Property Damage Research Articles

HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN DENGAN KESIAPSIAGAAN MASYARAKAT TERHADAP BENCANA BANJIR DI DESA BETALEMBA KABUPATEN POSO

Background: Flooding is one of the natural disasters occurring in many cities worldwide and has significant impacts on physical and psychological health, as well as property damage and loss. Community preparedness in facing flood disasters is essential to mitigate these impacts. Objective: To examine the relationship between knowledge and community preparedness attitudes toward flood disasters in Betalemba Village, Poso Regency. Research Method: This study employs a quantitative research design with a cross-sectional approach. Purposive sampling was used to recruit 91 community members from Betalemba Village in Poso Regency, Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Data were collected using the Community Knowledge of Flood Disasters Questionnaire and the Community Preparedness Attitudes Toward Flood Disasters Questionnaire. Fisher’s Exact test was used to examine the relationship between variables. Results: There is a significant relationship between community knowledge and community preparedness attitudes toward flood disasters (p = 0.023 < 0.05). Conclusion: Knowledge is related to community preparedness attitudes toward flood disasters in Betalemba Village, Poso Regency. Suggestion: This study recommends implementing activities to enhance community preparedness attitudes in facing flood disasters, such as introducing flood disaster knowledge and participating in disaster preparedness training.

Exploring and identification of road traffic crash hotspots in Kigali-city, Rwanda

Road traffic crashes are on the rise worldwide, particularly in African countries. Rwanda, in this context, faces the challenge of an increasing frequency of crashes each year. Kigali, the capital city of Rwanda, witnesses over three-quarters of the total population as daily road users, leading to high traffic volumes and congestion during peak hours. Identifying dangerous locations and providing insights to transport policymakers is crucial to minimise the severity of crashes in the city. This study focuses on identifying crash hotspots through spatial analysis and explores the various factors contributing to crash severity in the capital city of Rwanda. The study utilises crash data recorded between 2015 and 2022 by the Rwanda National Police, conducting temporal, spatial, and statistical analyses. A multinomial regression model was employed to examine the significance of contributing factors to crash severity. Additionally, six supervised machine learning classifiers were employed to assess their predictive capabilities for accident severity in Kigali city. The findings indicate that the Gasabo district recorded the highest number of crashes among all districts. Time series analysis reveals a decrease in fatal accidents from 2020 to 2022 in Kigali city, while the number of injury and property damage crashes progressively increased from 2019 to 2022. Among the predictive models, the Random Forest model demonstrated strong predictive abilities, achieving an accuracy of 88.11% compared to other models. These results provide valuable insights for road safety policymakers to proactively make decisions and take precautions to prevent crashes before they occur.

Multifaceted economic impacts of a 500-year flood on gateway communities of Yellowstone National Park

Disasters can have dramatic implications for gateway communities of National Parks, especially local economies that rely on park tourist visitation as their primary source of income. In June 2022, a 500-year flood event impacted Yellowstone National Park (YNP) and gateway businesses, both directly through infrastructure damages (property loss) and indirectly through park closures and post-disaster marketing. We used a combination of approaches to document and explore the relative importance of these diverse sources of economic impacts. First, structured surveys were used to evaluate economic impacts, from the perspective of individual business owners and community leaders in six gateway communities surrounding YNP. Average revenue loss was 48 % during peak tourist season across all communities but averaged 75 % for communities inaccessible to the park. Direct infrastructure damages to businesses were localized; however, even businesses sustaining property losses suggested more severe economic impacts were the result of loss of visitors from park closures and damaging media coverage. Using annual visitation and economic input-output model data, we developed a statistical model to estimate regional economic impacts from the flood. The model corroborated the results of our survey and suggested the flood led to a total loss of $156 million in visitor spending in gateway areas in 2022, exceeding economic losses from the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. We present some guidelines for building economic resilience in gateway communities, including diversifying sources of income, building social capital, embracing tourist adaptations, and developing coordinated park-gateway-regional messaging and marketing to the media post-disasters.

Machine learning prediction of climate-induced disaster property damages considering hazard- and community-related attributes

Machine learning prediction of climate-induced disaster property damages considering hazard- and community-related attributes

Characterization of Seismic Dynamic Response of Uranium Tailings Dams Based on Discrete Element Method

Tailings dams play a critical role in ensuring the safety of mining operations. However, earthquakes can cause breaches in these dams, resulting in significant casualties and property damage. This study investigates the dynamic response characteristics of uranium tailings dams subjected to seismic loading, employing the discrete element method. It specifically analyzes how seismic wave amplitude, frequency, and the friction angle of tailings sand affect the dams’ dynamic response. The results reveal that the peak ground acceleration ratio (PGAR) exhibits an increasing–decreasing–increasing pattern with elevation. When the friction angle of the tailings sand exceeds 35°, the overall stability of the dam improves. Conversely, a friction angle below 25° significantly increases the risk of dam failure. Additionally, the dam shows a reduced dynamic response to seismic waves with frequencies exceeding 15 Hz. At lower frequencies, deformation and damage are primarily concentrated on the slope face, while at higher frequencies, damage is predominantly located at the bottom of the model. These findings provide a theoretical foundation and reference for the safe operation of tailings dams, highlighting their practical significance.

CRACKING PATTERN ANALYSIS OF THE TURNING BAND METHOD (TBM) APPLICATION ON A SINGLE-REINFORCEMENT BAR CONCRETE BEAM MODELLING USING THE MAZARS DAMAGE

The development of crack patterns in reinforced concrete structures is a randomly stochastic process influenced by the heterogeneous nature of concrete materials, which impacts the sensitivity to damage and variability in mechanical properties. The numerical simulation of damage pattern appearance on the reinforced concrete for special building structures needs a realistic result, especially in terms of crack distribution. The Turning Band Method (TBM) serves as a tool for assessing the variability of concrete heterogeneity, functioning as an operator to generate a random variable for each specific field. In this study, the investigation of crack patterns in reinforced concrete structures involves using a simple concrete beam sample, measuring 10x10x50 cm3, with a single longitudinal reinforcement cast in the centre. This beam is subjected to an axial tensile loading, while the Mazar Damage Model is employed as the concrete behaviour law. Through the implementation of The Turning Band Method (TBM) and the variation of the random field parameters, distinct crack patterns are observed, not only the number but also the locations of cracks. The use of a smaller correlation length showed 2 cracks while the larger size had around 1 to 3 cracks, with the first crack localizations of each sample generally occurring in the middle surface, in which a noticeable contrast to non-TBM modelling just displays 1 crack. Furthermore, the resulting probability of cracks for ten random draws demonstrates similarity to experimental tests and numerical simulation of the previous study, both at global and local levels.

Neglected pathways of heavy metal input into agricultural soil: Water–land migration of heavy metals due to flooding events

Flooding, carrying sediments, inundates farmlands across the world due to extreme adverse weather conditions. The casualties and property damage associated with flooding are important direct impacts. However, there is currently insufficient understanding of the remobilization and distribution of heavy metals (HMs) caused by flooding. Few studies have specifically considered flooding as a pathway for HMs contamination of soil. Herein, a novel methodological framework for revealing the input pathways of HMs in agricultural soils in mining-intensive areas is proposed and applied. Flooding is considered one of the pathways for HMs inputs during source apportionment. The results demonstrated a high degree of overlap between the distribution characteristics of major HMs in agricultural soils and sediments. The degree of soil Cd pollution was significantly positively correlated with the inundation depth in the flooded area. It took 8.4–11.5 times of flood inundation or 98.5–119.9 years of accumulation of atmospheric deposition to reach HMs contamination levels in the soil of the study area. Flooding brought in most of the soil Cd, while atmospheric deposition was the primary input pathway for soil Pb and Zn. Our results identified the role of flood inundation on the input of HMs in mining-intensive areas. These results demonstrated the value of our framework for studying the impact of flooding on HMs in agricultural soils from the perspective of input pathways, providing new insights not only into identifying the sources of soil HMs but also into enhancing understanding of the impact of flooding on soil environments. With the potential increase in the frequency and intensity of flooding inundating farmlands in the future, it is essential to consider flooding as a pathway for HMs inputs in order to comprehensively assess their environmental impact.

Egress Safety for STUDIO Residential Buildings

In recent years, the number of studio residential buildings has increased significantly in Korea, as well as in many other countries, due to changes in living patterns. In Korea especially, there have been many fire accidents in studio residential buildings, which have caused a huge number of casualties and property damages, because the buildings were not adequately equipped for firefighting. In this study, the egress safety of a typical studio residential building in Korea is analyzed. Fire simulations were performed with variables of the fire location and the capacity of the smoke exhaust system to estimate the available safe egress time (ASET); egress simulations were also performed with the variable of egress delay time, and the required safe egress time (RSET) was determined. Then, the egress safety was evaluated, and the criteria for egress safety evaluation were proposed based on the simulation results. A studio residential building with a floor plan different from the prototype was used to validate the proposed egress safety criteria. Finally, a simple evaluation model is presented to estimate the required safe egress time (RSET) without simulation and to examine the impact of bottlenecks.

Sharing landscapes with megaherbivores: Human-elephant interactions northeast of Tarangire National Park

The rising elephant population in Tarangire National Park of northern Tanzania has led to increasing human-elephant interactions in dispersal areas to the northeast of the park. While the movement dynamics of elephants across the landscape are well documented, anthropological dimensions of human-elephant coexistence warrant more research. The present study used stratified random sampling to survey 1076 people living across twelve villages surrounding Manyara Ranch and Randilen Wildlife Management Area (WMA) about their lived experiences, perceptions, attitudes, and tolerance towards elephants. Villages between Manyara Ranch and Randilen WMA reported regular conflicts with elephants, while those to the west of the ranch did not consider elephants to be a major concern. Crop raiding was particularly frequent in Makuyuni, Lengoolwa, Mswakini Juu, Mswakini, Lemooti, and Nafco. Economic impacts of elephant crop raiding ranged from as low as $4USD per household per year in Lolkisale to approximately $812 per year in Mswakini, and accounts of property damage were most severe in Makuyuni and Naitolia. The vast majority of respondents (96 %) did not have a household member who had been injured by elephants over the preceding twelve-month period, suggesting that elephant attacks on humans were relatively infrequent on the whole. However, between 10 and 24 % of participants in Lemooti, Nafco, Mswakini, and Mswakini Juu noted injuries incurred in the past year. Different ethnic groups had statistically significant differences in their attitudes towards elephants. People with higher levels of education had more positive attitudes towards elephants, and elders had more negative attitudes than youth. Elephants disturbed the sleep of men more than women highlighting the gendered dimensions of human-wildlife interactions. Despite these visible and hidden costs of elephants, most people (72 %) across the whole study area were somewhat tolerant of elephants, except in Makuyuni, Lengoolwa, and Nafco where seasonal crop raiding was severe and tolerance for elephants was extremely low. People in those villages, as well as Mswakini Juu and Mswakini, were largely in favor of government-sanctioned culling, though 94 % of all respondents viewed elephant poaching as bad. Tolerance towards elephants was negatively correlated with livestock holdings and positively associated with total farm size. Greater attention to community perspectives is necessary for promoting human-elephant coexistence in the Tarangire ecosystem.

Impacts of moisture transport on extreme precipitation in the Central Plains Urban Agglomeration, China

In recent decades, the Central Plains Urban Agglomeration of China (CPUA) has faced recurring extreme precipitation events (EPEs), leading to severe floods, endangering residents, and causing significant property damage. This study examines the spatiotemporal patterns of summer EPEs in the CPUA from 1961 to 2022. We used the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model to trace the water vapor trajectories associated with these events, identifying atmospheric circulations linked to various moisture sources. Summer EPEs in the CPUA have become more frequent and intense. Urban regions typically experience stronger EPEs, while mountainous regions encounter more frequent but milder precipitation. The moisture contributing to these events comes from sources including Eurasia (9.94 %), the northern and southern Western North Pacific (48.39 %), and the Bay of Bengal and South China Sea (41.67 %). Notably, contributions from Eurasia and the northern Western North Pacific have increased, whereas those from the Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea have decreased. Events driven by Western North Pacific moisture have stronger impacts on urban areas, influenced by abnormal anticyclonic patterns and the development of the Huang-Huai cyclone, which triggers intense convective activity over the CPUA. The strengthening of the Western North Pacific subtropical high promotes the transport of warm air, which merges with colder inland air, leading to extreme precipitation.

Change in the collision avoidance performance of autonomous emergency braking systems

Objective This study quantifies the change in collision avoidance performance of autonomous emergency braking (AEB) systems for traffic accidents in Japan since 2015. Method This study used data on Japanese traffic accidents compiled by Japan’s National Police Agency. The data included only accidents involving loss of or injury to human life; accidents involving only property damage were excluded. We restricted our analysis to collisions between two 4-wheel vehicles and considered only collisions for which we could determine whether the primary party’s car was equipped with an AEB system. Both Poisson and negative binomial mixed-effects regression analyses were conducted using the data for 2021 and 2022 to measure the collision avoidance performance of first registered cars in 2015 to 2020 equipped with AEB systems compared with cars without AEB systems first registered in 2015. Collision avoidance performance was measured for 2 types of intervehicle collisions: rear-end collisions and right-turn collisions. Collision avoidance performance for rear-end collisions was also measured for each of the 3 car types—Standard, small, and light cars. Results The collision reduction rate for rear-end collisions increases with the year of first registration and for cars equipped with AEB systems first registered in 2020 compared with non-AEB-equipped cars first registered in 2015 is 69.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 67.0%–71.1%), indicating that the performance of AEB systems has dramatically improved in terms of preventing rear-end collisions. For right-turn collisions, the rate increased to 20.4% (95% CI 5.9%–32.6%) for cars equipped with AEB systems first registered in 2019. However, no clear trend is observed. Conclusions This study evaluated a time series of the collision reduction performance of AEB systems using an original methodology. Japan’s New Car Assessment Program (JNCAP) has included AEB’s effectiveness in reducing damage from traffic collisions as an evaluation item since FY2014. The results could demonstrate the effectiveness of JNCAP.

AUTOMATIC RIVER LEVEL INDICATOR FOR BRIDGES

In many nations, floods cause a significant loss of life and property. However, in underdeveloped nations, inadequate technology increases the number of fatalities and property damage caused by flooding. In the contemporary world, bridges are vital. Roads are more beautiful with bridges. One of the biggest issues with infrastructure worldwide is bridge breakdowns. It frequently has disastrous results, including fatalities and impeded trade. Every disaster results in the loss of life and destruction of public property. This project’s goal is to monitor the water condition and raise the bridge when there is a threat, indicated by a buzzer sound. A smart bridge is one that recognises a noteworthy behaviour or environmental state, then automatically reacts to that condition.

Grain-based coupled thermo-mechanical modeling for stressed heterogeneous granite under thermal shock

Microscopic damage and macroscopic mechanical properties of granite under the coupling effect of thermal load and initial stress are crucial considerations for the safe construction of underground geo-energy engineering. However, visualizing real-time micro-crack processes in rocks under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions using the current experimental techniques remains challenging. In this study, a numerical method is developed to analyze the thermally induced damage in heterogeneous granite under the coupled influence of initial stress and thermal loading. A biaxial thermo-mechanical grain-based model considering real mineral distribution is established based on digital image processing technology, the grain-based modeling method, and heat conduction theory. The microscopic parameters are calibrated and the effectiveness of the model is verified based on thermal shock and uniaxial compression experiments. The thermal destruction mechanism of granite under initial stress from a microscopic perspective was unveiled for the first time. During the thermal shock process, the stress within the rock does not remain constant at the initial stress value. Instead, it changes continuously with the progression of heat conduction. The impact of the initial stress on the thermally induced cracks is relatively minor. Cooling causes more damage to the rock than heating during thermal shock. The intragranular cracks of quartz consistently outnumber other intragranular or intergranular cracks during thermal shock. The initial stress and thermal shock damage enhance and weaken the biaxial peak strength of granite, respectively. The weakening effect of thermal shock on the peak strength becomes more pronounced at a higher initial stress. These research findings and proposed research techniques contribute to the management and optimization of underground geo-energy engineering.

Extreme temperature influence on low velocity impact damage and residual flexural properties of CFRP

AbstractIn this work, the behavior of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites (CFRPs) interleaved with electrospun veils under low velocity impact (LVI) conditions and extreme environmental temperatures was investigated. 2/2 twill carbon fiber/epoxy laminates were subjected to LVI at three energy levels (10, 20, and 30 J), and three temperatures (−50°C, room temperature, and 100°C). Two interleaved configurations were explored (six veils placed symmetrically with respect to the middle plane of the laminate and with respect to the external layers of the laminate). Particularly at room temperature and up to 20 J, nanofibrous interlayers effectively reduced localized deformation (by about 13.0%) and delamination (by about 12.2%) when positioned in the outer ply interleaved configuration compared to the reference laminate. At 100°C, this effect is maintained at 10 J, preventing an increase in the delaminated area. At −50°C and 10 J, the promotion of delamination prevented back surface fiber failure. Regarding post‐impact flexural properties, the presence of nanoveils ensured superior mechanical properties compared to the corresponding reference laminate impacted at the same conditions, demonstrating their efficacy in enhancing the damage tolerance of the overall laminate.Highlights Electrospun veils were interleaved in 20 layers of 2/2 twill carbon/epoxy laminate. Three configurations were tested under LVI at 10 J, 20 J, 30 J, and −50°C, RT, and 100°C. Observed damage modes include delamination, indentation, and back surface fiber cracks. Veils symmetrically placed in external layers limit delamination at 20 J (RT) and 10 J (100°C). Electrospun veils enhanced CFRP bending and residual post‐impact properties at RT and 100°C.

Review of Modern Forest Fire Detection Techniques: Innovations in Image Processing and Deep Learning

Fire detection and extinguishing systems are critical for safeguarding lives and minimizing property damage. These systems are especially vital in combating forest fires. In recent years, several forest fires have set records for their size, duration, and level of destruction. Traditional fire detection methods, such as smoke and heat sensors, have limitations, prompting the development of innovative approaches using advanced technologies. Utilizing image processing, computer vision, and deep learning algorithms, we can now detect fires with exceptional accuracy and respond promptly to mitigate their impact. In this article, we conduct a comprehensive review of articles from 2013 to 2023, exploring how these technologies are applied in fire detection and extinguishing. We delve into modern techniques enabling real-time analysis of the visual data captured by cameras or satellites, facilitating the detection of smoke, flames, and other fire-related cues. Furthermore, we explore the utilization of deep learning and machine learning in training intelligent algorithms to recognize fire patterns and features. Through a comprehensive examination of current research and development, this review aims to provide insights into the potential and future directions of fire detection and extinguishing using image processing, computer vision, and deep learning.

Location, location, location: predictors and risk factors associated with adolescents referred for firesetting at home and away from home

In New Zealand, adolescents contribute to almost half of property damage caused by fire. Data on firesetting location (at-home or away-from-home) of adolescents (aged 12–18 years), referred to a fire-awareness intervention programme (N = 2696), were analysed using chi-square and logistic regression. Characteristics of the ‘at-home’ group (93% male; mean age 13.5 years) included setting a fire alone; a history of misusing fire; a history of a psychiatric diagnosis; no history of offending; firesetting motivated by experimentation; and identifying as non-Māori/non-Pacific. Conversely, the ‘away-from-home’ group (88% male, M age = 13.8 years) were predicted by firesetting with peers; this being their first misuse of fire; negative feelings (fear, shame) after the fire; an offending history; firesetting motivated by peer pressure; and identifying as Māori 1 or Pacific. Finding distinct subgroups within the adolescent firesetting population enhances opportunities to appropriately target interventions.

Simulation Model for Rainfall Intensity to Landslide Susceptibility

Landslides are one of the most hazardous natural disasters because their occurrences are often destructive to natural and artificial structures on earth and reduce, the quality of the surrounding environment. Predicting the susceptibility of an area to landslides is essential for reducing losses in terms of property, human lives, and environmental damages. Kota Wisata Batu (KWB) is one of areas which having a highest landslide potential in East Java, Indonesia, recording data mentioned that there are 109 landslides in 2022 caused by highest rainfall intensity of 502 mm with a number of intensities of 2977mm per year. Study purposed to identify the factors contributing to landslide occurrences using a geodetic measurement method. The study uses geographic information system (GIS) and PRISMA software analyses to examine and/ or evaluate the relationship between rainfall intensity and landslide susceptibility. The study results the generation of rainfall patterns and maps highlighting sensitivity areas to landslides. These visual representations the classification area as a high-risk and susceptibility zone to landslides at Kota Wisata Batu, East Java. January to April, and August to November should have pay attention since these months is reflection of monsoonal climate with the hard rain in a few days without the raining pause. Some places which are required to pay attention, such as: Gunungsari, Tulungrejo, and Songgokerto.

Cultural Factors Influencing Substance Abuse among Undergraduates of Tai Solarin University of Education, Nigeria

Over the years, substance abuse has been a major challenge in Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijagun, Ogun State, Nigeria. Some of the reasons for substance abuse among undergraduates include family upbringing, ceremonial exposure, insecurity, anticipation, sex drive and festival usage. Substance abuse among undergraduates caused property damage within educational institution and diminishes the prospects of academic success of undergraduates. While examining the cultural factors that influence substance abuse among undergraduates of Tai Solarin University of Education in Ogun State, a descriptive survey research design was employed. The study utilized a simple random sampling technique to select a sample of eight hundred (800) undergraduates. The researcher used statistical tools such as frequency counts, percentages, and chi-square tests at a significance level of 0.05. The analysis resulted in the rejection of all three hypotheses. The study identified festival, ceremony and religion as significant contributors to substance abuse among Tai Solarin University of Education undergraduates. The study recommends mandatory medical tests for substance abuse at all undergraduate levels and advocates active involvement of health educators in educating students.

HUMAN ANIMAL CONFLICT (HEC) AND ASSOCIATED PRBLEMS: A CASE STUDY IN THIRUKKOVIL DIVISIONAL SECRETARIAT DIVISION, AMPARA DISTRICT

Department of Wildlife Conservation reported in 2011 that an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) population of 1573 identified in the Eastern province and which has the second highest population in the country, also createda major Human Elephant conflict (HEC). This study aimed to analyze the HEC and associated problems in the Thirukkovil Divisional Secretariat in the Ampara District. The purposive sampling method was used to collect the primary data through interviews and observations. 40 people including 20 men and 20 women were selected for the study, and affected area data was gathered via observation. Secondary data was obtained from the older literatureand Primary and Secondary data were analyzed through SPSS. The Study area has the second-highest Elephant population on the island caused to the high HEC incidents. 9 Grama Niladhari division including Kanchikudiyaru, Sangamam, Thangavelayuthapuram, Thandiyadi, Kanchirankuda, Sangamankiramam, Thirukkovil-04, Thirukkovil-03, and Vinayakapuram are highly affected by the HEC while remaining 13 has the moderate problems. 65% of the elephant attackshappened during the December to February Maha season. 2013 to 2020 shows that a totally of 10 human people died and 22 people were injured due to the HEC. Moreover, estimated crop damages within the last seven years in Paddy cultivation, Highland Crops and Chena cultivation, Coconut, Banana, and Vegetables were Rs, 2234550, Rs, 180,500 and Rs.108,000, Rs.145000, Rs.150,000, Rs.125,000 respectively. High property damages occurred during the 2013 period with a cost of Rs.310,000. Human settlement distance from forest is a main cause for HEC and food insecurity, and lack of access to river water and fuelwood are the impacts created by the HEC.Therefore, this study suggests technologies including Bio-fencing, electric-fencing, trip alarms, chili-fences, and watchtowers to minimize the risk associated with HEC. Moreover, conducting awareness Programmes is important to protect the Eco-system and Asian Elephants.

ATAXIN-2 intermediate-length polyglutamine expansions elicit ALS-associated metabolic and immune phenotypes

Intermediate-length repeat expansions in ATAXIN-2 (ATXN2) are the strongest genetic risk factor for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). At the molecular level, ATXN2 intermediate expansions enhance TDP-43 toxicity and pathology. However, whether this triggers ALS pathogenesis at the cellular and functional level remains unknown. Here, we combine patient-derived and mouse models to dissect the effects of ATXN2 intermediate expansions in an ALS background. iPSC-derived motor neurons from ATXN2-ALS patients show altered stress granules, neurite damage and abnormal electrophysiological properties compared to healthy control and other familial ALS mutations. In TDP-43Tg-ALS mice, ATXN2-Q33 causes reduced motor function, NMJ alterations, neuron degeneration and altered in vitro stress granule dynamics. Furthermore, gene expression changes related to mitochondrial function and inflammatory response are detected and confirmed at the cellular level in mice and human neuron and organoid models. Together, these results define pathogenic defects underlying ATXN2-ALS and provide a framework for future research into ATXN2-dependent pathogenesis and therapy.