Proportion Of Urban Residents Research Articles

Acceptance of pay-as-you-throw solid waste charging methods among urban residents in China

Aim: Pay-as-you-throw (PAYT) is a recognized waste-charging method commonly used in developed countries to reduce waste effectively and improve resource utilization efficiency. China is currently transitioning from a traditional fixed-fee model to a PAYT model.Method: In this study, a sample of 1,346 urban residents in China is analyzed empirically to investigate their willingness to accept this change and the waste fees they are willing to pay for it.Results: The results indicate that, 1) at present, the proportion of urban residents willing to accept the PAYT charging model is low, accounting for only 54.53%. 2) The average annual cost for residents’ households willing to pay for PAYT is 58.616 RMB, which is relatively low. 3) The main reasons for the residents’ low acceptance of PAYT are behavioral attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control factors. 4) Income and education levels mainly explain the low level of expenses paid by residents.Conclusion: Therefore, we suggest that, in the short term, publicity and education should be used to encourage residents to establish a correct environmental concept and a sense of environmental governance ownership, increase their knowledge of waste recycling and disposal and their awareness of waste charging rules, and thus improve their willingness to accept the PAYT charging model. In the long term, the PAYT charging model should be compatible with the levels of economic development and family education, and residents’ waste charges for PAYT should increase steadily.

Similarities and differences in the characteristics of the epidemical process tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme borreliosis

Objective: To identify common and distinctive characteristics of the epidemical process of tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme borreliosis on the example of the Republic of Karelia.Materials and methods. The frequency of infected tick bites, dynamics, intensity, territorial, gender, age and social features of the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme borreliosis in 2000–2021 were analyzed according to official statistics, epidemiological examination of foci and laboratory studies. The results of studies of 2379 blood samples of adults who were not ill and not vaccinated against tick-borne encephalitis for the presence of antibodies to the virus were analyzed.Results. The virulence of ticks in 2000–2021 decreased from 23.6 to 1.3%, infection with borrelia at the level of 13.4– 38.4%. The average long-term incidence rates of tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme borreliosis were 6.2 and 6.6 per 100 thousand, the dynamics of incidence had an average pronounced downward trend, correlated with the dynamics of requests for medical care of the population affected by ticks. The main clinical form of tick–borne encephalitis is meningeal (48%). Non-erythemic forms of borreliosis in recent years amounted to 39.1%. Antibodies of class G to tick-borne encephalitis virus were detected in 11.8±0.7% of the examined individuals. The territory of risk of infection with tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme borreliosis is the central and eastern part of the south of the Republic, where I.persulcatus dominates. The proportion of urban residents among patients with both infections is higher, but the incidence of urban and rural populations did not have significant differences. The incidence rates of tick-borne borreliosis in persons aged 40-49, 50-59 and 60 years and older are 1.6-2.2 times higher than those of tick-borne encephalitis, but the difference is not significant. At working age, the percent of men is higher than women, there are no differences among the elderly.Conclusions: Similar and different features of the epidemic process of tick-borne encephalitis and tick-borne borreliosis have been identified, which should be taken to improving the detection of diseases, predicting the situation and planning preventive measures.

Development and Validation of the One-Factor Questionnaire “Patient Satisfaction with Medical Care”

Background. One of the most viral principles in the development of modern healthcare is patient-oriented approach providing a medical care considering citizens expectations; ensuring individual approach in solving their personal problems. One of the most important markers for assessing patient-oriented health care provision is patient satisfaction with medical care. Aims the aim of our study was to develop and validate a tool to assess this indicator in the Russian Federation. Methods. A total of 3012 people between the ages of 18 and 83 took part in the study. The ratio of males to females in the sample was approximately 1:1 (1501 females to 1511 males). Quantitative methods were used to conduct the analysis. Construct validity was assessed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA and CFA, respectively) with appropriate assessment of goodness-of-fit. Reliability and internal consistency of the instrument measuring patient satisfaction with medical care was assessed using Cronbachs alpha. Results. The study involved 3012 people aged 18 to 83 years. The ratio of men to women in the sample was approximately 1:1 (1501 women and 1511 men). The proportion of urban residents who took part in the study was 67.2%, rural 32.8%. Less than a month ago, 22.0% of respondents received medical care for the last time; from one to three months 22.7%; four to six 29.1%; from seven to twelve 16.7%; more than a year ago 9.5%. The services of private medical organizations were used by 12.3% of the study participants, state 87.7%. The use of confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated the acceptability of a one-factor solution and confirmed the structural validity of the developed tool. The reliability and internal consistency of the patient satisfaction measurement tool was assessed using Cronbachs alpha. Cronbachs alpha showed excellent internal domain consistency ( 0.9). Bartletts sphericity criterion was met (p-value 0.001). Conclusion. The conducted statistical analysis allows us to assert the acceptability of the one-factor model and the construct validity of the proposed tool.

Correlations between regional characteristics of counties and the ratio of intracounty to extracounty sources of COVID-19 in Gangwon Province, Republic of Korea.

This study aimed to examine the correlations between the regional characteristics of counties in Gangwon Province, Republic of Korea and the ratio of intracounty to extracounty sources of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. The region of the infectious contact was analysed for each COVID-19 case reported in Gangwon Province between February 22, 2020 and February 7, 2022. The population, population density, area, the proportion of urban residents, the proportion of older adults (>65 years), financial independence, and the number of adjacent counties were assessed for each of the 18 counties in Gangwon Province. Correlation coefficients between regional characteristics and the ratio of intracounty to extracounty infections were calculated. In total, 19,645 cases were included in this study. The population, population density, proportion of older adults, and proportion of urban residents were significantly correlated with the ratio of intracounty to extracounty infections. A stratified analysis with an age cut-point of 65 years showed that the proportion of older adults had a significant negative correlation with the ratio of intracounty to extracounty infections. In other words, the proportions of extracounty infections were higher in countries with higher proportions of older adults. Regions with ageing populations should carefully observe trends in infectious disease outbreaks in other regions to prevent possible transmission.

Construction And Analysis of Service Satisfaction Survey

According to the Seventh National Population Census Bulletin, China has entered an aging society, "aging" problem is very prominent. In the face of the growing elderly population, society for the "pension" demand is increasing. The survey shows that the proportion of urban residents willing to support the elderly at home has been gradually reduced, and the proportion of community elderly care and elderly care institutions has increased. But the big gap and unbalanced supply of the pension market have become a serious problem, which brings more opportunities and challenges. Now, what we pursue is not only simple "the old has to support, the old has to depend on" more is one kind "the old has to support, raises has the excellence" the retirement pattern. This article is based on the data collected from the "Market Research and Analysis Competition" questionnaire, based on AHP, Maslow's Hierarchy Theory of Demand and Customer Satisfaction Theory combined with SERVQUAL(Service Quality) model, this paper constructs the service evaluation system of elderly care institutions.

Effects of atorvastatin and aspirin on post-stroke epilepsy and usage of levetiracetam.

Objective:Atorvastatin and aspirin have been used in treating different forms of epilepsy. However, their effect on post-stroke epilepsy (PSE) still needs to be validated by large-scale clinical studies. In addition, their impact on the use of the antiepileptic drug levetiracetam for post-stroke epilepsy remains to be explored. Thus, the aim of this study was to further evaluate the effect of atorvastatin and aspirin on PSE and their effect on the usage of the antiepileptic drug levetiracetam in PSE patients.Methods:Patients, aged 65 to 85 years, with newly diagnosed post-ischemic stroke epilepsy from August 30, 2014 to August 30, 2018 were included in the study, with the exclusion of those with coexisting conditions.Results:Initially, 1321 patients were included, and 780 remained in the study at the 1-year follow-up. During the study, atorvastatin treatment with or without aspirin reduced the number of clinical epileptic episodes in PSE patients. It also reduced the dosage of levetiracetam and achieved better control of epilepsy compared to levetiracetam mono-treatment. Aspirin co-treatment with levetiracetam did not result in a significant improvement. However, the combination of aspirin with atorvastatin significantly reduced the number of seizures compared to atorvastatin treatment alone.Conclusion:Atorvastatin and aspirin co-treatment with levetiracetam can reduce epilepsy in PSE patients and reduce the dosage of levetiracetam required for effective control of PSE.

К вопросу о социальной базе радикальных массовых форм социального протеста

The article is devoted to the problem of the social component of radical mass forms of social protest. Analyzing such phenomena as civil wars, revolutions, insurrections, revolts and mass anti-government actions, the author comes to the conclusion that the basis of radical mass protests is made up of young people and educated sections of society that belong to the social categories of “intelligentsia” and “middle class”. In case of protest actions transition into a civil war all sectors of society are involved into the struggle. As it is stated by the author, the role of the peasantry in protests decreases as the historical development goes on, their quantity declines, and the proportion of urban residents (from the middle class and the intelligentsia) is growing.

0433: Evolution of mitral organic valve disease in Vietnam during last two decades

Currently, degenerative etiologies of valvular diseases predominate in developed countries, but there are few data in developing countries like Vietnam. This Vietnamese retrospective study included 2734 patients who had mitral valve surgery in the Heart Institute, in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. They were divided into two periods: 1636 cases in 1995-2000 and 1098 cases in 2005-2010. The etiology and type of valvular heart disease have been classified on the basis of surgicalreports. The distribution of etiologies differed significantly different between the two periods (p<0.0001). We noted a decrease in rheumatic valvular disease with 1,558 cases (95%) in the first period and 894 cases (81%) in the second period. Consistantly, we observed an increase in degenerative etiology from 1.6% to 16%, and particularly fibroelastic degeneration: 20 (1.6%) and 146 (13.3%) cases. The mechanism of valvular disease (mitral regurgitation versus mixed mitral valve disease and mitral stenosis) differed significantly (p<0.0001) for both periods. With regard to mitral regurgitation cases only, degenerative etiologies increased from 11.4% to 38.5% of cases between the two periods (p<0.0001). Patients had a mean age of 36.3 years with a female predominance (two thirds of patients), especially in rheumatic etiologies. Age (p<0.0001) and the proportion of urban residents (p=0.04) was increased in degenerative causes. The study shows the emergence of degenerative valvular disease in Vietnam and a decrease in rheumatic valvular heart disease, which nevertheless remains the most common etiology.

Old age care concerns and state–society relations in China: public anxiety and state paternalism

Using data from a multiyear national survey, this study examines people's level of concern about care in old age and its temporal change. Our results indicate a rapidly increasing level of anxiety about old age care for people of various age groups, socio-economic status and regions. Our analysis also reveals that a higher proportion of urban residents are concerned about old age care than rural residents in recent years. The concerns have grown amid rapid economic growth and serious government efforts to broaden social insurance coverage. Our data suggest a growing demand for more government involvement in providing for retirement and old age care and such a demand for state paternalism will likely help reshape state–society relations in the future.

Influence of Industrialization and Urbanization on China’s Energy Consumption

By taking energy consumption as the dependent variable, urbanization and industrialization and energy prices as independent variables, a model of multivariate linear regression is built to estimate the influence of urbanization and industrialization on energy consumption. The results show that GDP, proportion of industrial added value in GDP, and the proportion of urban residents will increase China's energy consumption; the proportion of tertiary industry in GDP will reduce the energy consumption; and there is a negative time trend of energy consumption because of the influence of technological progress and energy policy. China’s energy consumption in 2015 is predicted by the regression equation with some goals of urbanization and industrialization in the 12th Five-Year Plan of China. The prediction shows that energy consumption will maintain an average growth rate of about 6% during the period of 12th Five-Year. At last, China’s energy policies are analyzed from the industrial structure, energy price and energy saving technology and so on according to the results of linear regression model.

Regional variations in and correlates of disability-free life expectancy among older adults in China

BackgroundConsiderable socioeconomic and health inequalities have been reported in China. However, because of a lack of appropriate data, limited research has been conducted on variations in disability-free life expectancy (DFLE) among older adults. This study aimed to use the most up-to-date disability survey data to explore geographical variations in DFLE at age 60 in China and to identify the socioeconomic and health care factors that partially account for these variations.MethodsThis study used 2006 mortality data extrapolated from the 1990 and 2000 Census and disability data from a national disability survey conducted in 2006. Disability was performance based and was diagnosed by trained physicians. DFLE was calculated by region using the Sullivan method. Multiple linear regression models by gender were conducted to explore correlates of DFLE.ResultsDFLE at age 60 varied widely by region, from 11.2 to 20.8 years in 2006. Per capita gross domestic product, proportion of urban residents, and access to health care were the primary factors associated with geographical variations in DFLE.ConclusionThe pattern of differences in DFLE by region mirrors the pattern of regional economic development in China. Countermeasures to decrease regional differences in DFLE include accelerating regional economic development and improving health care distribution.

Demand for private health insurance in Chinese urban areas

Between 1993 and 2003, the proportion of urban residents without health insurance rose from 27 to 50%. The probability of outpatient visits in the previous 2 weeks dropped from 19.9 to 11.8% in urban areas between 1993 and 2003, and from 16.0 to 13.9% in rural areas. To improve risk-pooling and risk-sharing, private health insurance should play an important role in China's health insurance system. This paper estimates the demand for private health insurance in urban areas using contingent valuation methods. Individuals were asked about their willingness-to-pay (WTP) for major catastrophic disease insurance (MCDI), inpatient expenses insurance (IEI), and outpatient expenses insurance (OEI). The study was based on a household survey conducted in four small cities in China in 2004 and included 2671 respondents. More people would like to buy IEI and MCDI (48.5 and 43.0%, respectively) than OEI (24.5%). In addition, individuals would pay a higher premium for MCDI and IEI than for OEI. The price elasticities of demand for MCDI, IEI, and OEI were -0.27, -0.34, and -0.42, respectively. The determinants of enrollment in the three private health insurance programs were similar with employment status, age, education, and income.

Urbanism and Population Distribution in China

In China "most urban" is often contiguous to "most rural," while congestion is both a rural and an urban characteristic, with city growth and problems frecuently increasing due to migrants from the country. Authorities disagree on the proportion of urban residents, but, depending on the region, they may total 10-29 per cent. Although industrialization appears remote and the Communists are committed to agrarian reform, it is likely that there will be an increace in the urban net as the Chinese co-operate with Russia on plans for the modernization of China and its integration with Russia and the Far East.