Properties Of Oil Research Articles

Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of essential oils from orange peels and eucalyptus leaves wastes

Oranges and eucalyptus trees are abundant sources of waste and pruning, generating secondary streams that can be converted into valuable products. Both species are broadly cultivated in Mexico. Essential oils from orange peels and eucalyptus leaves possess antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, making them useful in various applications. In this study, the essential oils antioxidant potential was determined through radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing capacity, and the total phenolic content was measured. These essential oils also demonstrated inhibition capacity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. GC-MS analysis of the oils revealed the composition of representative compounds, with D-limonene constituting almost 75% of the orange essential oil and 1,8-cineol comprising 15.2% of the eucalyptus oil. The antioxidant test results between essential oils showed that they are similar, except for the FRAP test, where eucalyptus essential oil obtained a value three times higher than orange essential oil. The findings suggest that these essential oils can serve as natural and sustainable alternatives to synthetic antimicrobial and antioxidant agents.

Influence of Processing Conditions on the Properties of High Paraffin Oil and Sediment Composition

Influence of Processing Conditions on the Properties of High Paraffin Oil and Sediment Composition

Study on Rheological Properties of Waste Cooking Oil and Organic Montmorillonite Composite Recycled Asphalt

Pre-treated waste cooking oil (WCO) and organic montmorillonite (OMMT) were employed for the recycling of aged asphalt, which resulted in the improvement of the design of WCO asphalt rejuvenators and the enhancement of high-temperature performance of WCO-recycled asphalt. The effect of the rejuvenator and the properties of recycled asphalt were evaluated by viscosity, dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), bending beam rheometer (BBR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) tests. The results indicated that aged asphalt could be obviously softened and restored to the level of original asphalt by adding 6% WCO. However, the high-temperature properties of recycled asphalt would be declined by adding too large a dose of WCO rejuvenator. The high-temperature performance of recycled asphalt was significantly improved by the WCO-OMMT complex rejuvenator, and the viscosity and rutting factor of recycled asphalt were increased. Light components of aged asphalt could be supplemented by WCO of the complex rejuvenator. The volatilization of small molecules could be slowed down by the peel structure formed by OMMT and small molecules of the asphalt, which resulted in the proportion of small molecular substances (SMS) being increased by 4% and improvement of the colloidal structure of aged asphalt. The high-temperature and low-temperature performance of recycled asphalt can be improved concurrently by the combination of 6% WCO and 1% OMMT, and this was evidenced by the fact that the high-temperature and low-temperature PG were all upgraded by one level.

Numerical study of swirl core-annular flow and factors influencing pressure drop in vertical pipelines for oil-water two-phase flow

As oil field production progresses, the water content of the produced fluid increases and wax deposits form on the pipe wall as the crude oil is transported vertically through the pipeline. This causes the cross-sectional area of the pipeline to decrease, the flow resistance to increase and the pipeline pressure to decrease. As a result, production from oil wells declines and extraction costs rise. Therefore, in the current study, a vortex structure is utilized to generate a vertical core-annular flow for oil production and transportation in high-water-content oil wells. This study uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software to investigate the influence of various oil properties on the oil phase distribution and pressure drop in core-annular flow in vertical pipes. The findings demonstrate that the ring-forming effect of the core-annular flow increases with larger oil droplet sizes and lower oil phase densities, while it becomes weaker with higher inlet oil phase volume fraction and lower inlet velocities. As the size and density of the oil droplets grow and decrease, respectively, the pressure drop reduces. On the other hand, the pressure drop increases with higher inlet oil phase volume fraction and viscosity. When the oil droplet size is greater than 0.2 mm, the density is less than 850 kg/m3, the oil phase volume fraction is less than 30% and the inlet velocity is greater than 1 m/s, the annular flow works better. When the inlet oil phase volume fraction is above 30%, and the ring formation effect decreases significantly. The utilization of swirl core-annular fluid significantly mitigates the pressure drop in pipelines compared to pure oil transport downhole, rendering it highly suitable for conveying crude oil in high-water-content oil wells.

Optimization of Antimicrobial Properties of Essential Oils under Rotating Magnetic Field

Optimization of Antimicrobial Properties of Essential Oils under Rotating Magnetic Field

Single-layer iron network microstructure magnetorheological elastomer for transparent soft actuator

The motion of a soft magnetic magnetorheological elastomer, a composite material consisting of soft magnetic fillers and an elastomeric matrix, is limited by the gradient of the applied magnetic field, making its application as an out-of-plane soft actuator difficult. In this study, an anisotropic soft magnetic magnetorheological elastomer-based transparent soft actuator with large out-of-plane deformation was fabricated using a very low concentration (1 vol%) of carbonyl iron particles as the soft magnetic fillers. An applied AC electric field treatment method was used to manipulate iron particles in silicone oil, assembling and depositing them onto a glass substrate to form a single-layer iron-network microstructure. A single-layer iron-network microstructure-based magnetorheological elastomer (SL-sMRE) film with initial self-buckling was fabricated by exploiting the swelling properties of the residual silicone oil and polydimethylsiloxane. The SL-sMRE film exhibited out-of-plane deformation with a very short reaction time (228 ms) under a uniform magnetic field. When stimulated by a non-uniform magnetic field, the SL-sMRE film deformed away from the permanent magnet, which was not possible with an isotropic film. An optically transparent SL-sMRE film was applied to a transparent flexible gripping device that could detect the surface of a gripped object in real time.

Antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-giardia properties of the essential oil, hydroalcoholic extract, and green synthesis of the silver nanoparticles of Salvia mirzayanii plant

In this study, an environmentally-friendly, simple, and low-cost approach was developed for the production of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) accelerated by Salvia mirzayanii plant. The identification process involved ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The UV–Vis spectrum exhibited a peak at 450 nm which is a characteristic surface plasmon resonance of Ag NPs. The XRD and EDS analyses confirmed the crystalline nature and the presence of silver element, while the SEM analysis displayed the production of almost spherical nanoparticles. The FTIR spectrum exhibited that the Ag NPs were functionalized with biomolecules found in the extract, which are involved in the production and stabilization of the NPs. The antibacterial activity of the essential oil, the hydroalcoholic extract and Ag NPs was examined against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The anti-Giardia activity was tested on Giardia lamblia cysts at different time intervals. The results exhibited that the MIC values for essential oil, hydroalcoholic extract and Ag NPs against S. aureus were 1.65 µL/mL, 75 mg/mL, and 0.125 mg/mL respectively. The MBC was attained 6.25 µL/mL, 300 mg/mL, and 0.25 mg/mL, for essential oil, hydroalcoholic extract and Ag NPs, respectively. The MIC values for essential oil, hydroalcoholic extract and NPs against E. coli were 3.12 µL/mL, 150 mg/mL, and 0.06 mg/mL, respectively. The MBC was determined to be 50 µL/mL, 300 mg/mL, and 0.25 mg/mL for essential oil, hydroalcoholic extract and Ag NPs, respectively. In addition, the antioxidant activity was determined using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) test. The results indicated that the essential oil of this plant exhibited the highest antibacterial and anti-giardial properties, whereas its extract demonstrated the strongest antioxidant properties.

Evaluation of gum arabic and gelatine coacervated microcapsule morphology and core oil encapsulation efficiency by combining the spreading coefficient and two component surface energy theory

Microcapsules containing various flavour/fragrance oils with different properties were fabricated using gelatine and gum arabic by complex coacervation. The surface properties (surface polarity and the spreading coefficients) of core oils were investigated in order to evaluate their effects on the capsule morphology and encapsulation efficiency based on a spreading coefficient and two component surface energy theory. Contact angles, interfacial tensions, and surface polarities were measured, and results were discussed with respect to the internal structure as well as encapsulation efficiency of different oil microcapsules. The thermodynamic spreading coefficients theory did not give an exactly accurate prediction of capsule morphology using high molecular weight biopolymer as the wall material in this work. Notwithstanding, the morphology predictions for different oil microcapsules are holistically consistent with the values of their encapsulation efficiency. Also, it has been found that the encapsulation efficiency increased with the decreasing surface polarity of the core oil holistically.

Use of Olives-derived Phytochemicals for Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis: An Update.

Mediterranean diet is frequently associated with longevity and a lower incidence of adverse cardiovascular events because of the biological activities and health effects of olives - its key component. Olive oil, olive leaf extract, fruits and different by-products contain many bioactive components that exert anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities. In this review, we focus on the recent studies exploring molecular mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective properties of different olive oils, olive leave extracts, and specific micro-constituents (such as oleuropein, tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol and others) in vitro on rodent models and in clinical trials on human subjects. Particularly, hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein were identified as the major bioactive compounds responsible for the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet aggregation and anti-atherogenic activities of olive oil. In total, the discussed results demonstrated a positive association between the consumption of olive oil and improvement in outcomes in atherosclerosis, diabetes, myocardial infarction, heart failure, hypertension and obesity.

Phytochemical Profiling and Bioactive Properties of Essential Oils from Endemic Palestinian Satureja thymbrifolia.

Despite several studies on the Satureja L. genus, the chemical composition and biological activities of the traditional medicinal plant Satureja thymbrifolia (White Thyme), a Palestinian endemic species, are still unknown. It grows in arid regions and is used by Bedouins as a traditional medicinal herb. This study aimed to investigate S. thymbrifolia essential oils (EOs), mainly from its phytochemical pattern and biological properties. The GC-MS study identified p-cymene (48.53%) and thymol (23.27%) as the leading EOs components. Compared to Trolox, the EOs showed potential anti-DPPH free radical activity and had broad-spectrum antimicrobial potentials, with MIC values ranging from 0.13 ± 0.05 to 25 ± 0.00 µL/mL. They were most effective against Candida albicans species. The S. thymbrifolia EOs most effectively eliminated cancer cells when tested against CaCo-2 and HeLa cell lines (IC50 values of 192.15 ± 2.47 and 194.80 ± 1.87 µg/mL, respectively). The present investigation is the first documented study of S. thymbrifolia EOs' phytochemical composition and bioactivities. The results revealed that S. thymbrifolia EOs have potential antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic effects. These outcomes emphasized S. thymbrifolia EO's potential dietary, pharmacological, and cosmetic applications.

Fish Oil Alginate Microspheres Produced via Wave-Based Drop-on-Demand Jetting Electrospray: Improving Stability and Palatability

Despite the proven health benefits of fish oil to the human body, the unpleasant aftertaste and short shelf-life limit the public acceptability as supplementation. Microencapsulation of the fish oil into microspheres is an approach to overcome these limitations. This study aims to prepare controllable-size fish oil alginate microspheres using pulsed electrospray technique for enhancing fish oil stability and palatability. Fish oil alginate microspheres were prepared and optimized by bipolar wave-based drop on demand jetting electrospray. The microspheres were characterized in terms of particle size, aspect ratio, encapsulation efficiency (EE), loading capacity (LC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and drug release. The stability of the fish oil microspheres was assessed based on specific characteristics and antioxidant activity over a period of 6 months. The anticancer effectiveness of encapsulated and unencapsulated fish oil was evaluated using HCT116 and 3T3 cell lines. Additionally, a human panel palatability test was conducted to evaluate the taste masking ability of fish oil microspheres. The optimal formulation exhibited an average particle size of 344.75 ± 10.84 μm, aspect ratio of 1.03 ± 0.02, EE of 98.98 ± 0.72%, and LC of 22.60 ± 0.62%. The FTIR analysis revealed that the chemical properties of the fish oil were preserved after microencapsulation and remained stable after 6 months of storage. The fish oil microspheres showed a superior anticancer effect compared to the free ones. In addition, the panellists of the palatability test of the fish oil microspheres showed an excellent taste masking ability. Hence, this study formulated fish oil microspheres with enhanced stability, efficacy, and palatability, suggesting their potential utility as dietary supplements to fulfil the daily recommended intake of fish oil.

Tribological properties of oil impregnated carbon nanocapsules modified with polydopamine-polyethyleneimine

Self-lubricating microcapsules can reduce the coefficient of friction/wear and improve the tribological properties of polymer composites. Impregnation of prefabricated shell with core substances is a versatile and applicable route to obtain the microcapsules. In this work, double shell nanocapsules (PA@C HSM) with particle size of 448nm, shell thickness of 65nm are obtained by incorporating paraffin wax (PA) into the pre-synthesized hollow carbon nanospheres (PHCs)and then packaged by co-depositing with polydopamine (PDA) and polyethylenimine (PEI). The PDA/PEI transition shell increase the surface roughness of the nanocapsule and enhance the compatibility with the polymer matrix which will contribute to the improved oil storage ability and thermal stability of the nanocapsules as well. The distinguished mechanical interlocking and chemical interface bonding between PDA/PEI layer and EP matrix effectively facilitates mitigating the unfavorable impact of PA@C HSM on the mechanical properties of the composite with the modulus of the 7.5wt.% PA@C HSM/EP composites increased by 17.44%. As for the tribological performance of PA@C HSM/EP composite, the tribological properties are boosted remarkably and the friction coefficient and wear rate of 7.5%PA@C HSM/EP composite are reduced by 77.69% and 98.79% compared with pure EP material.

‘Supercharged’ Shale EOR: A Liquid-Hydrocarbon-Based Approach Enters the Fray

Around a decade of research and testing has passed by, and the unconventional sector has yet to show that natural gas huff-and-puff can scale effectively across tight-oil fields. This doesn’t mean enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in shale is a lost cause. Though it does suggest that the industry needs alternatives to the first and most well-known method. Proof of this can be found in North Dakota’s Bakken Shale where researchers, operators, and a firm called EOR ETC have tried to show that the water-alternating-gas method is a cheaper, less gas-intensive way of adding incremental barrels. EOR ETC has indicated on its website that ExxonMobil subsidiary XTO Energy is currently testing the technology. Chevron has also recently shared how it has rethought shale EOR methods by designing a program for production-boosting surfactant injections and gas injections that can be done with artificial lift instead of giant compressors. Another emerging shale EOR concept goes a step further, arguing that the unconventional sector should abandon natural gas injections altogether. Denver-based Shale Ingenuity proposes that liquid-hydrocarbon solvents should be used instead. Shale Ingenuity has patented a process called SuperEOR, which it claims delivered a strong showing during its initial field test in the Eagle Ford Shale of south Texas. After nearly a year of cyclic solvent injections, which began in early 2023, a horizontal well with a 4,400-ft lateral and 16 fracture stages produced 44% more oil than its previous total output. This resulted in a 30-fold boost in flow rate, from 13 to 391 B/D. Building on its initial success, Shale Ingenuity informed JPT that two private producers in the Permian Basin and the Eagle Ford have selected its EOR technology for upcoming projects. Both will involve single four-well pads, with EOR operations expected to begin in 2026. The solvents used in the pilot consisted mostly of natural gas liquids (NGL)—ethane, propane, butane, and pentane. Shale Ingenuity said formulations may include other hydrocarbon and nonhydrocarbon liquids. While the bulk of these products flow straight out of thousands of wellheads in the US shale sector, Shale Ingenuity emphasizes that the key to unlocking their potential for EOR lies in its proprietary method of blending, or “tuning,” the solvents based on formation and crude oil properties. This allows the injected solvents to quickly mix with and help mobilize the residual oil droplets that are trapped in tight-rock formations, according to the company. Robert Downey, founder and CEO of Shale Ingenuity, explained the process. “The tuned solvents we are using have a minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) of 700 to 900 psi, which means it doesn’t take much pressure to drive them into solution. When pumped into the well, they instantly become miscible with oil, and as the formation heats up and the well is reopened, the solvents expand back into gas at 100 to 200 times their liquid volume.” The effect of all this is what he describes as a “supercharging” of the solution gas drive mechanism that promotes the strong early well flow shale wells are known for. This is the energy released by dissolved gas in the oil as it expands during the pressure drop brought on by producing the well.

Differential hydrocarbon generation characteristics of organic matter with green algae and cyanobateria origins in the Permain Lucaogou Formation of the Santanghu Basin

Organic-rich fine-grained rocks are key carriers of unconventional oil and gas resources, making it crucial to understand their hydrocarbon generation and evolution characteristics. This study examines the fine-grained rocks of the second member of the Lucaogou Formation (P2l2) in the Tiaohu and Malang Sags of the Santanghu Basin, focusing on how different organic matter (OM) backgrounds - primarily green algae and cyanobacteria - affect hydrocarbon generation and crude oil properties. Kinetic analysis and hydrous pyrolysis experiments on shales rich in green algae, cyanobacteria, and their mixtures revealed that green algae - derived OM requires lower activation energy to initiate hydrocarbon generation, results in an earlier oil generation peak, and has a broader oil window. Conversely, cyanobacteria - derived OM needs higher activation energy to start hydrocarbon generation, has a later oil peak, and a more concentrated generation period. These findings led to two models: the "green algae origin - early hydrocarbon generation - early oil peak - broad oil window model" and the "cyanobacteria origin - late hydrocarbon generation - late oil peak - concentrated oil generation model." Correlation analysis showed that aromatic hydrocarbons, resins, and asphaltenes significantly degrade crude oil quality. Hydrous pyrolysis experiments indicated that the heavy component content (aromatic hydrocarbons + resins + asphaltenes) in liquid hydrocarbons follows the order: residual oil > absorbed oil > expelled oil, with content initially increasing and then decreasing with maturity, and the color change of liquid hydrocarbons in dichloromethane reflects heavy component content changes effectively. Calculations of density and viscosity of liquid hydrocarbons, based on heavy component content and crude oil properties, were compared with the longitudinal distribution of crude oil properties in the study area. Results show that the hydrocarbon generation characteristics of green algae and cyanobacteria control crude oil properties, highlighting significant intra-source differentiation in the P2l2 shale and validates the phase separation approach in hydrous pyrolysis experiments. The P2l2 shale, with its high OM content and substantial hydrocarbon generation, holds great potential for shale oil exploration, but both reservoir quality and crude oil property evolution under different OM backgrounds should be considered when selecting favorable areas.

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Inula crithmoides L. growing in Egypt

The study aimed to determine the chemical composition and antimicrobial properties of the essential oil of Inula crithmoides L. growing in Egypt. The essential oil was obtained from the flowers of Inula crithmoides L. with a yield of 0.18% v/w through hydro distillation. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis was used to identify the chemical composition of the essential oil. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was tested against selected species of Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and Candida species using the disc diffusion method, and MICs were determined using the broth micro-dilution method. Twenty-two compounds were identified in the essential oil of Inula crithmoides, with the major components being thymol acetate (32.4%), p-cymene (15.3%), and thymol (14.3%). The essential oil exhibited significant antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with an MIC of 25 µg/mL for E. coli and 50 µg/mL for other sensitive bacteria. The oil exhibited significant antifungal activity against all the tested Candida species with MIC 50 µg/mL. This study is the first to explore the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Inula crithmoides growing in Egypt, demonstrating its potential as a natural antiseptic agent.

Hydrogels with Essential Oils: Recent Advances in Designs and Applications.

The innovative fusion of essential oils with hydrogel engineering offers an optimistic perspective for the design and development of next-generation materials incorporating natural bioactive compounds. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in the use of hydrogels containing essential oils for biomedical, dental, cosmetic, food, food packaging, and restoration of cultural heritage applications. Polymeric sources, methods of obtaining, cross-linking techniques, and functional properties of hydrogels are discussed. The unique characteristics of polymer hydrogels containing bioactive agents are highlighted. These include biocompatibility, nontoxicity, effective antibacterial activity, control of the sustained and prolonged release of active substances, optimal porosity, and outstanding cytocompatibility. Additionally, the specific characteristics and distinctive properties of essential oils are explored, along with their extraction and encapsulation methods. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are also discussed. We have considered limitations due to volatility, solubility, environmental factors, and stability. The importance of loading essential oils in hydrogels, their stability, and biological activity is analyzed. This review highlights through an in-depth analysis, the recent innovations, challenges, and future prospects of hydrogels encapsulated with essential oils and their potential for multiple applications including biomedicine, dentistry, cosmetics, food, food packaging, and cultural heritage conservation.

Phytochemical profiling, molecular docking, and ADMET evaluation of essential oils from Anaphalis busua and Anaphalis margaritacea in Uttarakhand's Himalayan Terrain

BackgroundThe study focuses on a comparative analysis of essential oils derived from two species of the Anaphalis genus, namely Anaphalis busua and Anaphalis margaritacea, collected at varying elevations in the hilly terrain of Uttarakhand. The investigation aims to explore the phytochemical composition, conduct in silico molecular docking studies, and evaluate ADMET properties of the essential oils to understand their potential bioactivity. MethodsEssential oils were extracted from the whole plants using the hydrodistillation method, and GC–MS was employed for compound identification. A total of 31 compounds were identified in A. busua and 32 in A. margaritacea, constituting 87.86 % and 87.83 % of the total composition, respectively. Major compounds included isocaryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, geranyl-α-terpinene, α-pinene, γ-muurolene, δ-cadinene, humulene, and copaene. ResultsMolecular docking studies were conducted using PyRx software on ten notable compounds as ligands, targeting cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and human peroxiredoxin 5 to assess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Isocaryophyllene, with concentrations of 14.07 % (A. busua) and 17.82 % (A. margaritacea), exhibited significant binding affinities of -5.7 and -7.2 kcal/mol against 1HD2 and 4COX, respectively. ConclusionThe research provides valuable insights into the chemical composition of essential oils from Anaphalis plants and validates their bioactive potential through in silico analysis. Isocaryophyllene emerges as a key compound with noteworthy binding affinities, emphasizing its importance in the medicinal and pharmacological applications of essential oils derived from A. busua and A. margaritacea. The results enhance our understanding of the therapeutic potential of Anaphalis essential oils, opening avenues for future research in natural products and drug discovery.

Formulation and Evaluation of Cinnamon and Walnut Foot Scrub

Foot care is a crucial aspect of overall well-being, as our feet endure daily stressors and are often neglected until problems arise. This study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of a cinnamon and walnut foot scrub designed to address common foot issues such as dryness, cracked skin, and fungal infections. Cinnamon is incorporated for its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, offering a soothing effect while stimulating circulation. Walnut shells serve as an effective natural exfoliant, gently removing dead skin cells and revealing smoother skin underneath. The scrub not only exfoliates but also hydrates, thanks to the nourishing properties of walnut oil, making it particularly beneficial for dry, cracked heels. The prepared formulation was evaluated for various parameters, including color, appearance, consistency, pH, and viscosity. By integrating this scrub into regular foot care routines, individuals can experience improved skin texture and overall foot health. The future of cinnamon walnut foot scrubs looks promising, with potential advancements in formulations tailored to various skin types and conditions, ensuring a natural and effective approach to foot care.

The Potential of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) Essential Oil as Sunscreen and Anti-Aging Agents: An In Vitro and In Silico Study

The earth thermal conditions increase exposure to sunlight, triggering skin damage. The skin has defense mechanisms but needs additional protection to prevent photoaging. Using sunscreen is an effort to reduce the harmful effects of sun exposure. Natural ingredients with antioxidant activity can be developed into sunscreen and antiaging products, including cloves. This study aims to assess the antioxidant, sun protection, and anti-aging properties of essential oils derived from clove leaves and buds. The antioxidant activity was assessed by the DPPH system and then formulated into 5 and 10 % clove leaves cream, as well as 5 and 10 % clove bud cream. The SPF values were assessed using a spectrophotometer and the Mansur formula. The antiaging potential was assessed using the in silico method with MMP-1 protein employing the Auto Dock Vina software, followed by analysis and visualization using BIOVIA Discovery Studio. The essential oils from clove leaves and buds have DPPH IC50 values of 23.09 and 30.31 ppm. The SPF values of clove leaves essential oil, 5 % leaves cream, and 10 % leaves cream are 38.61, 14.32, and 22.15. Meanwhile, the SPF values of clove bud essential oil, 5 % bud cream, and 10 % bud cream are 38.19, 9.32, and 18.16. The in silico test revealed that caryophyllene, eugenol, humulene, and phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl), acetate) have strong interactions because they can interact with the active site of proteins using hydrogen, hydrophobic, and van der Waals bonds. The essential oils from clove leaves and buds exhibit very strong antioxidant activity and offer ultra-protection as a sunscreen. The cream formulations still exhibit sunscreen activity, albeit at a lower level compared to pure essential oil. Caryophyllene, eugenol, humulene, and phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)-, acetate), have potential as antiaging agents, as indicated by their binding affinity and chemical bond interactions observed in the in silico test. HIGHLIGHTS Clove buds and leaves exhibit antioxidant properties. Essential oil from clove buds and leaves demonstrates a substantial Sun Protection Factor (SPF). The compounds contained in clove essential oil exhibit promise as prospective agents in anti-aging applications. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Antifungal Properties of Eucalyptus Camaldulensis Essential Oil Against Aspergillus Spp

Eucalyptus Essential oils has a variety of bioactivities as fungicidal, bactericidal, insecticidal and other therapeutic properties . This investigation was conducted to assess the antifungal properties of Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oil alone and in combination with clotrimazole against Aspergillus spp that isolated from patients. The in laboratory results appeared that the development of Aspergillus spp was discouraged by the essential oil at all tested concentration (100 , 50 and 25%) and the effect was increased with the increasing of concentration. The antifungal drugs clotrimazole , itraconzole and griseofulvin also affect the development of Aspergillus spp and the fungus A. fumigatus was less sensitive to essential oil and drugs than the other species of Aspergillus. The outcome shown that the combination of clotrimazol with essential oil was more effective than each one alone and the combination enhanced the antifungal activity with an additive interaction.