-oxidation, sunflower oil was blended with coconut and/or macadamia oils. These oil blends were continuously thermally stressed at 180 ℃, whilst undergoing stirring at 250 rpm. The chemical compositions of the thermo-oxidised culinary oils and oil blends were monitored for 300 min using high-field NMR. Analysis indicated macadamia-sunflower oil blends gave rise to a higher LOP suppressive activity than that observed with coconut-sunflower oil blends, despite coconut oil being highly saturated and therefore more highly resistant to thermo-oxidation than macadamia oil. Overall, this study highlights the practical importance in selecting the most suitable culinary oil, as well as correctly evaluating the volumetric proportional amount added for reducing the evolution of genotoxic and carcinogenic LOPs in an oil blend. It also suggests that the mechanisms by which LOP evolution can be retarded by blending requires further investigation.

Controlled synthesis of efficient novel Cr0.2Co2.8O4–MoO3 nanocomposites for high-performance O2-evolution and methanol oxidation in alkaline medium

The world of electrochemical devices is constantly pushing the boundaries to what's possible, and nanocomposites are becoming crucial electrocatalysts for enhancing electrochemical performance. In this study, the affect in electrochemical behaviour on altering constituent amount in the electrocatalysts has been discussed. For this we synthesized a novel Cr0.2Co2.8O4–MoO3 nanocomposites with varying constituent proportional amount using simple low-temperature route. The formation and the physicochemical properties have been investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction analysis (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) techniques. The XRD and XPS patterns confirms the nano crystalline structures and compositional difference in metal cations distribution respectively. Results from Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Tafel experiments, Chronoamperometry and Electrochemical impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) shows the ratio of Cr0.2Co2.8O4 to MoO3 strongly affects the catalytic performance in both oxygen evolution and methanol oxidation reactions. The observed enhancement in electrocatalytic activity can be ascribed to the combined impact of the two materials facilitating the electron transfer process by increasing the number of active sites and thereby. Amongst different synthesized electrocatalysts the one with 1:4 composition exhibited not only the highest Specific activity of 2.5 × 103 mA cm−2/g at 700 mV towards OER but also retains maximum current showing their highest stability.

Effect of dipotassium phosphate addition and heat on proteins and minerals in milk protein beverages

Our objective was to determine the effects of dipotassium phosphate (DKP) addition, heat treatments (no heat, high temperature, short time [HTST]: 72°C for 15 s, and direct steam injection UHT: 142°C for 2.3 s), and storage time on the soluble protein composition and mineral (P, Ca, K) concentration of the aqueous phase around casein micelles in 7.5% milk protein-based beverages made with liquid skim milk protein concentrate (MPC) and micellar casein concentrate (MCC). Milk protein concentrate was produced using a spiral wound polymeric membrane, and MCC was produced using a 0.1-µm ceramic membrane by filtration at 50°C. Two DKP concentrations were used (0% and 0.15% wt/wt) within each of the 3 heat treatments. All beverages had no other additives and ran through heat treatment without coagulation. Ultracentrifugation (2-h run at 4°C) supernatants of the beverages were collected at 1, 5, 8, 12, and 15-d storage at 4°C. Phosphorus, Ca, and K concentrations in the beverages and supernatants were measured using inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. Protein composition of supernatants was measured using Kjeldahl and sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE. Micellar casein concentrate and MPC beverages with 0.15% DKP had higher concentrations of supernatant protein, Ca, and P than beverages without DKP. Protein, Ca, and P concentrations were higher in MCC supernatant than in MPC supernatant when DKP was added, and these concentrations increased over storage time, especially when lower heat treatments (HTST or no heat treatment) had been applied. Dipotassium phosphate addition caused the dissociation of αS-, β-, and κ-casein, and casein proteolysis products out of the casein micelles, and DKP addition explained over 70% of the increase in supernatant protein, P, and Ca concentrations. Dipotassium phosphate could be removed from 7.5% of protein beverages made with fresh liquid MCC and MPC (containing a residual lactose concentration of 0.6% to 0.7% and the proportional amount of soluble milk minerals), as these beverages maintain heat-processing stability without DKP addition.

Passenger airplane manufacturing in the 20th century. Quantitative analysis

The statistics on the production and development of passenger airplanes in the world is presented in this article for the first time. The methods for obtaining the results are described, uncertainties of the results are estimated. It is specified what exactly is considered to be a passenger airplane. It is shown that only 60,000 passenger airplanes were built during the entire 20th century. This is less than 3% of the total production of airplanes of all classes. Their total capacity amounts less than 5 million people, or less than a thousandth of the world’s population by the end of the last century. These 60,000 airplanes provided unprecedented mobility of the population. It was revealed that the leading role in the passenger airplane manufacturing belonged to the USA, the USSR took a steady second place. The ups-and-downs in airplane production are described, including the recessions during the Great Depression, World War II and the global economic decline (in the USSR, the USA and other countries) in the early 1960s, which was replaced by a rapid increase in output. It is indicated that the number of airplanes produced in the last third of the 20th century remained approximately constant, but their average capacity was growing rapidly, which largely ensured the explosive growth of air transportation during this period. The dynamics of the dead weight per one passenger is given. The dynamics of the number of the new passenger airplane models is presented. It is shown that for the last 30 years of the century their number was approximately constant, and almost all the models that reached the test stage were put into serial production. In the period between the world wars, however, about half of all models tested in flight remained prototypes. The change in the ratio of the number of airplanes by the number of engines is given. The renaissance of three-engine airplanes in the 1960s, the almost complete disappearance of singleengine passenger airplanes by the end of the century and the stable amount of a small proportion of four-engine airplanes for the last 30 years of the past century are noted.

Performance evaluation of mixture of groundnut oil and camel milk as cutting fluids on the surface of aluminium during turning

Performance of the mixture of the two extract (groundnut oil and camel milk) as cutting fluid will be evaluated at various proportion and at various speed and feed and on the surface finish of aluminium material as well as the tool life. Various percentage proportions of 80% groundnut oil to 20% camel milk, 60% groundnut oil to 40% camel milk, 40% groundnut oil to 60% camel milk, 20% groundnut oil to 80% camel milk. At each proportion the surface finish as well as tool life will be assessed and evaluated at various speeds and feed during turning on the lathe machine. The anticipated result for this experiment will determine which amount of the mixture proportion gives better surface finish and how much it affects the tool life; the study will also determine the effectiveness of the mixture content as cutting fluid on aluminium material.The Taguchi process optimisation suggested that in mixture ratio higher feedrate affect cutting speed and result to a higher value of surface roughness as the same spindle speed as clearly shows that in the Taghuci analysis response table for mixture of 80% camel milk to 20% groundnut oil. For the rest of the mixture i.e. 60% camel to 40% groundnut oil in the SN Ration Table feedrate tend to go higher at a lower cutting speed as analysed. From the result obtained at spindle speed of 58 rpm and 80%camel milk to 20% groundnut oil feed rate was found to be 34 m,cutting speed was 11600 rpm and surface roughness at 522 µm also at the spindle speed of 850 rpm feedrate was found to be 510 m,cutting speed at 1700 rpm and surface roughness of 1121 µm. At the spindle speed of 1240 rpm feed rate and feed rate was found to be 744 m and cutting speed 24800 rpm and surface roughness found to be 2385 µm respectively.

Solid Carbon Products of Isobutane Decomposition in Laser Plasma

In this work, the properties of carbon films fabricated upon the action of laser plasma on the simple gaseous hydrocarbons have been studied. The change in the properties of these films caused by subsequent thermal or laser treatment has been investigated. Carbon films deposited on a cold substrate have a complex nature, which is similar to the nature of tholins. These films contain carbon atoms in the sp2- and sp3-hybrid states in proportional amounts, as well as various structural fragments containing hydrogen and oxygen. Thermal annealing of carbon films leads to a decrease in the concentration of hydrogen and oxygen-containing structures, unification of the structure based on carbon atoms in sp3 hybridization and formation of a so-called diamond-like structure. It was shown that carbon films are formed by spherical particles with an average diameter of 7–8 nm. Laser annealing and fabrication of a film with direct constant laser exposure leads to formation of a graphene-like structure meaning sp2 hybridization of carbon.

The immune-supportive diet in allergy management: Anarrative review and proposal.

The role of nutrition is increasingly recognized in the management of chronic immune diseases. However, the role of an immune-supportive diet as adjuvant therapy in the management of allergic disease has not been similarly explored. This review assesses the existing evidence for a relationship between nutrition, immune function, and allergic disease from a clinical perspective. In addition, the authors propose an immune-supportive diet to enhance dietary interventions and complementing other therapeutic options for allergic disease from early life to adulthood. A narrative review of the literature was conducted, to determine the evidence of the relationship between nutrition and immune function, overall health, epithelial barrier function, and gut microbiome, particularly in relation to allergy. Studies on food supplements were excluded. The evidence was assessed and utilized to develop a sustainable immune-supportive diet to complement other therapies in allergic disease. The proposed diet consists of a highly diverse range of fresh, whole, and minimally processed plant-based and fermented foods supplemented with moderate amounts of nuts, omega-3-rich foods and animal-based products in proportional amounts of the EAT-Lancet diet, such as (fatty) fish, (fermented) milk products which may be full-fat and eggs, lean meat or poultry, which may be free-range or organic.

396 Quantitative Analysis of FDA Warning Letters Related to the Use of Social Media Sites in Product Misbranding for the Treatment, Prevention, or Diagnosis of COVID-19

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warning letters regarding misbranding of products intended to treat, prevent, or diagnose COVID-19 were used as a proxy for assessing misinformation on social media. The FDA database of Warning Letters was used to identify the largest misinformation contributor. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: On November 9, 2022, the full dataset of warning letters dating back to January 1, 2018 was extracted from the FDA website. Separate datasets were also extracted using the search terms: Facebook’, Twitter’, YouTube’, and Instagram’. The data entries were organized by issuing office and subject. The subjects were then filtered to only include letters related to misbranding of products for COVID-19. Letters regarding medical devices, manufacturing practices, and adulterated products were excluded from the analysis. Cumulative totals were collected for the number of letters issued for each search term. These totals were stratified by year and scaled by platform size for relative comparison. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research issued the most letters related to misbranding of COVID-19 products, 153 out of the 2798 entries in the complete dataset. Analysis of the datasets by search term show: 53, 18, 24, and 17 letters were related to Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and Instagram respectively. Forty-one letters were related to other non-social media sources. Facebook had the most letters issued, however when scaled to account for the size of each respective platform’s approximate user base, Twitter had the largest proportional amount of misinformation regarding agents for the management of COVID-19, followed by Facebook, then Instagram. Most letters were issued in 2020. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: In light of COVID-19, many social media sites adopted policies to limit inaccurate information. The success of these efforts have been variable. Although Facebook is the largest absolute contributor assessed, greater attention should be given to the policies of other platforms utilized by the industry.

The application of catch–effort models to estimate the efficacy of aerial shooting operations on sambar deer (Cervus unicolor)

Context Aerial shooting from a helicopter targeting introduced sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) is a key activity being undertaken on public land in the North East and East Gippsland regions of Victoria. However, there is currently little published information on the efficacy of aerial shooting for reducing sambar deer populations in Australia. Aims The aims of this study were to analyse the operational data collected during an aerial shooting program in eastern Victoria, to assess the efficacy of aerial shooting at reducing sambar deer density and to inform management decisions on the required intensity of aerial shooting to achieve target densities. Methods Operational data (locations of all shot animals as well as aerial search effort) were analysed from 10 sites using a Bayesian generalised catch–effort model, which allowed for population changes between five periods of intensive control. The model allowed estimates of initial and residual abundance for each site to be made from the catch–effort data, which were used to estimate the efficacy of aerial shooting. Estimates of the detection rate of deer, which were allowed to vary with removal occasion and site, were then used to estimate the amount of aerial search effort required to reduce population densities by various proportional amounts. Key results Aerial shooting resulted in population reductions of 50–70% of sambar deer at four sites where aerial search intensities per unit area were highest. However, results at the remaining sites suggest that sambar deer densities have either remained static or increased over the five periods of aerial control. Recruitment of sambar deer between control periods, which was strongly influenced by study site elevation and season, was largely responsible for eroding reductions achieved by aerial shooting. Conclusions Catch–effort models applied to operational data collected during aerial shooting programs can be used to estimate control efficacy without the need for additional monitoring. Our analysis suggests that sufficiently high search intensities, around 1.4 km of search effort per km2 of habitat in each of five removal occasions, would need to be applied to achieve at least a 50% reduction in sambar deer densities.

Self-assembly of CNTs@Ni foam electrode material and its activation effect during catalytic reforming of bio-oil model compound for hydrogen at different temperatures

The H2 production and self-assembly CNTs over Ni-Fe/Ni foam catalyst were investigated at different temperatures during steam reforming of bio-oil model compound. The formation of CNTs, CNFs and amorphous carbon and their different effects on catalytic activity were analyzed. With the temperature increasing from 500 °C to 800 °C, the amount of carbon deposition firstly increased and then decreased. It showed the highest amount of carbon deposition and largest proportion of CNTs (over 60 %) at 600 °C. The average diameter of CNTs was 15.18 nm. By contrast, more than 70 % of carbon deposition was amorphous carbon, and the CNFs with larger diameter (over 100 nm) were formed at 700 °C, which attributed to the agglomeration of metal particles at high temperature. The high reaction temperatures increased H2 yield and pyrrole conversion, but differently, those at 600 °C was remarkably higher than that at 700 °C. It revealed that tip-growth of CNTs at 600 °C performed the self-activation effect to increase the catalytic activity, while the amorphous carbon generated at 700 °C deactivated the catalyst. After the reaction at 600 °C, the self-assemble of CNTs@Ni foam material showed the highest electrochemistry performance.