Properties Of Textile Materials Research Articles

Effect of Aggressive Components of the Marine Environment the Protective Properties of the Textile Materials

The article provides the details on the influence of marine environment on textile materials. It justifies the aggressive components of marine environment in contact with clothing surface: sea salt and oil. Sea salt is an integral part of sea water and accumulates in the structure of clothing. Oil becomes a part of sea water in contingency situations at offshore oil and oil products production and transportation facilities. This causes a variation of the properties of textile materials that depend on the concentration of aggressive components in the structure of textile materials. Active concentration of aggressive components in the textile is defined based on its liquid absorption capacity. The article establishes the peculiarities of volume variation for different textile fibers interfacing with liquids. It identifies the structure of sea salt and chemical composition of oil that cause a variation of the properties of textile in contact with them. It was established that the presence of sea salt in humid environment contacting with the surface of special cotton based fabric causes reduction of capillarity in all material samples. It was established that the packages of materials based on fabrics with mixed fibers have crude oil permeation less than cotton surfaces of clothing. Meanwhile, use of thermal insulation, like Hollofiber together with such materials, reduces the level of clothing saturation with subject liquids. The article presents experimentally obtained data on sea water and oil permeation into special clothing materials.

The impact of the heating/cooling rate on the thermoregulating properties of textile materials modified with PCM microcapsules

The aim of the study was to analyze the impact of the different values of heating/cooling rate (1, 5, 10, 15°C/min) on thermal properties of textile materials modified with PCM microcapsules (MPCM). Polyester knitted and woven fabrics were coated with polymer pastes containing 40wt% of MPCM with the melting temperatures 18°C (MPCM18), 28°C (MPCM28) and their equilibrium mixture (MPCM18/28). SEM analysis revealed that the knitted fabric the surface is evenly coated with MPCM and on the woven fabric there are uncovered areas.DSC results have shown, that melting temperatures increased and crystallization temperatures decreased with the increase of the heating/cooling rate. For modified knitted fabrics the value of phase transitions enthalpy amounted 56–60J/g regardless of the type of MPCM used. In the case of the woven fabrics the value of enthalpy amounted 21–23J/g, 25–28J/g and 14–16J/g respectively for woven fabrics modified with MPCM18, MPCM28 and MPCM18/28. Presented research will evaluate the possibility of their use under changing ambient temperature conditions. The use of blends will allow the extension of MPCM modified textile materials working ranges. Analysis of the size of the heat effects and phase transitions temperature changes depending on the scanning rate will allow to the exact knowledge about the temperature ranges in which MPCM work, the thermal effects values which accompanied to this work by a changing ambient temperature conditions.

Tailoring Differential Moisture Transfer Performance of Nonwoven/Polyacrylonitrile‐SiO2 Nanofiber Composite Membranes

Liquid moisture (sweat) transport properties of textile materials play critical role in maintaining the comfort of body which are mainly controlled by surface chemistry, structure, and morphology of substrate. Herein, a dual layer surface treated nonwoven (NW)/electrospun nanofiber membrane with excellent differential liquid moisture transport characteristics is reported. NW is used as inner layer for its high moisture releasing and low moisture absorbing features, and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as outer layer because of its decent hydrophilic nature. Wettability of NW is tailored by surface treatment with polydopamine, and the wicking characteristics of PAN nanofibers are enhanced by inducing hydrophilic SiO2 nanoparticles (PAN‐SiO2). Performance of resultant surface treated NW (TNW)/PAN‐SiO2 nanofiber composite membranes is thoroughly characterized by moisture management tester (MMT). Subsequent composite membranes offer high wettability gradient which leads to their marvelous MMT performance with an outstanding one‐way transport capacity of 1413%, excellent overall moisture management capacity of 0.99, and a decent water vapor transfer rate of 12.73 kg m−2 d−1, indicating a potential candidate for faster sweat release applications.

Formation and characterization of melt-spun polypropylene fibers with propolis for medical applications

The search of possibilities to improve the functional properties of textile materials has been continuing for years with the aim to provide higher hygiene characteristics offer advanced therapeutic functionality. One of available approaches to provide new properties for textiles is the inclusion of natural ingredients. Propolis extracts are successfully used in practical therapeutics for accelerated wound healing and cell proliferation processes. In this study, pure multi-filament yarns and yarns saturated with propolis were developed and characterized. The effect of preparation and formulation parameters on the characteristics of yarns was evaluated; the release of propolis extract components from yarns and their possible cytotoxicity on cell formation was also determined.

Improvement of fiber finishing of PES-containing blends

Textile auxiliaries of different chemical types were tried in fiber finishing application for polyester, woolen, and blended textile materials. All the tested chemicals were produced in the Russian Federation. Investigation covered the influence of the chemicals on the antistatic, frictional, and deformational properties and mechanical strength of the textile materials. The most effective products were selected, whose application in the fiber finishing process makes it possible to improve the physicochemical properties of textile materials: decrease the fiber‒metal dynamic friction coefficient by 15‒20%, increase the tensile strength of the fibers by 8‒10%, and increase the electric conductivity of the textile material.

Preparation and properties of textile materials modified with triclosan-loaded polylactide microparticles

A convenient and simple method for preparation of commercial nonwovens with antimicrobial properties was elaborated. The process consists in preparation of poly(l-lactide) microspheres (from poly(l-lactide) with Mn = 10,560 and Mw/Mn = 1.39) containing triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol) and loading them onto the nonwovens. The microspheres were prepared by spray drying (Dn = 3.91 μm, Dw/Dn = 2.43) and oil-in-water emulsification-solvent evaporation method (Dn = 5.84 μm, Dw/Dn = 1.25). Content of triclosan in microspheres ranged from 4.65 to 4.95 wt%. The antibacterial nonwovens were prepared by padding of the fibers with the microspheres using the microsphere suspension. The resulting antibacterial nonwovens were examined using inhibition zone measurement method. Inhibition zones from 4 to 9 mm indicated that the modified nonwovens had antibacterial properties against Gram (+)—Staphylococcus aureus and Gram (−)—Klebsiella pneumoniae. Nonwovens were conditioned up to 12 months at relative humidity <5%, 50%, and 100% in desiccators and up to 6 months air-conditioning system at relative humidity = 65%. Antimicrobial activity of the modified nonwovens was examined as a function of time and air humidity. Time of conditioning has strong influence on antibacterial activity, whereas the impact of the air humidity was negligible. All nonwovens had antibacterial properties even after 12 months of conditioning. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Virtual try-on technologies in the clothing industry. Part 1: investigation of distance ease between body and garment

The aim of the first part of the research was to investigate distance ease distribution between straight shape virtual dress and 3D body in respect to fabrics mechanical (tensile, bending, shear) properties using virtual try-on software Modaris 3D Fit (CAD Lectra). The second part would be intended for the basic construction adjustment according to the mechanical properties of textile materials. The objects of the investigations were 100% cotton and cotton-blended plain weave fabrics. Mechanical properties were defined by KES-F (Kawabata). Virtual mannequin was covered with straight virtual dress. Distance ease distribution as well as the values of simulated 3D garment at bust girth ES3D_bust (cm) were investigated. It was defined that distance ease in 3D garment was lower than ease allowance used for 2D basic construction. The strongest effect upon the distance ease between body and garment had tensile strain of fabrics in weft direction.

The influence of surface hydrophilicity on the adhesion properties of wet fabrics or films to water

The adherence of wet fabrics to the skin brings much discomfort. The relationship between hydrophilicity and adhesion properties of fabric materials is investigated. A theoretical expression is given to describe the relationship of adhesion force, water contact angle (WCA), and radius of fabric–liquid interface. The adhesion force grows with decreasing WCA and increasing radius of the fabric–liquid interface. With the help of atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) treatment, the hydrophilicity of the fabric materials is improved, accompanied by reduced WCA, roughened fiber surfaces, as observed by scanning electronic microscope (SEM), and increased Oxygen/Carbon (O/C) atomic ratio and polar bonds, analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In accordance with the theoretical conclusion, the APPJ treated fabrics have a much larger maximum adhesion force and longer adhesion duration with water, indicating more discomfort resulting from the increase of hydrophilicity when they are wet. To minimize the discomfort caused by wet adhesion, less hydrophilic fabric surfaces may be preferred.

Testing equipment for experimental analysis of mechanical properties of textile materials

The regular equipment for testing of textile materials does not facilitate the elongation of threads at a frequency corresponding to the frequency of loading during technological process, and it does not allow for clamping a thread of the corresponding length. In the Technical University Liberec there has been built a testing equipment for experimental analysis of deformation characteristics of textile materials during cyclical loading at a wide range of frequencies (VibTex), and there has been devised the methodology for realisation of experimental measuring and processing of the measured data. The submitted paper explains this experimental equipment for simulation of thread loading, which has been created in the Technical University Liberec for analysis of behaviour of textile materials at high loading frequencies.

Investigation on air permeability of finished stretch plain knitted fabrics. I. Predicting air permeability using artificial neural networks

Air permeability is one of the most important utility properties of textile materials as it influences air flow through textile material. Air permeability plays a significant role in well-being due to its influence on physiological comfort. The air permeability of textile materials depends on their porosity. There are a lot of structural properties of textile materials also operating parameters (knitting+finishing) influencing air permeability and there are also statistically significant interactions between the main factors influencing the air permeability of knitted fabrics made from pure yarn cotton (cellulose) and viscose (regenerated cellulose) fibers and plated knitted with elasthane (Lycra) fibers. Two types of artificial neural networks (ANNs) model have been set up before modeling procedure by utilizing multilayer feed forward neural networks, which take into account the generality and the specificity of the product families respectively. A virtual leave one out approach dealing with over fitting phenomenon and allowing the selection of the optimal neural network architecture was used. Moreover this study exhibited that air permeability could be predicted with high accuracy for stretch plain knitted fabrics treated with different finishing processes. Within the framework of the work presented, ANNs were applied to help industry to adjust the operating parameter before the actual manufacturing to reach the desired air permeability and satisfy their consumers.

Developing compositions based on nanoparticles for final treatment of textile materials

The study is aimed at developing a stable composition based on nanodimensional silicon dioxide, which may be used for final treatment of cotton and polyester textile materials in the processes of industrial and household washing of textile products in order to improve their properties (hydroscopicity, moisture yielding capacity, moisture absorption, humidity, water vapor permeability and soiling). As a result of the performed studies, four compositions based on nanodimensional silicon dioxide were formed. The main advantages of the developed compositions are: a significant increase in indices of the properties of textile materials with different fiber composition after treatment; all the experiments were conducted at room temperature and low module processing, which indicates energy efficiency while using the developed compositions. Stabilizing properties of surfactants and polymers were revealed, the expediency of their joint use with the purpose of increasing the sedimentation and aggregation stability of the suspensions based on silicon dioxide was substantiated. Applying the methods of mathematical planning with the use of simplex centroid plan for q=3, compiled with relation to pseudo­components, allowed assessing the changes in properties in a limited area of composition components content: polymer from 0 g/l to 10 g/l, SAS from 0 g/l to 5 g/l, nanodimensional silicon dioxide of less than 10 g/l. We managed to optimize the ratio between components of the compositions using the Harrington function of desirability for maximum enhancement of properties of hydroscopicity, moisture yielding capacity, moisture absorption, water vapor permeability, humidity and soiling of the studied textile materials. The assessment of sedimentation and aggregation resistance of the developed composition formulations was carried out and the compositions were obtained, the percentage content of nanoparticles in fractions in relation to the initial content of nanoparticles increases. In the bicomponent suspension, 17.1 % of nanoparticles remain in the solution, and with adding a mixture of stabilizers their amount increases by 11.5 % for composition No. 1, by 17,1 % for composition No. 2, by 16.5 % for composition No. 3, and by 6,24 % for composition No. 4. These results indicate the existence of features of monodispersity of compositions based on nanodimensional silicon dioxide. Characteristics of the compositions change by 1–3 % as a result of their redispersion after stilling for 30 days. Negative impact of using compositions on the environment was studied by analyzing the waste solution as for the amount of surfactants. It was found that more than half of silicon dioxide remains in the waste solution. The solution to the problem of avoiding the above mentioned negative phenomena by reusing sediment was formulated. However, no specific conclusions regarding the recommendation of one of the four studied compositions were made. The results of the research may be implemented in the production of textile materials. The composition may be used as a preparation for the final treatment of textile materials with the aim of improving their marketing prospects and consumer properties. It is possible to use the developed compositions at enterprises of household services (laundries) and for individual home washing. In these cases, the use of the composition as a conditioner for rinsing is implied.

Multifunctional durable properties of textile materials modified by biocidal agents in the sol-gel process

Abstract The studies were conducted on a cotton fabric modified by the mixture of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and triclosan (TC)—(2,4,4′-trichloro-2′-hydroxydiphenyl ether) or TEOS and quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) such as the hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide in order to obtain biocidal (i.e. antifungal) and hydrophobic properties. The modified unwashed and washed fabrics were tested for the action of a mixture of five mould species which most often cause the decomposition of cellulose (Chaetomium sp., Aureobasidium sp., Paecilomyces sp., Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp.). The hydrophobicity was examined by measuring the contact angle. The fabrics modified by TC-TEOS are characterized by a higher antifungal effectiveness, however, the durability of the modification can be maintained only when they are dry-cleaned. Silanes form a silica layer on the surface of textiles which results in increased hydrophobicity. These multifunctional textiles can find applications as materials for human health, e.g. insoles, wound dressings, protective clothing, filters.

Influence of yarn folding on UV protection properties of hemp knitted fabrics

In the last years the media have highlighted the damage of the ozone layer and the resulting increase of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) reaching the earth?s surface. Prolonged and repeated, both occupational and recreational, sun exposure of the population causes some detrimental effects. Clothing is considered to be one of the most important tools for UV protection. It is generally accepted that synthetic fibres provide a high UV protection capability of textiles, while cellulose fibres (cotton, linen, hemp, viscose) have a low UV absorption capacity. However, natural pigments, pectin and waxes in natural cellulose fibers, and lignin in hemp fibers, act as UV absorbers having a favorable effect on UPF of grey-state fabrics. Bearing in mind the trend of reintroduction of hemp fibers as a source of eco-friendly textiles, there is a serious lack of study about the potential of hemp materials in terms of UV protection. Folded yarn is a complex yarn composed of two or more component yarns arranged parallel and twisted together to make a ?new quality? yarn. Folding of yarns is an operation undertaken in order to modify single-yarn properties to an appreciable degree. There are very few investigations concerning the relationship between the yarn properties and UV protection effectiveness of the fabric made there from. In addition, there is no any result in the scientific literature about the influence of yarn folding on UV protection properties of textile materials. Having this in mind, for our research the idea was to evaluate the effect of yarn folding in this regard. The plain knitted fabrics composed of single or two-folded hemp yarn were compared in terms of UV protection properties. The Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF), as the quantitative measurement of the material effectiveness to protect the human skin against UVR, was determined for the textile materials by in vitro test method according to the European standard EN 13758. The knitted fabrics construction and physical properties were also determined. Bearing in mind that plain knitted fabrics are particularly susceptible to relaxation, they were subjected to relaxation and shrinkage by wetting process, and testing procedure was repeated on the water-treated samples. The results obtained indicated that the folding operation influences UV protection properties of knitted fabrics through an influence on a loop configuration, i.e. the fabric openness. Relaxation and shrinkage of the knitted fabrics due to wet relaxation caused the reduction of macro-porosity increasing the UPF of the knitted fabrics. Although the knitted fabric produced from single hemp yarn was characterized by higher UPF, the UVR transmittance of the folded hemp yarn knitted fabric after wet relaxation placed it in the ?excellent UV protection category? (according to European Standard EN 13758-2). This fact together with the better thermal comfort manifested itself in higher air permeability, confirmed the potential of folding operation in terms of UV protection properties of textile materials.

Effect of Stitch Lengths and Yarn Counts on Areal Density and Drape Behaviour of Different Weft Knitted Single Jersey Structures

This paper aimed at analysis on the effects of stitch length and Yarn Count on GSM and drape behavior of weft knitted single jersey fabrics. In this research work different types of weft knitted single jersey fabrics have been used like as single jersey plain, single lacoste, double lacoste and polo pique fabric. As drape is one of the most important properties of textile materials so drape ability of a fabric should measure. Here drape ability of a fabric was determined using the instrument Cusick drape tester and is expresses in terms of drape co-efficient. It was found after completing the work GSM increases gradually with the decrease of stitch length. Double lacoste has highest GSM and single Jersey Plain has lowest GSM. GSM increases gradually in coarser yarn. Drape co-efficient decreases gradually with the increase of stitch length. Double lacoste has highest drape co-efficient and polo pique has lowest drape co-efficient. Drape co-efficient decreases gradually in finer yarn.

Perceptual Dimensions of Material Properties of Fabrics in Dynamic Scenes

Perceptual Dimensions of Material Properties of Fabrics in Dynamic Scenes

Thermal resistance of fabrics vs. thermal insulation of clothing made of the fabrics

The protection of a human body against the negative environmental factors, especially the cold, is one of the crucial functions of clothing. Clothing creates a thermal barrier between the human body and the surroundings. The protective efficiency of clothing goods depends mostly on thermal insulation properties of textile materials applied in clothing. The clothing design, fitting to a user’s body, and a number of layers also play an important role in the phenomenon of the heat exchange between the human organism and its surroundings. The thermal insulation properties of textile materials can be measured by means of different testing devices, such as the “skin model,” the Alambeta, the Permetest, and the Thermo Labo. A measurement of clothing goods from the point of view of their thermal insulation is performed using a thermal manikin. The article presents an investigation of thermal insulation properties of vests by means of thermal manikin. The investigated vests have been made of different textile materials: woven and knitted. The thermal insulation properties of fabrics applied in vests have been measured by means of the Alambeta. The article presents and discusses the relationships between the thermal insulation of vests according to the thermal manikin and the thermal resistance of fabrics applied in the vests.

Dependence of warm or cold feeling and heat retention ability of knitwear from digital print parameters

Textile materials are increasingly being subjected to the process of printing. The printing process with its parameters significantly affects the properties of textile materials and clothes made from these materials. This paper examines the effect of the parameters of digital printing on thermo-physiological characteristics of printed textile materials. As the essential print parameters were selected tone value and a different number of passes. In this research were used knitted fabric materials of 100% cotton fibers (100% CO), 100% polyester fibers (100% PES) and their mixture (50%CO/50% PES). The influence of print parameters to thermo-physiological properties of the material is evaluated through a warm or cold feeling and heat retention ability. Results of the research demonstrated that, in addition to material composition, the printing process with its parameters have a significant influence on the thermo-physiological characteristics of textile materials.

Estimation of Areal Weight, Grab Tensile Strength, and Elongation at Break of PP Spunbond Nonwovens using Digital Image Analysis and Artificial Neural Networks

Polypropylene (PP) spunbond nonwoven fabrics are very important especially for health, furniture, and household industries. These industrial applications require fabrics with high tensile strength properties. In the textile industry, Digital Image Analysis (DIA) is used commonly on fabric property determination and online controlling. The estimation of fabric weight using digital image analysis is well established in the literature. But limited information can be found about the prediction of grab tensile strength and elongation at break using Digital Image Analysis (DIA). In this study, DIA and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) are used for the prediction of areal weight, tensile strength and elongation at break values of PP nonwoven fabrics at various weights (12g/m2, 20g/m2, 25g/m2, 30g/m2, 50g/m2). The experimentally tested fabric properties and the numerical defined statistical parameters obtained from DIA are related with each other using ANN. Results show that ANN is capable of prediction of fabric material properties by using data obtained by DIA without any experiments for the investigated type of PP nonwovens.

Development of acoustic nonwoven materials from kapok and milkweed fibres

Acoustic properties of textile materials have been studied for several decades. But, mostly used materials were synthetic, and hence, they were not eco-friendly in nature. Therefore, an attempt was put forward to try the sound absorption property of natural fibres and their blends by needle-punched nonwoven techniques. Nonwoven fabrics of ideal materials are used as acoustical insulation products because they have high total surface area. The effect of blend proportion of kapok and milkweed fibres with cotton, fabric GSM, bulk density and distance of fabric from sound source on sound reduction of nonwoven fabrics was investigated. The sound reduction increases with increase in blend proportion of kapok and milkweed fibres. A nonwoven fabric of cotton/milkweed 40/60 shows the highest sound reduction potential. As the distance between the fabric and sound sources increases, the sound reduction also increases linearly due to reduction of sound intensity which reduces the transmission of sound through the fabric. There is a positive correlation between fabric GSM and sound reduction and negative correlation between bulk density and sound reduction. Further, the thermal conductivity of nonwoven samples decreases with increase in kapok and milkweed blend proportion due to increase in thickness of samples. Hence, the kapok- and milkweed-blended nonwoven samples provide sound as well as thermal insulation characteristics.

Development and investigation of electromagnetic shielding fabrics with different electrically conductive additives

Abstract To obtain the protection against electromagnetic radiation (EMR) emitted by operating electrical and electronic devices, the shielding materials based on woven fabrics coated with the highly conductive layers were designed and investigated. The electrostatic charge dissipation properties and EMR shielding properties within certain frequency bands were investigated and compared with such properties of textile fabrics with incorporated conductive metal fibres. Also the influence of washing on electrical properties of developed fabrics was examined. This study presents technological guidelines for designing coated textile fabrics, which are able to safeguard high electrostatic charge dissipation properties and to provide effective protection against EMR, using two types of electrically conductive coatings. The results of EMR shielding measurements, especially within the range of 2 GHz–20 GHz, showed that fabrics with conductive coatings exhibit certain advantages over fabrics with incorporated metalized yarns. Whereas shielding properties at the low frequency range of 20 kHz–50 kHz for all investigated conductive fabrics are similar despite the type of conductive additive. Methods for measurement of electrostatic properties, reflection and transmission as well as the assessment of EMR shielding effectiveness (SE) are also presented.