Prophylactic Antibiotics In Acute Pancreatitis Research Articles

The Ongoing Debate on the Use of Prophylactic Antibiotics in Acute Pancreatitis-Is There a Conclusion? A Comprehensive Narrative Review.

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common but often self-limiting disease in the majority of patients. However, in the minority, who may progress to moderately severe or severe AP, high mortality risk has been reported. Infected pancreatitis necrosis (IPN) in necrotising pancreatitis has been shown to result in more than twice the mortality rate compared with in sterile pancreatic necrosis. This raises the question on whether prophylactic antibiotics (PABs) should be given in subgroups of AP to prevent superimposed infection to improve survival outcomes. Despite numerous randomised controlled trials (RCTs), meta-analyses, and guidelines on the management of AP, there is a lack of strong evidence to suggest the use of PABs in AP. Additionally, use of PABs is associated with antimicrobial resistance. Considerable heterogeneity exists and limits the interpretation of results-subgroup of AP benefitting from PAB use, choice/class of PAB, and timing of administration from symptom onset and duration of PAB use. Only a minority of existing meta-analyses suggest mortality benefits and reduction in IPN. The majority of existing guidelines do not recommend the use of PABs in AP. More research is required to make more definitive conclusions. Currently, PAB should only be administered after multidisciplinary discussions led by pancreatology experts.

The Use of Prophylaxis Antibiotics to Prevent Acute Pancreatitis Complications: Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials

Background: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammation of the pancreas, a serious emergency with no definitive treatment. It may progress to infected necrosis, non-pancreatitis infection, also death that may occur within the first 1 to 2 weeks. The use of prophylactic antibiotics in AP to prevent complications remains a controversy. The objective of this meta-analysis is to assess the benefit of prophylaxis antibiotics administration to prevent the complication.Method: Trials were identified by searching the medical database. Literature range is within the year 1975 to 2021. Review Manager 5.4.1 was used to analyse data extraction and risk of bias of included studies were elaborated. Risk ratio (RR) was calculated with 95% confidence interval (CI). P 0.05 was considered significant.Results: Twenty trials with a total of 1.287 patients of AP were analysed; 646 patients treated with antibiotic prophylaxis and 641 patients treated with placebo. Prophylaxis antibiotics were found to have significant difference between the two groups. The administration of prophylaxis antibiotics lower the risk of non-pancreatic infections (RR = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.62–0.95; p 0.05) and infected pancreatic necrosis (RR = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.58-0.94; p 0.05). Meanwhile, prophylaxis antibiotics were found to be insignificant to lower the risk of mortality (RR = 0.75; 95% CI: 0.54-1.03; p 0.05). Conclusion: Prophylaxis antibiotics lower the risk of non-pancreatic infections and infected pancreatic necrosis, but did not lower the risk of mortality.

Management of acute pancreatitis in the first 72 hours.

Acute pancreatitis is a common condition that affects patients with varying degrees of severity and may lead to significant morbidity and mortality. The present article will review the current paradigm in acute pancreatitis management within the first 72 h of diagnosis. Patients presenting with acute pancreatitis should be evaluated clinically for signs and symptoms of organ failure in order to appropriately triage. Initial management should focus on fluid resuscitation, with some data to support Ringer's lactate over physiological saline. Routine use of prophylactic antibiotics in acute pancreatitis is not recommended, nor is urgent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the absence of concomitant acute cholangitis. Early oral feeding should be encouraged, not avoided, and use of parenteral nutrition is discouraged. Cholecystectomy during the same admission of biliary pancreatitis should be performed in order to prevent future acute pancreatitis episodes. Patients with acute pancreatitis secondary to alcohol should receive alcohol counseling. Finally, there is ongoing interest in the development of prognostic laboratory tests in acute pancreatitis and pharmacological therapies to reduce the inflammation that occurs in acute pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis is a common and heterogeneous condition with the potential for significant morbidity. Best practices in acute pancreatitis management focus on triage, hydration and enteral feeding.

Prophylactic antibiotics in acute pancreatitis: endless debate.

INTRODUCTION The development of pancreatic infection is associated with the development of a deteriorating disease with subsequent high morbidity and mortality. There is agreement that in mild pancreatitis there is no need to use antibiotics; in severe pancreatitis it would appear to be a logical choice to use antibiotics to prevent secondary pancreatic infection and decrease associated mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS A non-systematic review of current evidence, meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials was conducted to assess the role of prophylactic antibiotics in acute pancreatitis and whether it might improve morbidity and mortality in pancreatitis. RESULTS Mixed evidence was found to support and refute the role of prophylactic antibiotics in acute pancreatitis. Most studies have failed to demonstrate much benefit from its routine use. Data from our unit suggested little benefit of their routine use, and showed that the mortality of those treated with antibiotics was significantly higher compared with those not treated with antibiotics (9% vs 0%, respectively, P=0.043). In addition, the antibiotic group had significantly higher morbidity (36% vs 5%, respectively, P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS Antibiotics should be used in patients who develop sepsis, infected necrosis-related systemic inflammatory response syndrome, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome or pancreatic and extra-pancreatic infection. Despite the many other factors that should be considered, prompt antibiotic therapy is recommended once inflammatory markers are raised, to prevent secondary pancreatic infection. Unfortunately, there remain many unanswered questions regarding the indications for antibiotic administration and the patients who benefit from antibiotic treatment in acute pancreatitis.

Is antibiotic prophylaxis beneficial in acute pancreatitis?--First update.

This Living FRISBEE (Living FRIendly Summary of the Body of Evidence using Epistemonikos) is an update of the summary published in August 2014, based on two systematic reviews appeared in January and February 2015. There is controversy about the effects of prophylactic antibiotics in acute pancreatitis. Searching in Epistemonikos database, which is maintained by screening 30 databases, we identified 18 systematic reviews including 19 randomised studies overall. We combined the evidence using meta-analysis and generated a summary of findings following the GRADE approach. We concluded that prophylactic antibiotics may reduce mortality and length of hospitalization in patients with acute pancreatitis, but the certainty of the evidence is low. The probability that future evidence change what we know is high.

C-reactive protein may influence decisively the prescription of prophylactic antibiotics in acute pancreatitis: a population-based cohort study.

Prescription of prophylactic antibiotics in acute pancreatitis (AP) is controversial. We aimed to identify the patients' characteristics that may prompt clinicians to prescribe prophylactic antibiotics in AP. This single-center retrospective cohort study included 299 consecutive patients with AP from a Portuguese hospital in 2009 to 2010. Logistic regression was used to study the association of patients' characteristics with prescription of prophylactic antibiotics in AP. Persistent organ failure developed in 7% of patients (9/136). The median C-reactive protein at 48 hours after hospital admission was 154 mg/L (interquartile range, 55-271 mg/L). Bedside Index for Severity in AP score greater than or equal to 3 occurred in 14% of patients (42/299). Pancreatic necrosis was diagnosed in 21% of the patients (35/169). Computerized Tomography Severity Index score greater than 3 occurred in 23% of patients (38/169). In-hospital mortality rate was 4% (10/299). Prophylactic antibiotics were prescribed to 14% of patients (42/299). After adjusting for persistent organ failure and Computerized Tomography Severity Index score greater than 3, C-reactive protein at 48 hours after hospital admission greater than or equal to 150 mg/L was significantly associated with higher likelihood of receiving prophylactic antibiotics (odds ratio, 12.2). Prophylactic antibiotics did not improve in-hospital mortality rate (P = 0.637). C-reactive protein was the most influential in prescribing prophylactic antibiotics in AP. Clinicians may need better tools to support the decision to prescribe prophylactic antibiotics in AP.

Is antibiotic prophylaxis in acute pancreatitis beneficial?

There is controversy about the effects of prophylactic antibiotics in acute pancreatitis. Searching in Epistemonikos database, which is maintained by screening 19 databases, we identified 15 systematic reviews including 19 randomised studies overall. We combined the evidence using meta-analysis and generated a summary of findings following the GRADE approach. We concluded that prophylactic antibiotics may reduce mortality and length of hospitalization in patients with acute pancreatitis, but the quality of the evidence is low. The probability that future evidence change what we know is high.

Effects of prophylactic antibiotics in acute pancreatitis

ObjectivesThe use of prophylactic antibiotics in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is controversial. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of antibiotics administered as prophylaxis and as treatment on demand, respectively, in two prospective, non-randomized cohorts of patients. MethodsThe study population consisted of 210 patients treated for SAP. In Group 1 (n= 103), patients received prophylactic antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, metronidazole). In Group 2 (n= 107), patients were treated on demand. Ultrasound-guided drainage and/or surgical debridement of infected necrosis were performed when the presence of infected pancreatic necrosis was demonstrated. The primary endpoints were infectious complication rate, need for and timing of surgical interventions, incidence of nosocomial infections and mortality rate. ResultsUltrasound-guided fine needle aspiration [in 18 (16.8%) vs. 13 (12.6%) patients; P= 0.714], ultrasound-guided drainage [in 15 (14.0%) vs. six (5.8%) patients; P= 0.065] and open surgical necrosectomy [in 10 (9.3%) vs. five (4.9%) patients; P= 0.206] were performed more frequently and earlier [at 16.6 ± 7.8days vs. 17.2 ± 6.7days (P= 0.723); at 19.5 ± 9.4days vs. 24.5 ± 14.2days (P= 0.498), and at 22.6 ± 13.5days vs. 26.7 ± 18.1days (P= 0.826), respectively] in Group 2 compared with Group 1. There were no significant differences between groups in mortality and duration of stay in the surgical ward or intensive care unit. ConclusionsThe results of this study support the suggestion that the use of prophylactic antibiotics does not affect mortality rate, but may decrease the need for interventional and surgical management, and lower the number of reoperations.

Antibiotic therapy for prophylaxis against infection of pancreatic necrosis in acute pancreatitis

Pancreatic necrosis may complicate severe acute pancreatitis, and is detectable by computed tomography (CT). If it becomes infected mortality increases, but the use of prophylactic antibiotics raises concerns about antibiotic resistance and fungal infection. To determine the efficacy and safety of prophylactic antibiotics in acute pancreatitis complicated by CT proven pancreatic necrosis. Searches were updated in November 2008, in The Cochrane Library (Issue 2, 2008), MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL. Conference proceedings and references from found articles were also searched. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing antibiotics versus placebo in acute pancreatitis with CT proven necrosis. Primary outcomes were mortality and pancreatic infection rates. Secondary end-points included non pancreatic infection, all sites infection, operative rates, fungal infections, and antibiotic resistance. Subgroup analyses were performed for antibiotic regimen (beta-lactam, quinolone, and imipenem). Seven evaluable studies randomised 404 patients. There was no statistically significant effect on reduction of mortality with therapy: 8.4% versus controls 14.4%, and infected pancreatic necrosis rates: 19.7% versus controls 24.4%. Non-pancreatic infection rates and the incidence of overall infections were not significantly reduced with antibiotics: 23.7% versus 36%; 37.5% versus 51.9% respectively. Operative treatment and fungal infections were not significantly different. Insufficient data were provided concerning antibiotic resistance.With beta-lactam antibiotic prophylaxis there was less mortality (9.4% treatment, 15% controls), and less infected pancreatic necrosis (16.8% treatment group, 24.2% controls) but this was not statistically significant. The incidence of non-pancreatic infections was non-significantly different (21% versus 32.5%), as was the incidence of overall infections (34.4% versus 52.8%), and operative treatment rates. No significant differences were seen with quinolone plus imidazole in any of the end points measured. Imipenem on its own showed no difference in the incidence of mortality, but there was a significant reduction in the rate of pancreatic infection (p=0.02; RR 0.34, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.84). No benefit of antibiotics in preventing infection of pancreatic necrosis or mortality was found, except for when imipenem (a beta-lactam) was considered on its own, where a significantly decrease in pancreatic infection was found. None of the studies included in this review were adequately powered. Further better designed studies are needed if the use of antibiotic prophylaxis is to be recommended.

Prophylactic Antibiotics in Acute Pancreatitis: Further High-Quality Trials Are Still Warranted

Prophylactic Antibiotics in Acute Pancreatitis: Further High-Quality Trials Are Still Warranted

Prophylactic Antibiotics in Acute Pancreatitis: Further High-Quality Trials Are Still Warranted

Prophylactic Antibiotics in Acute Pancreatitis: Further High-Quality Trials Are Still Warranted

Antibiotic prophylaxis in severe acute pancreatitis--what are the facts?

After acute pancreatitis, sepsis secondary to infected pancreatic necrosis is the main cause of late stage death. Routine prophylactic antibiotic use following a severe attack of pancreatitis has been proposed but remains contentious. Three recent randomised controlled studies compared routine antibiotic prophylaxis to no treatment. All three showed reduced sepsis rates and two showed reduced rates of pancreatic infection, but in none was there any effect on operation rate. Only one study, from Finland, has shown any effect on mortality. A feature of the use of prophylactic antibiotics in acute pancreatitis is the increased frequency of drug-resistant or unusual organisms, including fungi, cultured from pancreatic tissue removed at necrosectomy. Mortality may be increased in this group of patients. The aim of antibiotic prophylaxis is a reduced death or operation rate rather than reduced sepsis rates per se and it is possible that the use of prophylactic antibiotics in acute pancreatitis merely masks the underlying disease process without affecting the natural history. There are, thus, too many uncertainties to enable a clear recommendation on routine antibiotic prophylaxis in severe acute pancreatitis. Further well-designed, adequately powered studies are required to establish the role of antibiotic prophylaxis in severe acute pancreatitis.

Prophylactic antibiotics for severe acute pancreatitis: the beginning of an era.

Death from acute severe pancreatitis results from infection and multiple organ system failure occurring late in the course of illness. Patients with necrotizing pancreatitis involving at least one-third of the organ are at highest risk of secondary infection and death. We conducted a MEDLINE search to identify human trials of prophylactic antibiotics in acute pancreatitis. Results of early studies of prophylactic ampicillin to avoid secondary infection and death were negative, but the studies included patients with mild disease who are at low risk for infection. Antibiotics were beneficial in four recently completed studies: imipenem significantly reduced pancreatic and nonpancreatic sepsis (p< or =0.01); cefuroxime reduced all infectious complications (p<0.01) and deaths (p=0.0284); a regimen of ceftazidime, amikacin, and metronidazole reduced all infectious complications (p<0.03); and protocol use of imipenem significantly reduced pancreatic infection compared with nonprotocol antibiotics (p=0.04) and no antibiotics (p<0.001). Based on these results, we suggest early antibiotic prophylaxis in patients with necrotizing pancreatitis, but the best drug and duration of therapy are unknown.

Role of antibiotics in acute pancreatitis: a meta-analysis

In an attempt to decrease the infectious complications of acute pancreatitis and its high mortality, many investigators have conducted randomized prospective trials on the efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics. The results of these studies are conflicting, and many have called for a large multicenter study. Because multicenter trials are costly and difficult to organize, we believe that meta-analysis is a reasonable alternative. A meta-analysis of all eight previously published trials of prophylactic antibiotics in acute pancreatitis was performed. The end point was death. The Mantel-Haenszel statistic was used to summarize odds ratios across studies in a fixed effects model, after homogeneity was assessed. Sensitivity analysis was performed as appropriate. The meta-analysis of all eight trials showed a positive benefit for antibiotics in reducing mortality. Sensitivity analysis showed that the advantage was limited to patients with severe pancreatitis who received broad-spectrum antibiotics that achieve therapeutic pancreatic tissue levels. It is recommended that all patients with severe pancreatitis be treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics that achieve therapeutic levels in pancreatic tissue.