Related Properties Research Articles

Rational Design of Near‐infrared II Plasmonic Optofunctional Materials for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications

AbstractPlasmonic materials have aroused considerable interest in diagnostic and therapeutic biomedical applications because of their remarkable optical properties and the integration of multiple functionalities. Particularly, near‐infrared II (NIR‐II) plasmonic materials present great advantages for anticancer treatments, including deep tissue penetration, low tissue light scattering and autofluorescence, and high spatial resolution. Thus, NIR‐II plasmonic phototheranostics represents a promising approach for effective anticancer treatments through multi‐modal imaging‐guided therapy. Accordingly, tremendous efforts have recently been devoted to the development of NIR‐II plasmonic materials for highly efficient phototheranostics. In this review, the recent progress of NIR‐II plasmonic materials and their phototheranostic applications are overviewed. First, the localized surface plasmon resonance effect and the related optical properties such as the photothermal effect, photoacoustic effect, and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect are introduced. Then, the unique features and the structure‐property relationship of various types of NIR‐II plasmonic materials are discussed. Finally, the recent progress of NIR‐II plasmonic material‐based multimodal phototheranostics with an emphasis on the integration of multiple functionalities are reviewed, and subsequently the current challenges and future research perspectives are discussed. This review will provide valuable guidelines for the rational design of NIR‐II plasmonic materials for highly efficient cancer phototheranostics in the future.

Microstructure evolution of Ti17 titanium with ultrahigh strength and moderate plasticity fabricated by laser powder bed fusion

This study utilized laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) to fabricate Ti–5Al–2Sn–2Zr–4Mo–4Cr (Ti17) specimens, exploring their ultrahigh strength microstructural strengthening mechanisms and examining heat treatment effects on α lamellae and related mechanical property trends. In the as-deposited LPBF-Ti17, α lamellae features extremely fine dimensions, with an average lamellar thickness of 45 nm, and comprises approximately 52.2% of total volume. This finely dispersed α lamellar microstructure provides numerous α/β phase interfaces, enabling LPBF-Ti17 mechanical properties to reach ultra-high strengths close to 1500 MPa. During heat treatment, the Ostwald ripening mechanism primarily drives growth in α-phase lamellar thickness. The rate of α lamellar thickness growth reaches its peak between 650 °C and 700 °C. The main dislocation distribution of LPBF-Ti17 lies at α lamellae edges, adjacent to β phase, and dislocation density diminishes with rising heat treatment temperature. Concurrently, the Termination migration mechanism causes α lamellae ends to become progressively rounded from sharp features with increasing heat treatment temperature. The increase in α lamellar thickness and reduction in dislocation density collectively contribute to the effective enhancement of Ti17 plasticity.

Effect of Frequency and Temperature on Dielectric and Transport Properties of CaO stabilized ZrO2@mullite composites

AbstractThis study concerns the synthesis and structure related electrical property analysis of CaO doped ZrO2@mullite composites. Two synthesis techniques (solid state reaction route and thermal plasma sintering) are used which results the formation of a composite consisting of mixed phase of orthorhombic mullite, tetragonal and monoclinic zirconia. The lattice parameters, residual strains, average crystallite size and cell volume of these CaO‐doped ZrO2@mullite composites are obtained from XRD analysis. Stabilization of t‐ZrO2 phase at room temperature is confirmed. Porous microstructure observed in SEM images results in low dielectric constant value of these composites. At room temperature and selected frequency of 1MHz, the dielectric constant and loss factor of 4.7 and 3.826 × 10−2 is observed for conventional CaO stabilized ZrO2@mullite composite and that of 3.8 and 2.19 × 10−2 is reported for plasma sintered CaO stabilized ZrO2@mullite composite. The impedance spectroscopic analysis demonstrates the negative temperature coefficient of resistance (NTCR) behavior and non‐Debye type relaxation behavior of both the CaO stabilized ZrO2@mullite composites. A negligible effect of electrode polarization is realized in these composites. The electronic band gap of conventional and plasma sintered CaO stabilized ZrO2@mullite composites is found to be around 3eV.

The Emergence of Marx’s Concept of Subsumption

Abstract In Marx’s posthumously published manuscripts from 1857–1863, we find a systematic exposition of his concept of subsumption. Though much has been written about it, significant interpretative gaps persist. In this article, I begin filling these gaps by examining the emergence of Marx’s concept of subsumption. I will argue that in the Grundrisse Marx brings together distinct but complementary elements from Hegel’s theories of judgment and teleology to coin two new and well delineated concepts of subsumption that prefigure his later concepts of formal and real subsumption. These two concepts may be defined as: (a) the process of acquiring the social relational property of being a means to an end; (b) the process by which changes in non-relational properties occur in something due to this acquisition – and occur to better suit said end.

An order-disorder phase transition in alloy 783 bolts after long-term service

Ni-Co-Fe based alloy 783 is commonly employed as bolt material in power plants. Its initial state possesses a γ matrix strengthened through B2-type β phase and L12-type γ' phase. Over prolonged service, the alloy displays an observed increase in strength along with certain embrittlement. After 100 and 123 months of service at 600 °C, a pine-like phase enriched with Co and Fe occurs in the matrix, which is confirmed to be a BCC phase with a lattice parameter of 2.87 Å. These BCC precipitates also manifest within the coarse β particles and are coherent with the B2 phase, showing a cuboidal shape. Thermodynamic calculations suggest the transformation from the ordered B2 phase to the disordered BCC phase at temperatures below 670 °C. The identification of the order-disorder phase transition deepens the understanding of phase transition after long-term service in alloy 783 and the related mechanical properties evolution in addition to previous works.

Two-iterated degenerate Appell polynomials: properties and applications

In the development of hybrid special polynomials, it is essential to incorporate the monomiality principle, operational rules, and other related properties. This research study adopts this approach and introduces a novel polynomial type called the two-iterated degenerate Appell polynomials, utilizing the monomiality principle. This study yields new findings that align with previous research efforts. The study presents explicit formulas and key properties of these polynomials, while also establishing connections with other polynomial types such as the Bernoulli, Euler, and Genocchi polynomials. These connections facilitate the derivation of additional results. By employing the monomiality principle and considering the aforementioned polynomials as initial members of the Appell family, this study contributes to the expansion of knowledge in the field of special polynomials.

Forced vibration response prediction of Miura-ori core sandwich panel with impact defects

Miura-ori core sandwich panels have great application potential in aviation aircraft. Subject to the impact and vibration loads, the small impact defect will increase the dynamic stress, resulting in fatigue failure. Moreover, the Miura creases complicate the impact deformation, which is extremely time-consuming to analysis the dynamic stress only through simulation. Therefore, a rapid dynamic stress prediction method for Miura-ori core sandwich panels is first proposed based on the predicted impact deformation by arbitrary defects in this paper. The dynamic stress of sandwich panels could be directly calculated with few numerical results by establishing the relationship with impact deformation in advance. The vibration mechanism of sandwich panels with defects is revealed. Although the deformation area is below 32.1 % of Miura cell projection area, the dynamic stress will increase by 1.984–2.635 times with different defects. The impact deformation is predicted by the geometric relationship of Miura creases and material properties, and the prediction errors of hemispherical and drilling defects with arbitrary defect positions are below 12.5 % and 10.6 %, respectively. Taking two types of defects (hemispherical and drilling defects), different defect depths and positions into consideration, the prediction errors of maximum dynamic stress are from -7.9 % to 16.8 % compared to simulation.

Tunable schiff-based networks with different bonding sites for enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible-light irradiation: The effects of steric hindrance

Organic polymers hold great potential in photocatalysis considering their low cost, structural tailorability, and well-controlled degree of conjugation for efficient electron transfer. Among the polymers, Schiff base networks (SNWs) with high nitrogen content have been noticed. Herein, a series of SNWs is synthesized based on the melamine units and dialdehydes with different bonding sites. The chemical and structural variation caused by steric hindrance as well as the related photoelectric properties of the SNW samples are investigated, along with the application exploration on photocatalytic degradation and energy production. The results demonstrate that only SNW-o based on o-phthalaldehyde responds to visible light, which extends to over 550 nm. SNW-o shows the highest tetracycline degradation rate of 0.02516 min−1, under 60-min visible light irradiation. Moreover, the H2O2 production of SNW-o is 2.14 times higher than that of g-C3N4. The enhanced photocatalytic activity could be ascribed to the enlarged visible light adsorption and intramolecular electron transfer. This study indicates the possibility to regulate the optical and electrical properties of organic photocatalysts on a molecular level, providing an effective strategy for rational supramolecular engineering to the applications of organic materials in photocatalysis.

On second maximal subgroups with core relation in finite groups

In this paper, we will investigate the structure of groups with the property of the core relation between some second maximal subgroups and corresponding maximal subgroups, and obtained some new results about finite groups. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 7 September 2023 Revised 13 December 2023 Communicated by Mandi Schaeffer Fry

Study on Thermodynamic Properties of Spiral Tube-Encapsulated Phase-Change Material Energy Pile

Based on the research status of phase-change material (PCM) energy piles, this paper proposes a new type of PCM energy pile-spiral tube-encapsulated PCM energy pile. In order to study the related properties of the energy pile, this study designed and processed the relevant test equipment and built an indoor scale model experimental system. The thermodynamic performance of the spiral tube-encapsulated phase-change energy pile under summer conditions was studied by the test system. Through the indoor scale model test, it is found that compared with the traditional energy pile, the spiral tube-encapsulated PCM energy pile improves the heat exchange capacity of the unit pile body in the early and middle stages of operation, and reduces the surface temperature of the pile body and the heating rate of the surface temperature of the pile body. The upward displacement of the energy pile top is reduced. The heat exchange capacity of the unit pile depth is increased by 6.52 W/m, the maximum pile surface temperature difference is 0.62 °C, and the maximum pile top displacement difference is 0.005 mm. In addition, the total heat transfer of the spiral tube-encapsulated PCM energy pile during the whole operation period is 3.38% higher than that of the traditional energy pile. However, during the whole operation period, the surface stress value of the spiral tube encapsulated PCM energy pile is higher than that of the traditional energy pile. The maximum difference between the two is 9.84 kPa and the maximum difference is 10.8%. The difference between the two is finally stabilized at 1.4 kPa with an increase in time, and the final difference is only 8.8%.

Connectedness degrees in (L, M)-fuzzy convex structures

Connectivity is one of the most essential notions in general topology. Convex structures are topological-like structures. Many properties in topological spaces have been generalized to convex structures, such as separation. However, connectivity has not been studied in convex structures yet. In this paper, firstly, based on the consideration to hull operators, separatedness is defined in classical convex structures, and then we provide the concept of connectivity. Secondly, some equivalent characterizations of connectivity are discussed, and we investigate the related properties of connectivity. In additional, through (L, M)-fuzzy convex hull operators, we propose the separatedness degrees of (L, M)-fuzzy convex structures. Furthermore, the notion of connectedness degrees of (L, M)-fuzzy convex structures is introduced. Finally, many properties of connectivity in general convex structures can be generalized to (L, M)-fuzzy convex structures.

Effect of feed concentration in solvent/anti-solvent precipitation fractionation of lignin: Impact on lignins structure-property correlations

Technical lignins are relatively heterogeneous and structurally not fully understood, which hinders their commercialization. This study involves the precipitation fractionation of organosolv (OS) lignin into different molecular weight (MW) classes by stepwise addition of water as an anti-solvent in acetone/water mixtures with varying feed lignin concentrations of 5, 10, and 15 wt. % in the lignin/solvent/anti-solvent mixture. Characterization of the obtained lignin fractions by SEC-MALS, TM-DSC, and 31P NMR revealed MW classes in a broad range from 2050 to 26500 g mol−1, glass transition temperatures between 68 and 201 °C and the presence of different amounts of hydroxyl groups. The results verify that besides the acetone/water gradient, the lignin concentration has a major influence on the fractionation outcome. We demonstrate the significant impact of different OS lignin concentrations on the solubility of such polydisperse system and hereby establish an additional way to tune the molecular weight of lignin fractions and their related physico-chemical properties.

Model for Wastage Allowance and Strength Properties of Pipe Piles Exposed to Marine Corrosion

The study’s objective is to analyze the mechanical properties of steel pipe piles as a part of a trestle bridge subjected to five years of natural marine corrosion degradation. Sixteen tensile specimens are extracted from the steel pipe piles in the splash, tidal, and immersion zones. The experimental tensile test results are used to establish regression equations defining the elastic modulus, yield strength, strain hardening index, and strength coefficient for the true stress–strain curves of the three regions. A non-linear time-dependent mathematical model is exploited to identify the corrosion degradation, using the data from one single corrosion degradation measurement campaign. The analysis indicates that the splash zone is experiencing the most severe corrosion degradation, and there are progressive losses in the mechanical properties of each zone as the corrosion degradation progresses. The established relationships of the mechanical properties, as a function of the ratio of corroded plate thickness to the as-built one, can be used as a fast-engineering approach to identify the mechanical properties of severely corroded piles. The corrosion degradation allowance is also defined using the first-order reliability method, accounting for existing uncertainties covered by the partial safety factors. By examining the impact of marine corrosion on the mechanical properties of marine structures and developing predictive models to assess the corrosion’s effect on material strength and corrosion allowance, the study aims to improve offshore structures’ safety, design, and maintenance.

Effect of superfine grinding chestnut powder on the structural and physicochemical properties of wheat dough

This study evaluated the influence of chestnut powder, produced using ball mill superfine grinding (BMSG), jet superfine grinding (JSG), and ordinary grinding (OG), on wheat flour properties. Blending wheat flour with chestnut powder resulted in a darker flour blend (3 % decline of L*), with decreased the tap density and increased water holding capacity. Adding appropriate proportion of superfine chestnut powder can bolster the mixed flour's thermal stability (15 % BMSG/JSG) and freeze–thaw stability (10 % BMSG/JSG), while significantly enhancing the anti-aging properties of flour products. The proposition of 5 % superfine BMSG/JSG did not significantly affect the tensile resistance of the dough, and even improve the dough's tensile strength. In addition, the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness and pH of fermentation increased due to the addition of chestnut powder, as supported by the dough texture analyses and fermentation characteristics findings. However, the excessive addition of chestnut powder affected the dough network's structural integrity to some extent. Further study can focus on the influencing mechanism of chestnut powder on gluten formation and related nutritional properties. Overall, this research underscores the potential of utilizing chestnut powder to enhance the nutritional and functional qualities of wheat-based products.

Nanoarchitectonics of low process parameter synthesized porous carbon on enhanced performance with synergistic interaction of redox-active electrolyte for supercapacitor application

To develop materials of lower embodied energy and materials footprint for energy storage industry, the present work reports synthesis of porous carbon from a waste wetland weed (wild sugarcane) using low process parametric conditions (temperature and impregnation ratio) and their electrochemical capacitive (synonymously known as supercapacitors) charge storage performance in aqueous and redox active electrolytes. The phase, surface chemistry, physical surface, and morphology of the porous carbon thus developed are studied in detail using X-ray diffraction, gas adsorption measurements, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy techniques. Porous carbon synthesized at 500 °C, with the activator ZnCl2, resulted in a combination of micro and meso pores and a specific surface area ∼1294 m2 g−1. The optimized electrodes show outstanding energy storage performance, viz. specific capacitance of ∼414 F g−1 (three-electrode system) and ∼197 F g−1 (two-electrode system) at 1 A g−1 current density in aqueous 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte. The porous activated carbon showed high performance in terms of electrochemical stability of 96 % in half cell configuration for 10,000 cycles, while the symmetric device showed 80 % cyclic stability for 5000 cycles in full cell configuration. Addition of redox active 0.01 M hydroquinone in the 1 M H2SO4 significantly improved the storage capacity to 540 C g−1 at current density of 3 A g−1 in two-electrode configuration and maintained 72 % of capacity for 5000 cycles. The redox-active symmetric supercapacitors show an energy density ∼26.9 W h kg−1 and power density ∼5527 W kg−1 and other related electrochemical properties.

Darkening of lead white in old master drawings and historic prints: A multi-analytical investigation

Old master drawings and historic prints often feature white highlights, which are typically painted using lead white, one of the most widely used historical white pigments. However, it has been observed that many of these highlights discolour over time, becoming dark brown or black due to unclear degradation processes. This phenomenon not only misrepresents the original artefacts, threatening their suitability for public display, but also diminishes their longevity. To ensure their preservation, it is essential to determine why some lead white highlights in these museum objects retain their light tones while others are prone to darkening. The objective of this study was to identify the relationships between the composition, provenance, and production methods of lead white pigments, and their role in the discolouration observed on drawings, lithographs and early photographs. Selected samples and artefacts were examined using a range of analytical techniques, namely X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and lead isotope analysis. While XRF analyses confirmed the presence of lead as the primary element in the majority of the highlights, XRPD measurements identified a variety of lead compounds such as the carbonates cerussite and hydrocerussite alongside galena—a black crystalline sulfide—and lead sulfates. Additionally, isotope analyses classified the lead raw materials into five main groups. Through these measurements, the examined lead white pigments were categorised based on their compositional properties in relation to the raw materials used, as well as their geographical and temporal origin. A significant finding is that lead white pigments from different production periods, spanning from older to more modern, may be characterised by varying proneness to discolouration irrespective of their provenance.

Hydrophobic phytic acid conversion layers for corrosion protection of steel surfaces

AbstractThe possibility for a good conversion protection based on phytic acid (PA) solutions is described many times in the literature.1,2 The latest results show that PA cannot improve the corrosion protective properties with an organic coating,2 although PA conversion layers without organic coatings have already successfully been applied on different surfaces and the development of layers with enhanced corrosion protective behavior was possible.3,4 The reason why PA does not work together with an organic coating is based on the hydrophilic surface and therefore the low contact angle of the PA conversion layer.2 One solution is to modify PA directly and/or change the solution properties to increase the hydrophobic properties. In this work, a new and innovative way to synthesize a new type of sustainable organic PA-based conversion layers on steel, which works completely without titanium or zirconium and is a new approach for hydrophobic conversion layers, is presented.5 The results prove the formation of a pure PA-based conversion layer on the surface. The infrared (IR), Raman, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy verified the new synthesis products and by means of the vibration spectroscopy, the resulting conversion layers. To analyze the new physical properties, the contact angle of the conversion layers was detected. By means of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the electrochemical stability of the conversion was studied and with cyclic voltammetry (CV), the solidity ratio was investigated. At last, the corrosion protective performance of the layers in combination with an E-coat in the salt spray test (SST) was examined. All modified PA-based conversion layers in combination with E-coats increased the corrosion protective properties in relation to industrial used phosphate conversion layers of steel surfaces. The overall result is a new kind of hydrophobic phytic acid-based conversion layer which shows advanced anticorrosion and coatability properties compared to other layers based on PA. The results if the EIS measurements show that the resistance of the coating significantly increased, and diffusion could be suppressed by coating the metal surface with PA conversion layers. The comparison of the SST results for the reference and the modified PA underline these observations. The overall SST rating increased by 2 and the delamination went down to 1.9 mm while the corrosion was 0.1, comparable to phosphated steel.

Educational gag orders as white property of interest: reinscribing higher education's ethos in radical tradition

PurposeIt is critical for those who are engaged in the work of resisting the movement of academically restrictive policy to understand that it is a deliberate act on the part of conservatives to outlaw critical race theory (CRT) specifically, because it is a theoretical mechanism for discrediting the rhetorical foundations of their policy movement. The knee-jerk institutional courses of action to now defund initiatives and curriculum related equity, diversity and inclusion (EDI) represent what has always been a deeply rooted investment in white supremacy on the part of the institutions (Baldwin, 2021; Patel, 2021; Squire, 2021).Design/methodology/approachThe author explores and defines the CRT tenets of interest convergence (Bell, 1980) and whiteness as property (Harris, 1993) in relation to EI (Fricker, 2007; Dotson, 2011) as frameworks for examining three EGOs in the region where these policies have become most dominant. All three are critical tools of analysis for understanding the stake the White conservative political elite have in EGOs, and the magnitude of EI these policies represent, and stand endorse in their rhetoric. Definitions of EI often rely on the work of Amanda Fricker’s (2013) text on the subject, but this paper is invested in the expansions of this theorization for speaking to the nature of the injustice that EGOs represent as a matter of historical trend, with grave implications for futures marked by continued oppression. Whiteness as property and interest convergence are points for explicating the dialectic and material aspects of issues of race and equity in this country; namely, how knowledge processes inherent to higher education sound even more alarms as EGOs become commonplace for college campuses.FindingsTo support the arguments laid out, the author provides a historical review of the settler-colonial foundations of higher education as an american institution. This is meant to provide contour to the image of postsecondary education that exists today. In accordance with this paper’s allegiance to CRT, many of the texts would be considered revisionist history (Delgado and Stefancic, 2023), which stray from dominant narratives of american comfort and speak more accurately to the experiences of minoritized populations. The author then applies the same analysis to the sociopolitical contexts of EGOs, and to policy language itself. Each section is closed with an explanation of its connection to tenets of CRT and EI so as to provide a thread to follow into the subsequent discussion section.Research limitations/implicationsIn the first presentation of the early writings of this work, the author was lucky enough to be in community with Barbara Applebaum at the annual meeting for the American Educational Studies Association and engage in discourse surrounding EI and CRT applications to EGOs. In conversations surrounding the will in the willful ignorance that is exemplified in the movement of EGOs, the author had shared with Dr Applebaum the early thinking on how that will was the same force that brought together converging interests, which have continually forecasted interest divergence. This is commonly referred to as “political backlash.” The author had said something along the lines of: “if we follow the interest convergence, we can get in front of the subsequent political moves to turn the clocks on what was once celebrates progress.” This conversation planted the seed for what is the thesis of this paper. Interest convergence and divergence happen at the will of white populations because of the american truth of whiteness as property. In the context of higher education, this means that because educational pursuit has largely been white property, it has served as an arena for white populations to converge and diverge their interests with those of the minoritized. For example, the policies that drained federal funding for higher education in the 1970s were passed on the tails of a Civil Rights Movement that shook the very foundation of this country and expanded access to postsecondary education for racially minoritized groups (Berret, 2015).Originality/valueEnsuring that this social construction is a matter of status quo has largely been the work of postsecondary institutions, and EGOs represent the most recent attempt at epistemically imposed inferiority. Explicit attention to the fact of higher education’s complicity and overall investment in the socialization of oppression is necessary to engage in transformative practice that resists anachronism. If higher education researchers and practitioners do not recognize the stake in both the presence and resistance to EGOs, there would likely be acts of resistance that will belie an act of interest convergence – and later divergence – on the part of the state.

Harnessing the potential of pigeonpea and maize feedstock biochar for carbon sequestration, energy generation, and environmental sustainability

Crop residues in agriculture pose disposal challenges and contribute to air pollution when burned. This study aims to use pigeonpea and maize stalks to produce biochar at different pyrolysis temperatures. Biochar can serve in carbon sequestration, as a soil amendment, and as an alternative fuel source. Pyrolysis was conducted at 400, 500, and 600 °C to examine the effects on physicochemical properties, fuel, and energy related properties. Increase in temperatures resulted in decrease of biochar yield, volatile matter, and O/C and H/C atomic ratios, while ash content and essential nutrients increased. Yield was observed to be higher in pigeonpea stalks derived biochar compared to maize stalks derived biochar at same pyrolysis temperatures. The yields of pigeonpea stalks derived biochar at 400 °C, 500 °C, and 600 °C are 34, 33 and 29%, respectively, and the yields of maize biomass-derived biochar at 400 °C, 500 °C, and 600 °C are 29, 28, and 26%, respectively. The organic carbon content is found to be higher in the biochar samples prepared at 600 °C, i.e., 10.44%, and 10.39% for pigeonpea and maize-derived biochar, respectively. The essential elements of biochar were increased with an increase in pyrolysis temperature except nitrogen which is conversely related to temperature. The biochar obtained through pyrolysis at 400 °C demonstrated superior characteristics compared to biochar produced at other temperatures. It exhibited a higher biochar yield, with approximately 84.60% for pigeonpea and 64.85% for maize fixed carbon content. Additionally, the energy retention efficiency was higher, reaching 67.33% for pigeonpea and 42.70% for maize-derived biochar at a pyrolysis temperature of 400 °C. The fixed carbon recovery efficiency was also notable at around 200.44% for PPS and 142.37% for maize biochar which is higher compared to biochar produced at other temperatures. Furthermore, the higher heating value (HHV) was approximately 30.75 MJ kg−1 for both the biochars, indicating their suitability as alternative solid fuels. A significant CO2 reduction potential of 84 CO2 eq kg−1 and 55 CO2 eq kg−1 was observed for pigeonpea and maize biochar, respectively. Hence, biochar is a promising and effective option for carbon sequestration, offering environmental benefits.Graphical

Noncommutative branch‐cut quantum gravity with a self‐coupling inflation scalar field: Dynamical equations

AbstractThis article focuses on a recently developed formulation based on the noncommutative branch‐cut cosmology, the Wheeler‐DeWitt (WdW) equation, the Hořava–Lifshitz quantum gravity, chaotic and the coupling of the corresponding Lagrangian approach with the inflaton scalar field. Assuming a mini‐superspace of variables obeying the noncommutative Poisson algebra, we examine the impact of the inflaton scalar field on the evolutionary dynamics of the branch‐cut Universe scale factor, characterized by the dimensionless helix‐like function . This scale factor characterizes a Riemannian foliated spacetime that topologically overcomes the primordial singularities. We take the Hořava–Lifshitz action modeled by branch‐cut quantum gravity as our starting point, which depends on the scalar curvature of the branched Universe and its derivatives and which preserves the diffeomorphism property of General Relativity, maintaining compatibility with the Arnowitt–Deser–Misner formalism. We then investigate the sensitivity of the scale factor of the branch‐cut Universe's dynamics.