Properties Of Samples Research Articles

Mechanical and anti-icing performance of superhydrophobic aluminum conductor by anodized oxide technique

Abstract Anodized oxide technology is a traditional surface treatment method used in the material engineering field to enhance the friction, anti-icing, anti-corrosion, and insulation properties of Al-based samples. Considering the anti-icing and insulation performance, anodized oxide technology has great application prospects in overhead transmission lines. In this study, the preparation process of Aluminum (Al) flat plates and Aluminum Cable Steel-Reinforce (ACSR) was explored by using anodizing technology to obtain superhydrophobic properties. Moreover, as the significant performance in the application of transmission lines, the mechanical performance (tensile strength) of Al conductors was evaluated to study the impact of anodized oxidation technology. The results show that anodized oxide technology can improve the tensile strength of aluminum clad steel bars and aluminum-stranded wires in ACSRs. In addition, the hydrophobicity and anti-icing performance of anodized wires can demonstrate potential application prospects in the field of anti-icing.

Investigation of the mechanical and Thermal properties of functionally graded iron aluminide

Iron aluminide is used in many industrial applications such as valve of piston; In this work, the mechanical and thermal properties of samples made of functionally graded materials (FGMs) were studied. These specimens were manufactured by powder metallurgy, consisting of different chemical composition layers of (40–50) at% aluminum. The specimens consist of: single layers (B1, B2, B3) consisting of (40, 45, and 50) at% of aluminum and the rest of iron; FGMs (double-layer) (B4, B5, B6); and FGMs (three-layer) (B7). All results of FGM were compared with its constituent layers in all tests, including the x-ray diffraction examination, and they all showed the same phases with differences in intensity (Fe3Al, FeAl, Al13Fe4, FeAl2, Fe2Al5). From the mechanical compression test, the yield point, ultimate stress, and Young’s modulus results indicated that the FGMs have an average value compared with the layer that contained them. Thermal test: FGMs have the lowest values of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity compared with single-layer specimens. The specific heat of FGMs has the highest value. Thermal conductivity was recorded to range from 8.08 to 6.376 W mK−1 for single and FGM specimens, respectively; thermal diffusivity from 4.6 to 0.72 mm2 S−1; and specific heat from 1.77 to 8.84 MJ/m3K.

Dyeing of Cotton Woven Fabric Using Sustainable Natural Dye (Date Leaves) and Bio-Mordants

This study on natural dyes has been chosen for a sustainable dyeing method on textile through the using of 99% cotton 1% spandex woven fabric. The dye was produced from the Date Palm Leaf (Phoenix dactylifera L) using Soxhlet machine through continuous extraction method and dyed using natural bio-mordant eucalyptus, guava leaf. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) test was carried for nanoparticle characterization along with color measurements with specular and UV include mode. The dyed fabrics were also assessed for wash fastness, fastness against perspiration, dry rubbing and wet rubbing property. In most of the cases the fastness property of sample without mordant is better than with mordant. Cotton fabric is used for dyeing to make it sustainable and to reduce the dependency on synthetic dyes; the natural material can also reduce the pressure on synthetic material.

Changes in the structural, aggregation behavior and gel properties of pork myofibrillar protein induced by theaflavins

This study explores the effect of different theaflavins (TFs) concentrations (0, 100, 300, 600 and 900 mg/L) on the structure, aggregation behavior and gelation properties of pork myofibrillar protein (MP). The protein structure and aggregation behavior were characterized by free sulfhydryl groups, surface hydrophobicity, fluorescence emission spectra, particle size and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The gel properties of samples were characterized by gel strength, cooking loss, microstructure and gel supernatant SDS-PAGE. The results showed a significant decrease in free thiol content with increasing TFs concentration, suggesting thiol-quinone covalent interaction between TFs and thiol group of MP. Intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy confirmed a static quenching between TFs and MP. And TFs reduced the particle size of MP suspension and caused no protein aggregation bond in SDS-PAGE. For gel properties, TFs caused a decrease of gel strength from 96.77 g to 21.91 g and an increase in cooking loss from 40.34 % to 71.15 %. The bond of protein aggregates in gel supernatants SDS-PAGE revealed that some protein aggregates formed by disulfide bonding were not involve in gel formation with TFs addition. In conclusion, TFs cause thiol loss of MP and impaired MP gelling ability by interfering with disulfide bond formation during gelation.

Molecular-level studies of extracellular matrix proteins conducted using atomic force microscopy.

Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins provide anchorage and structural strength to cells and tissues in the body and, thus, are fundamental molecular components for processes of cell proliferation, growth, and function. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has increasingly become a valuable approach for studying biological molecules such as ECM proteins at the level of individual molecules. Operational modes of AFM can be used to acquire the measurements of the physical, electronic, and mechanical properties of samples, as well as for viewing the intricate details of the surface chemistry of samples. Investigations of the morphology and properties of biomolecules at the nanoscale can be useful for understanding the interactions between ECM proteins and biological molecules such as cells, DNA, and other proteins. Methods for preparing protein samples for AFM studies require only basic steps, such as the immersion of a substrate in a dilute solution or protein, or the deposition of liquid droplets of protein suspensions on a flat, clean surface. Protocols of nanolithography have been used to define the arrangement of proteins for AFM studies. Using AFM, mechanical and force measurements with tips that are coated with ECM proteins can be captured in ambient or aqueous environments. In this review, representative examples of AFM studies are described for molecular-level investigations of the structure, surface assembly, protein-cell interactions, and mechanical properties of ECM proteins (collagen, elastin, fibronectin, and laminin). Methods used for sample preparation as well as characterization with modes of AFM will be discussed.

Automatic characterization of capillary flow profile of liquid samples on μTADs based on capacitance measurement

Capillary flow profile of liquid samples in porous media is closely related to the important properties of liquid samples, including the viscosity and the surface energy. Therefore, capillary flow profile can be used as an index to differentiate liquid samples with different properties. Fast and automatic characterization of capillary flow profile of liquid samples is necessary. In this work, we develop a portable and economical capacitance acquisition system (CASY) to easily obtain the capillary flow profile of liquid samples on microfluidic thread-based analytical devices (μTADs) by measuring the capacitance during the capillary flow. At first, we validate the accuracy of this method by comparing with the traditional method by video analysis in obtaining the capillary flow profiles in μTADs of cotton threads or glass fiber threads. Then we use it to differentiate liquid samples with different viscosity (mixture of water and glycerol). In addition, capillary flow profile on μTADs with chemical valves (chitosan or sucrose) can also be obtained on this device. Lastly, we show the potential of this device in measurement of hematocrit (HCT) of whole blood samples. This device can be used to catalog liquid biological samples with different properties in point-of-care diagnostics in the near future.

Porous concrete modification with silica fume and ground granulated blast furnace slag: Hydraulic and mechanical properties before and after freeze-thaw exposure

This study investigates the effects of incorporating silica fume (SF) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS), both individually and in hybrid combinations, on various properties of porous concrete (PC) were evaluated under room conditions and after freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles. The hardened density (HD), water permeability coefficient (k), apparent porosity (AP), as well as compressive strength (CS), splitting tensile strength (STS), and flexural strength (FS) at 7, 28, and 120 days. Additionally, the impact of SF and GBFS on the mass loss (ML), residual compressive strength (RCS), residual splitting tensile strength (RSTS), and residual flexural strength (RFS) of PC samples subjected to 30, 60, 120, and 180 freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles was analyzed. The findings revealed that the addition of SF and GBFS decreased the AP and k values of PC samples under room conditions. Furthermore, these materials significantly improved the CS, STS, and FS properties of PC samples, especially at the 28-day and 120-day marks, owing to their enhanced pozzolanic activity over time. SF and GBFS also contributed to higher RCS, RSTS, and RFS values in PC samples after F-T cycles compared to the control samples. This was due to their effective gap-filling properties and the formation of additional calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) gels within the matrix. Additionally, SF and GBFS led to slightly higher RDME values in the C1-C6 samples than in the control samples following F-T cycles. However, SF and GBFS did not have a significant impact on reducing the ML values of PC samples after F-T cycles.

Psychometric properties of common self-report measures for obsessive-compulsive disorder in sexual and gender minorities

Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) appears to be higher in sexual and gender minority (SGM) individuals compared to cisgender, heterosexual individuals. Although existing self-report measures for OCD (i.e., Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Self-Report-II-Self Report [Y-BOCS-II-SR], Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale [DOCS], and Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire-Short Form [OBQ-SF]) have demonstrated strong psychometric properties in prior samples, these studies have not reported the proportion of SGM individuals in their samples. Thus, it remains unclear how these measures perform when used with SGM individuals. Accordingly, the psychometric properties of the Y-BOCS-II-SR, DOCS, and OBQ-SF were examined in a sample of 318 sexual minority (98.4%) and gender minority (33.8%) adults with self-reported OCD (Mage = 27.5 years; 87.4% female sex at birth; 93.4% white). Replicating prior research, these measures demonstrated consistent response patterns and strong factor structures and loadings, internal consistency, and convergent validity. Overall, these measures appear to be psychometrically sound when used with SGM individuals, and the few psychometric weaknesses found in the present study parallel those found in other samples, suggesting that they are not specific to use with SGM individuals. Findings support that the Y-BOCS-II- SR, DOCS, and OBQ- SF can be accurately used and interpreted in samples that are comprised of SGM individuals.

UV-enhanced Mg:MOF-ZnO sensor for n-butanol gas detection at a lower operating temperature

In this study, a novel UV-enhanced Mg-doped MOF-ZnO sensor was investigated for its efficient detection of n-butanol gas at lower temperatures. The composite samples were prepared by the co-precipitation method with the appropriate component ratio. The structure, morphology, and optical properties of the as-prepared samples were systematically analyzed through XRD, SEM, TEM, BET, XPS, and UV–vis characterizations. The gas-sensitive performances based on the pristine MOF-ZnO and Mg-doped MOF-ZnO sensor series with the doping levels of 1 %, 3 %, 5 %, and 7 % (wt%) were comprehensively evaluated by adopting the gas-sensitive system. Among them, the 3 % Mg:MOF-ZnO sensor has given prominence to the largest specific surface area and highest oxygen vacancy concentration demonstrating the most excellent gas-sensing performance. Furthermore, with the aid of UV excitation, the 3 % Mg:MOF-ZnO sensor had achieved the enhanced response value of 2049 that was 4.44 times higher than that of pristine MOF-ZnO to 100 of ppm n-butanol at a low temperature of 246 °C, additionally presented out the superior reproducibility with speedy response/recovery time (12/22 s), the theoretical detection limit as low as 200 ppb, as well as the excellent long-term stability and selectivity for n-butanol. This study offers a promising strategy for the well-development of high-performance n-butanol sensors.

Optical properties of Makrofol under various alpha fluences

The optical properties of Makrofol samples are investigated under various fluences of alpha exposure (2 MeV at 5×102, 103, 5×103, 104 , 5×104, 105, 5×105 and 106 alphas.cm2 alongside the unirradiated ones (pristine). Several analyses, including UV–visible, diffused reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), photoluminescence (PL), Fourier transform infrared/attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and sessile drop technique, are carried out to reveal the subsequent variations in the optical features of the irradiated polymer foils. The optical transmittance of the irradiated samples notably increases against the pristine ones, while it undergoes a+ plateau over various fluences. Additionally, the scattering events are more prominent in pristine samples over UV (240–400 nm) and IR (900–1040 nm) compared to the irradiated ones. While there are negligible physical alterations on the polymer surface, the photoluminescence emission gradually decreases with increasing alpha fluences in the irradiated samples mainly due to the reduction in the population of the aromatic rings. The latter is also verified by means of the surface chemical analyses such as XPS, FTIR-ATR and sessile drop/contact angle measurements. XPS reveals that the alpha particles give rise to the successive scissions of C–C and CO bonds and the consequent recombination events in the form of C–O bonds, evidenced by the changes in their abundance percentages. Concurrently, the surface hydrophilicity initially elevates up to a certain fluence and then reduces at higher fluences, indicating a couple of competitive mechanisms are involved in the context of the interactions of the alpha particles with the Makrofol polycarbonate (PC).

Characterization and properties of porous red mud–based geopolymer composites reinforced with carbon fiber powders

To obtain porous composites with high porosity and improved performance, porous geopolymer composites (CFP/RMG) were fabricated using alkali-excited red mud and carbon fiber powders (CFPs) using the foaming method. The synergistic effects of CFPs and H2O2 on the microstructure, pore structure, strength, and thermal properties of the porous samples were systematically investigated. CFPs were uniformly distributed on the pore walls of the samples. The total porosity decreased with CFPs and increased with H2O2, the density of CFP/RMG samples ranged from 0.57 ± 0.01 to 1.71 ± 0.05 g/cm3. The compressive strength of the composite samples increased from 0.54 ± 0.09 to 4.16 ± 0.24 MPa with an increase in CFPs from 0 to 12.5 wt%, and it decreased from 4.06 ± 0.23 to 0.47 ± 0.06 MPa with 1–5 wt% H2O2. Fiber bridging and fiber pullout contributed to the strength reinforcement of the whole composite. The porous composites also showed low thermal conductivity (0.176–0.680 W/(m·K)), which revealed that it had potential applications in the field of building materials in the future.

Invariant correlation under marginal transforms

A useful property of independent samples is that their correlation remains the same after applying marginal transforms. This invariance property plays a fundamental role in statistical inference, but does not hold in general for dependent samples. In this paper, we study this invariance property on the Pearson correlation coefficient and its applications. A multivariate random vector is said to have an invariant correlation if its pairwise correlation coefficients remain unchanged under any common marginal transforms. For a bivariate case, we characterize all models of such a random vector via a certain combination of comonotonicity—the strongest form of positive dependence—and independence. In particular, we show that the class of exchangeable copulas with invariant correlation is precisely described by what we call positive Fréchet copulas. In the general multivariate case, we characterize the set of all invariant correlation matrices via the clique partition polytope. We also propose a positive regression dependent model that admits any prescribed invariant correlation matrix. Finally, we show that all our characterization results of invariant correlation, except one special case, remain the same if the common marginal transforms are confined to the set of increasing ones.

Circumnuclear Dust in Luminous Early-type Galaxies. I. Sample Properties and Stellar Luminosity Models

Dusty circumnuclear disks (CNDs) in luminous early-type galaxies (ETGs) show regular, dynamically cold molecular gas kinematics. For a growing number of ETGs, Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA) CO imaging and detailed gas-dynamical modeling facilitate moderate-to-high precision black hole (BH) mass (M BH) determinations. From the ALMA archive, we identified a subset of 26 ETGs with estimated M BH/M ⊙ ≳ 108 to a few × 109 and clean CO kinematics but that previously did not have sufficiently high-angular-resolution near-IR observations to mitigate dust obscuration when constructing stellar luminosity models. We present new optical and near-IR Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images of this sample to supplement the archival HST data, detailing the sample properties and data-analysis techniques. After masking the most apparent dust features, we measure stellar surface-brightness profiles and model the luminosities using the multi-Gaussian expansion (MGE) formalism. Some of these MGEs have already been used in CO dynamical modeling efforts to secure quality M BH determinations, and the remaining ETG targets here are expected to significantly improve the high-mass end of the current BH census, facilitating new scrutiny of local BH mass–host galaxy scaling relationships. We also explore stellar isophotal behavior and general dust properties, finding these CNDs generally become optically thick in the near-IR (A H ≳ 1 mag). These CNDs are typically well aligned with the larger-scale stellar photometric axes, with a few notable exceptions. Uncertain dust impact on the MGE often dominates the BH mass error budget, so extensions of this work will focus on constraining CND dust attenuation.

Enhanced multiferroic properties of Co-doped BiFeO3 nanoparticles via structural changes

The present study demonstrates a rhombohedral-to-orthorhombic phase transition of BiFe1-XCoXO3 (BFCXO, x = 0, 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05) nanoparticles induced by Co ion doping. With increasing concentration of Co dopant, XRD, Raman and IR patterns exhibit lattice shrinkage and increased lattice strain; SEM and TEM images reveal a corresponding reduction in grain size; XPS spectra indicate that the Fe2+ ions are readily oxidized by Co3+ to Fe3+ ions because to the greater oxidation–reduction potential of Fe3+/Fe2+ (1.3 eV) than that of Co3+/Co2+ (0.55 eV). Effective regulation of crystal structure and microstructure significantly alters the multiferroic properties of BFCXO samples. The Co-doped samples gradually transition from antiferromagnetism to ferromagnetism. Among them, BFC0.03O reaches its maximum values at Ms ~ 0.956 emu/g for magnetization saturation and Mr ~ 0.054 emu/g for remanent magnetization. Meanwhile, BFC0.03O exhibits better ferroelectric properties compared to its pure counterpart. This study presents an effective approach for controlling the structure and characteristics of BFO-based nanomaterials for multifunctional device applications.

Effect of carbonitride on the friction and wear properties of M50NiL steel after sequential carburizing and nitriding treatment

In this work, M50NiL steel was carburized at 950 ℃ for 1 h (C samples) and subsequently nitrided at 520 ℃ for 7 h (CN samples). The carbonitrides of the samples that underwent the sequential carburizing and nitriding treatment were observed before and after wear and analyzed via SEM, FIB, and TEM. The friction and wear properties of the CN samples were compared with those of the C samples. The results show that the surface hardness and surface residual stress of the CN samples were 1.6 and 4.2 times greater than those of the C samples, respectively, i.e., the CN samples were less likely to spall during wear. The carbonitride particle sizes of the CN samples were 100–500 nm before wear and less than 10 nm after wear, indicating that carbonitrides enhanced the wear resistance of the CN samples. The wear area of the CN samples decreased by 95.6 % at 20 N and 87.4 % at 40 N.

Electrochemical survey of electroactive microbial populations in deep-sea hydrothermal fields

Electric discharge in deep-sea hydrothermal fields leads us to expect the existence of electroactive microbial ecosystems in the environments. Electrochemical properties such as electric field distribution on the seafloor and electrical conductivity of the rock can be useful indicators of searching electroactive microbial community in natural environments. We performed electric field measurements in deep-sea hydrothermal fields and collected rock samples by a remotely operative vehicle (ROV) operation. Several spots on the seafloor with strong electric fields were detected, which included both active hydrothermal vent areas and inactive sulfide deposits far from the vents. The electrical conductivity of the rock samples was correlated with the copper and iron sulfide content. Microbial community compositions of the rock samples were characterized by small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene amplicon sequencing analysis. The abundance of several microbial components, which are highly related to electroactive microorganisms such as Geobacteraceae and Thiomicrorhabdus, was affected by the electrical properties of rock samples. The results suggested that electrochemical properties on the seafloor would be related to the abundance of possible electroactive microbial populations, and that the electrochemical survey may be a powerful tool for exploring electroactive ecosystems.

Structural and Optical Properties of Graphene Oxide:Zinc Oxide on Different Types of Substrates

The structural and optical properties of ZnO-based nanostructure exhibit substrate-dependent variations. A comprehensive understanding of how different substrates influence the crystalline structure, absorbance and surface morphology of the deposited films remains a great challenge. This study was done to investigate the structural and optical properties of zinc oxide (ZnO) that alter with graphene oxide (GO) deposited on various substrates; glass, silicon, indium tin oxide (ITO) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) by solution immersion method. The structural properties were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR). The optical properties of samples were determined using ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The XRD result revealed that all GO/ZnO samples have polycrystalline structures while FTIR showed the presence of C-O, C=O and C-H compounds on all substrates. The highest absorbance of 3.40 was shown by the GO/ZnO sample which was grown on a glass substrate while the lowest absorbance of 1.50 was exhibited by the sample that was grown on PET substrate. Based on the Raman spectrum all samples showed variety in phonon energy when ZnO was grown on different substrates.

Optimizing nano-TiO2 and ZnO integration in silica-based high-performance concrete: Mechanical, durability, and photocatalysis insights for sustainable self-cleaning systems

This research presents novel findings by exploring the synergistic effects of incorporating nano-sized titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles into a high-performance concrete (HPC) matrix. The study utilized Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to determine the optimal combinations of TiO₂ and ZnO for achieving peak performance within the matrix. Various combinations of TiO₂ and ZnO, ranging from 0 % to 2 %, were incorporated into HPC mixes, focusing on evaluating their effects on compressive strength (CS), splitting tensile strength (STS), flexural strength (FS), durability, and photocatalytic properties. The results revealed that maintaining higher proportions of TiO₂ over ZnO led to superior mechanical properties, with the most effective combination determined to be 2 % TiO₂ and 1.33 % ZnO, which agrees with the prediction by the RSM model and verified through experimental testing. However, these combinations did not significantly enhance the durability properties of the HPC samples when exposed to acidic curing for three months.On the other hand, the photocatalytic properties of HPCs with different combinations of TiO₂ and ZnO were significantly improved. The combination with the maximum content of both nanoparticles had only 23.7 % of Rhodamine B remaining on its surface after 100 hours of UV radiation. Comparing the individual effects of TiO₂ with ZnO, it was observed that a higher TiO₂ dosage (2 %) caused earlier Rhodamine B discolouration compared to a higher ZnO dosage (2 %). Therefore, based on the photocatalytic degradation efficiency, it was concluded that the concrete can confer self-cleaning properties under UV radiation and serve as a precursor for developing self-cleaning concrete composites for more sustainable and resilient structures.

Antimicrobial effectiveness of chestnut honey, pollen and propolis individually and in combination

The emergence of bacteria with antibiotic resistance and multiple resistance is characteristic of animal and human pathogens. It is wide known that bee products, which have been used in alternative medicine since ancient times, have antimicrobial potential. Application of bee products for therapeutic purposes is defined as apitherapy. The study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of commercial chestnut honey, pollen and propolis produced in western Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sanski Most) individually and in five combinations (apimixtures). The antimicrobial properties of samples were investigated using the agar well diffusion method against three Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii ATCC 6633, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33591, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212); three Gram-negative bacteria (ESBL producing Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis ATCC 13076, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027) and one fungal species (Candida albicans ATCC 10231). Pure bee pollen inhibited the growth of only Gram-negative bacteria, concentrated chestnut honey was active against all Gram-negative and Gram-positivebacteria, while 20% propolis extract and apimixtures A2 (80% honey and 20% propolis) and A3 (60% honey, 20% pollen and 20% propolis extract) inhibited the growth of all tested microorganisms. Chestnut honey andthree apimixtures (A1, A2 and A3) showed the highest antibacterial action against all tested Gram-negative bacteria and MRSA compared to other investigated samples. In this study, examined honeybee products from Bosnia and Herzegovina and their mixtures had significant activity against tested bacteria, including strains with proven resistance to conventional antibiotics, MRSA and ESBL producing E. coli.

Assessing treatment effects with adjusted restricted mean time lost in observational competing risks data

BackgroundAccording to long-term follow-up data of malignant tumor patients, assessing treatment effects requires careful consideration of competing risks. The commonly used cause-specific hazard ratio (CHR) and sub-distribution hazard ratio (SHR) are relative indicators and may present challenges in terms of proportional hazards assumption and clinical interpretation. Recently, the restricted mean time lost (RMTL) has been recommended as a supplementary measure for better clinical interpretation. Moreover, for observational study data in epidemiological and clinical settings, due to the influence of confounding factors, covariate adjustment is crucial for determining the causal effect of treatment.MethodsWe construct an RMTL estimator after adjusting for covariates based on the inverse probability weighting method, and derive the variance to construct interval estimates based on the large sample properties. We use simulation studies to study the statistical performance of this estimator in various scenarios. In addition, we further consider the changes in treatment effects over time, constructing a dynamic RMTL difference curve and corresponding confidence bands for the curve.ResultsThe simulation results demonstrate that the adjusted RMTL estimator exhibits smaller biases compared with unadjusted RMTL and provides robust interval estimates in all scenarios. This method was applied to a real-world cervical cancer patient data, revealing improvements in the prognosis of patients with small cell carcinoma of the cervix. The results showed that the protective effect of surgery was significant only in the first 20 months, but the long-term effect was not obvious. Radiotherapy significantly improved patient outcomes during the follow-up period from 17 to 57 months, while radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy significantly improved patient outcomes throughout the entire period.ConclusionsWe propose the approach that is easy to interpret and implement for assessing treatment effects in observational competing risk data.