Properties Of Styrene-butadiene Rubber Research Articles

Effect of Boron Carbide on Physical Properties of Styrene Butadiene Rubber

A research is carried out to develop a synthetic rubber reinforced with Silica and Boron carbide. Synthetic rubber used for this experiment is Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR). The major aim of this experiment is to evaluate the change in the physical properties of the rubber when boron carbide is added at different compositions with silica. Boron carbide is used as the filler in this experiment since it is one of the strongest components. The effect of the glycol activator Diethylene glycol (DEG) and the curing agent Dicumylperoxide (DCP) are also investigated in this article. The results from the experiment shows that there is an enhancement in the mechanical properties of the SBR when Boron carbide is added. The dynamic test results of the fabricated rubber compound reveal that the abrasion resistance, tear strength and the tensile strength shows better results, with an increase in filler amount. This study suggests that boron carbide filled SBR is very useful in industrial applications

Effect of Titanium Carbide as a Filler on the Mechanical Properties of Styrene Butadiene Rubber

For a few decades now, Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) has been one of the highest volume general-purpose rubber owing to is low cost and better abrasion resistance compared to Natural Rubber. However, in recent times, some drawbacks have emerged and there has been a constant effort to improve its properties. The basic aim of this work is to study the effect of Titanium Carbide filler in powder form on the mechanical properties of SBR. The TiC amount is gradually varied as 0, 1, 2, 5, and finally 10 parts by weight per hundred parts of rubber [phr]. A practical study has been done on the physical and mechanical properties of SBR before and after addition of calculated amounts of TiC. The results obtained show that curing time continues to decrease with addition of TiC, while overall density continues to increase. Hardness, tensile strength and elastic modulus values showed an increase until 2% TiC, and then a subsequent reduction. Correspondingly, the % elongation decreased up to 2% TiC, and then increased slightly. Interestingly, it was observed that even small amounts TiC caused a significant increase (225% increase) in Tear strength, but there was no significant dependence on the amount of TiC. So, this work proves that by using 2% TiC, the mechanical properties can be increased up to greater extent at a reduced curing time.

Improvement The Mechanical Properties of Styrene Butadiene Rubber By Using Silica Fume

Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) is considered to be one of the greatest important polymeric materials used as a bond, so we discussed in this study to improve its properties .This study covers the effect of silica fume on mechanical properties of styrene butadiene rubber reinforced with silica fume. The composites were prepared with (1 to 3 wt. %) of silica fume particles .The results had indicated that the tensile strength and flexural strength are improved by (11.6% and 13.5%) respectively at 2 wt% and the hardness is improved by (9.3%) at 3wt%.

Improvement The Mechanical Properties of Styrene Butadiene Rubber By Using Silica Fume

Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) is considered to be one of the greatest important polymeric materials used as a bond, so we discussed in this study to improve its properties .This study covers the effect of silica fume on mechanical properties of styrene butadiene rubber reinforced with silica fume. The composites were prepared with (1 to 3 wt. %) of silica fume particles .The results had indicated that the tensile strength and flexural strength are improved by (11.6% and 13.5%) respectively at 2 wt% and the hardness is improved by (9.3%) at 3wt%.

Effect of electron beam irradiation on structure and properties of styrene-butadiene rubber

Crosslinking and chain scission occur simultaneously during irradiation of polymers and influence their properties in an opposite way. To characterize the radiation-induced changes and evaluate how they influence the performance of the polymer, quantification of these reactions is crucial. In this work, the effect of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) radiation curing with doses ranging from 25 kGy to 200 kGy, at room temperature and air atmosphere was investigated. The Charlesby-Pinner and Charlesby-Rosiak equations were used to characterize the curing process. Only the Charlesby-Rosiak equation gave good linear representation of the data and allowed to obtain the parameters, which characterize the irradiated SBR system: (i) gel dose, (ii) ratio between chain scission and crosslinking, and (iii) radiation yields of crosslinking and chain scission. These parameters showed that SBR is quite resistant to ionizing radiation, where crosslinking predominates over chain scission. The effect of irradiation on in-rubber properties is discussed. An increase in radiation dose resulted in change of tensile strength, elongation at break, mechanical modules, hardness, glass transition temperature and thermo-oxidative stability. Freezing point depression experiments were also conducted. The depression of the solvent freezing temperature in swollen polymer gels provided information on polymer network and mesh size, staying in agreement with the crosslink density values.

Effect of Cyclic Butylene Terephthalate Oligomer on the Properties of Styrene-Butadiene and Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubbers

In this work the effect of cyclic butylene terephthalate (CBT) was studied on the curing, rheological, morphological and mechanical properties of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), oil extended styrene butadiene rubber (oSBR), acrylonitrile butadiene rubbers (NBR) with various acrylonitrile (AN) content and a carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR). The effect of CBT on the oil resistance of the NBR and XNBR based compounds was also investigated. Viscosities of the uncured compounds were significantly decreased by CBT and it also acted as a semi-active filler, effectively reinforcing the tested rubbers, therefore it is suggested to be a bifunctional additive for tested rubbers. CBT also showed to have a positive effect on the oil resistance of NBR compounds.

Effect of Nanozinc Oxide and Organic Expanded Vermiculite Compound on Antiaging Properties of SBR Modified Bitumen

AbstractThis work focuses on the effect of nanozinc oxide (nano-ZnO) and organic expanded vermiculite (OEVMT) compound on physical and aging properties of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) modified bi...

Hydrothermal carbonization of typical components of municipal solid waste for deriving hydrochars and their combustion behavior

In this work, five typical components were employed as representative pseudo-components to indirectly complete previous established simulation system during hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of municipal solid waste. The fuel characteristics and combustion behavior of HTC-derived hydrochars were evaluated. Results clearly illustrated that the energy ranks of hydrochars were upgraded after HTC. For paper and wood, superior combustion performances of their hydrochars could achieve under suitable conditions. While for food, none positive enrichments on combustion loss rate were observed for hydrochars due to its high solubilization and decomposition under hot compressed water. It was noteworthy that a new weight loss peak was detected for paper and food, suggesting that new compounds were formed. For rubber, the HTC process made the properties of styrene butadiene rubber more close to natural rubber. Therefore, the first peak of hydrochars became significantly intense. While for plastic, only physical changes of polypropylene and polyethylene were observed.

Structure and properties of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) with pyrolytic and industrial carbon black

To evaluate the performance of pyrolytic carbon black (pCB), we filled styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) with pCB and N330 industrial carbon black (CB). We used two ratios of pCB and N330: 1/9 and 1/1. N330 was selected because its specific surface area was close to that of pCB. The overall CB content in the mixes was 0, 30, 45 and 60 part per hundred rubber (phr). We studied the effects of types and amounts of CB on the dispersion, cure behavior, dynamic mechanical thermal behavior, tensile mechanical and fracture mechanical properties of the filled rubbers. Dispersion of pCB was poorer than that of N330 CB. With respect to tensile mechanical properties – except tear strength – N330 outperformed pCB. The tear strength and fracture mechanics characteristics (J-integral at crack tip opening, and trouser tear strength) of SBR were higher with pCB than with N330. This can be attributed to the broader dispersion of pCB than N330. The combined use of N330 and pCB resulted in intermediate values, reflecting the actual N330/pCB ratio for all measured parameters. We wanted to correlate the mechanical performance with the apparent molecular weight between crosslinks (Mc), and found reasonable correlations for the Payne effect, tensile strength and critical J-integral. On the other hand, we only found a tendency for tear characteristics; this was ascribed to additional effects of (p)CB dispersion.

Morphology and performance of styrene butadiene rubber filled with modified graphite nanoplatelet and carbon black

In our work, effects of 2-mercapto-1-methylimidazole modified graphite nanoplatelet (MMI–GN) and carbon black (CB) on static and dynamic mechanical properties of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) composites were studied. MMI–GN is synthesized by ball-mill process, and the result reveals that π–π interactions existed between MMI and GN. The results demonstrate that the static and dynamic mechanical performances of SBR/CB/MMI–GN composites are significantly improved over these of SBR/CB and SBR/CB/GN composites. Compared with SBR/CB, the tensile strength, tear strength, and modulus at 300% elongation of SBR/CB/MMI–GN–3 are greatly improved by 45%, 27%, and 4%, respectively. And the rolling resistance of SBR/CB/MMI–GN–3 is reduced by 3.7% with remaining almost unchanged in the wet grip property. The superiority of MMI–GN in the enhancement for the overall performance of SBR/CB composites is attributed to the well dispersion of GN throughout the SBR matrix and the enhanced interfacial interactions between GN and the SBR matrix. This work might expedite synthesis of the graphite-based materials for enhancing rubber composites, and enlarge the potential applications of modified graphite to fabricate the high-performance rubber composites. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Influence of kaolinite particle size on cross-link density, microstructure and mechanical properties of latex blending styrene butadiene rubber composites

Cross-link density, microstructure and mechanical properties of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) composites filled with different particle sized kaolinites are investigated. With the increase of kaolinite particle size, the cross-link density of the filled SBR composites, the dispersibility and orientation degree of kaolinite particles gradually decrease. Some big cracks in filled rubber composites are distributed along the fringe of kaolinite aggregates, and the absorbance of all the absorption bands of kaolinites gradually increase with the increase of kaolinite particle size. All mechanical property indexes of kaolinite filled SBR composites decrease due to the decrease of cross-linking and reduction of interface interaction between filler and rubber matrix.

Interaction between 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and oil palm ash in styrene butadiene rubber compounds using response surface methodology

Oil palm ash (OPA) is available in abundance and is renewable. The effects of a combination of OPA and 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane on the properties of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds based on their mixing ratios were studied using response surface methodology. The cure characteristics and tensile properties were selected as the responses. The significance of these factors and their interactions were analysed using ANOVA. The results showed that the presence of OPA and AMPTES had a significant effect on the properties of SBR compounds, whereby all the responses had R2 of above 0.9. This indicates that the regression model is accurate in describing and predicting the pattern of significance for each factor studied. In addition, with the highest level of AMPTES (6 phr) and OPA (80 phr) in the SBR, the tensile strength of the mixture was significantly improved by 151.6% compared to that of gum SBR compound. These findings were further supported by scanning electron microscopy.

Influence of Aromatic Content in Rubber Processing Oils on Viscoelastic Behaviour and Mechanical Properties of Styrene-Butadiene-Rubber for Tyre Tread Applications

In the present study, experiments have been carried out to investigate the effects of aromatic and polycyclic aromatic compounds (PCAs) contents in rubber processing oils (RPOs) on the processability and mechanical properties of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds and vulcanisates. Results obtained suggest that, as expected, the presence of RPOs leads to a decreased compound viscosity, and thus an enhanced processability. By incorporating the RPOs into SBR compounds, some mechanical properties, including elongation at break and tear strength, of cured SBR can be improved, particularly for the RPOs with high aromatic content. This is believed to be attributed to the increased compatibility of aromatic containing RPOs and the SBR matrix. Nevertheless, the aromatic and PCA contents play an insignificant role on the crosslink density and bulk viscosity of the rubber compounds as well as the hardness and compression set of the rubber vulcanisates.

Influence of Aromatic Content in Rubber Processing Oils on Viscoelastic Behaviour and Mechanical Properties of Styrene-Butadiene-Rubber (SBR) for Tyre Tread Applications

In recent years, the increasing concern on the toxicity of highly aromatic oils has been incentive to the development of rubber process oils (RPOs) which are more environmentally-friendly. Many alternative eco-friendly RPOs have been tested with the aims of selecting the most suitable replacement for these highly aromatic oils. As a consequence, in order to achieve both environmental friendliness and effective rubber compounding, the aromatic content in RPOs must be optimised. In the present study, the experiments have been carried out to investigate the effects of aromatic and polycyclic aromatic compounds (PCAs) contents in RPOs on processability and mechanical properties of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds and vulcanisates. Results obtained suggest that the presence of RPOs leads to a decreased compound viscosity, and thus an enhanced processability. By incorporating the RPOs into SBR compounds, some mechanical properties including elongation at break and tear strength of cured SBR can be improved, particularly for the RPOs with high aromatic content. It is believed to be attributed to the increased compatibility between RPOs and SBR matrix. Nevertheless, the aromatic and PCA contents play little or insignificant role on the crosslink density and bulk viscosity of rubber compounds as well as hardness and compression set of vulcanisates.

Bis[3-(triethoxysilylpropyl)]tetrasulfide에 의한 실리카 입자의 표면개질 반응과 SBR 나노 복합체 응용

In this study, we performed surface modification of silica nanoparticles with bis[3-(triethoxysilylpropyl)]tetrasulfide (TESPT) silane coupling agent to study the effects of treatment temperature, treatment time, and amount of TESPT used on the silanization degree with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), elemental analysis (EA) and solid state and cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). We found peak area of isolated silanol groups at decreased, but peak area of asymmetric stretching of TESPT at increased with the amount of TESPT from FTIR measurements. We also used universal testing machine (UTM) to study mechanical properties of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) nanocomposites with 20 phr (parts per hundred of rubber) of pristine and TESPT modified silicas, respectively. The tensile strength and 100% modulus of modified silica/SBR nanocomposite were enhanced from 5.65 to 9.38MPa, from 1.62 to 2.73 MPa, respectively, compared to those of pristine silica/SBR nanocomposite.

Mechanical properties of styrene butadiene rubber-/ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber-based conductive blends

The mechanical properties of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)/ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM) conductive blends prepared by conventional mixed method were studied as a function of both blend ratio and high-abrasion furnace (HAF) carbon black (CB) contents. All measured mechanical characteristics, such as Young’s modulus, strain at break and stress at break, exhibit a transition at percolation threshold ( φc), which was found to be dependent on the SBR/EPDM blend ratio. From the dependence of the electrical conductivity of SBR, EPDM and their blends filled with HAF CB on the volume portion of the filler, the percolation concentration ( φc) was determined to be at the inflexion point φi of the dependency. The elongation at break of the investigated composites was succeeded to connect to the percolation concentration by Novak et al. model and an empirical formula suggested by us and showed reasonable results.

Modification of α-ZrP nanofillers by amines of different chain length: Consequences on the morphology and mechanical properties of styrene butadiene rubber based nanocomposites

An aqueous slurry of α-ZrP lamellar nanofillers has been modified by amine type surfactants. The influence of the alkylamine chain length and of the cationic exchange rate on the nanofiller d-spacing has been analyzed. The strength of the interactions formed between the intercalating agent and the filler has been studied by Infra Red Spectroscopy (FTIR), Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (31P MAS NMR) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). Different routes allowing to obtain optimized filler properties while minimizing the surfactant weight amount have been proposed from the detailed analysis of the intercalation mechanism. Styrene Butadiene Rubber nanocomposites have been prepared directly from the different slurries of modified α-ZrP. The dispersion of the organophilic α-ZrP in the SBR matrix has been characterized and the mechanical properties of the corresponding nanocomposites have been determined and discussed as a function of the filler modification, of the nanocomposite morphology and of the filler/matrix interfacial properties.

Effect of epoxidized natural rubber on thermal properties, fatigue life, and natural weathering test of styrene butadiene rubber/recycled acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber (SBR/NBRr) blends

AbstractThe utilization of waste rubber powder in polymer matrices provides an attractive strategy for polymer waste disposal. Addition of recycled acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber (NBRr) in rubber compounds gives economic (lowering the cost of rubber compounds) as well as processing advantages. In this study, the properties of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)/NBRr blends with and without epoxidized natural rubber (ENR‐50) as a compatibilizer were determined. The results such as thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), fatigue life, and natural weathering test of SBR/NBRr blends with and without ENR‐50 were carried out. Results showed that TG thermograms of SBR/NBRr blends with ENR‐50 show lower thermal stability compared blends without ENR‐50. The incorporation of ENR‐50 into SBR/NBRr blends has reduced char residue compared SBR/NBRr blends without ENR‐50. The incorporation of ENR‐50 in SBR/NBRr blends has increased the rigidity of the blends thus lowering the fatigue life. The increment in tensile properties retention of SBR/NBRr blends with ENR‐50 indicated the enhancement on weathering resistant. The surfaces of SBR/NBRr blends with ENR‐50 after 6 months exposure showed a minimal severity of crack compared with SBR/NBRr blends without ENR‐50. It revealed that the scale of cracks has reduced indicating well‐retaining interfacial adhesion between SBR and NBRr with the presence of ENR‐50 as a compatibilizer. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011

Effect of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes with Carboxylic Functional Group on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Styrene Butadiene Rubber

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were functionalized with a carboxylic functional group to enhance the dispersion of CNT in styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) nanocomposites. The functionalization of the surface of the MWCNTs were carried out by using nitric acid at 120°C for 48 hours. The FTIR technique was used to characterize the surface of the modified carbon nanotubes to ascertain the presence of the functional groups on the CNT surface. The modified carbon nanotubes were incorporated in a polymer solution, and the solvent was subsequently evaporated. Using this technique, nanotubes can be dispersed homogeneously in the SBR matrix in an attempt to increase the mechanical properties of these nanocomposites. The effects of the functionalized CNT on the properties of SBR without curing were studied using characterization techniques such as Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and the tensile testing machine. The effect of percentage loading of the functionalized CNT was also studied and is reported in this work. The properties of the nanocomposites such as tensile strength, tensile modulus, tear strength, elongation at break and hardness were studied.

Effect of Functionalize Carbon Nanotubes with Amine Functional Group on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Styrene Butadiene Rubber

This article reports the investigations carried out on styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) matrices filled with functionalized multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). MWNTs were functionalized with amine functional group to enhance its dispersion in SBR nanocomposites. The functionalization of the surface of the carbon nanotubes (CNT) was carried out by using nitric acid at 120°C for 48 h. The FTIR technique was used to characterize the surface of the functionalized CNTs to ascertain the presence of the functional groups on the CNT surface. The modified CNTs were incorporated into a polymer solution and this was followed by subsequent evaporation of the solvent. This technique can be employed to ensure a homogeneous dispersion of nanotubes in the SBR matrix in order to increase the mechanical and thermal properties of the resulting nanocomposites. Results obtained shows significant improvement in the mechanical as well as thermal properties of the nanocomposites. For example the tensile strength increased from 0.16 MPa (blank SBR) to 0.45 MPa (10% CNT) while the young modulus increased from 0.2 MPa (blank SBR) to 0.55 MPa when 10% functionalized CNT was added. Also optimum value of 4.1 KJ energy absorption was obtained with the incorporation of 1% CNT into the SBR matrix. Significant increase in the glass transition temperature was also observed compared to the pure SBR. Thus, CNT functionalized with amine group can be considered as excellent nanofiller for increasing the reinforcing efficiency of SBR.