Properties Of Medium Research Articles

The hot circumgalactic medium in the eROSITA All-Sky Survey II. Scaling relations between X-ray luminosity and galaxies' mass

Understanding how the properties of galaxies relate to the properties of the hot circum-galactic medium (CGM) around them can constrain galaxy evolution models. We aim to measure the scaling relations between the X-ray luminosity of the hot CGM and the fundamental properties (stellar mass and halo mass) of a galaxy. We measured the X-ray luminosity of the hot CGM based on the surface brightness profiles of central galaxy samples measured from Spectrum Roentgen Gamma (SRG)/eROSITA all-sky survey data. We related the X-ray luminosity to the galaxies' stellar and halo mass, and we compared the observed relations to the self-similar model and intrinsic (i.e., not forward-modeled) output of the IllustrisTNG, EAGLE, and SIMBA simulations. The average hot CGM X-ray luminosity ($L_ X,CGM $) correlates with the galaxy's stellar mass ($M_*$). It increases from $(1.6 $ to $(3.4 $, when $ increases from 10.0 to 11.5. A power law describes the correlation as $ X,CGM The hot CGM X-ray luminosity as a function of halo mass is measured within $ 500c )=11.3-13.7$, extending our knowledge of the scaling relation by more than two orders of magnitude. $L_ X,CGM $ increases with $M_ 500c $ from $(3.0 $ at $ 500c )=11.3$ to $(1.3 $ at $ 500c )=13.7$. The relation follows a power law of $ X,CGM 500c Our observations highlight the necessity of non-gravitational processes at the galaxy group scale while suggesting these processes are sub-dominant at the galaxy scale. We show that the outputs of current cosmological galaxy simulations generally align with the observational results uncovered here but with possibly important deviations in selected mass ranges. We explore, at the low mass end, the average scaling relations between the CGM X-ray luminosity and the galaxy's stellar mass or halo mass, which constitutes a new benchmark for galaxy evolution models and feedback processes.

Research Progress on Influencing Factors of Erosion Corrosion in Oil Pipelines

Original sentence: "Erosion corrosion is a significant factor contributing to the thinning and failure of oil pipelines. This paper addresses the issue of erosion corrosion of oil pipelines in oil fields under the action of multiphase flow, the main factors affecting the erosion corrosion are introduced, including the hydrodynamic factors, solid particle properties, fluid medium properties and temperature, It summarizes and analyzes the mechanisms through which these different factors affect the erosion corrosion of oil pipelines. The paper points out that increased fluid velocity in oil pipelines, sudden changes in flow patterns, and turbulent kinetic energy can accelerate erosion corrosion to some extent, With the increase of flow rate, erosion corrosion mechanism will change from electrochemical corrosion dominant to erosion accelerated corrosion, There is a maximum value for erosion corrosion based on the solid particle impact angle. The harder and sharper the solid particles are, the stronger their impact on the pipeline, especially the impact of low Angle impact is more significant; however, the diameter and quantity of particles can affect the development of erosion corrosion due to 'particle size effect' and 'shielding effect.' Additionally, lower pH values and higher temperatures of the fluid medium will increase pipeline erosion corrosion. Finally, future research directions for studying erosion corrosion in oilfield pipelines under multiphase flow conditions are discussed in light of existing research."

Radioluminescence Dosimetry in Modern Radiation Therapy

Accurate and precise measurement of radiation energy delivered to and absorbed by the patient's tissue is of great importance in radiation therapy (RT) quality assurance. Radioluminescence (RL) dosimetry has shown great potential for high spatiotemporal resolution dose measurement of RT fields. Implementation of efficient RL dosimetry in RT requires multidisciplinary effort and skills in optics, medical physics, radiation physics, electronics, and imaging science. In this review, a wide overview of fundamentals and applications of RL properties of media for RT dosimetry with emphasis on their potential use for multidimensional, small‐field, and ultra‐high dose rate RT dosimetry is provided.

An adiabatic boundary condition with cylindrical perfect conductors for improved approximations from heat-pulse measurement near the soil-atmosphere interface

The cylindrical-perfect-conductors (CPC) theory, which assumes an infinite and homogeneous soil medium, can be used to analyze heat pulse (HP) measurements to estimate soil thermal property values. However, when a HP sensor is positioned near the soil surface, the CPC theory is not valid because of the change in media properties at the soil-atmosphere interface. In this study, a CPC solution considering an adiabatic boundary condition (CPC-ABC) is presented to account for the soil-atmosphere interface effect. Compared with the results from numerical simulations, the CPC-ABC solution gave more accurate soil temperature values at the sensing probe than did a CPC model. When a HP sensor was positioned horizontally at a depth of 1 mm below a sand soil surface, the relative errors (RE) of CPC estimated thermal property values were as large as 52%, while the RE values based on the CPC-ABC solution were about 8%. Results from numerical simulations and laboratory experiments both showed that the CPC model worked well for horizontally positioned HP sensors with probe lengths of 70-mm at burial depths greater than 15 mm. Soil-atmosphere interface effect was largely dependent on HP sensor dimensions and measurement volumes. Overall, the extended CPC-ABC theory provided accurate soil thermal property estimates by considering the effects of finite probe properties and the presence of the soil-atmosphere interface.

Preparation and properties of biomass castor oil polyurethane films

In order to investigate the optimal conditions for the formation of castor oil-based polyurethane (CO-PU) films and their comprehensive performance, a series of experiments were carried out utilising biomass castor oil (CO) as the main reactant, 4,4-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) as the other main reactant, benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as the radical initiator, and dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) as the catalyst. The CO-PUs with different R-values (the number ratio of –NCO/–OH substances) were prepared by pre-polymerisation under single-variable control. The effects of different R-values, DBTDL contents and curing temperatures on the mechanical properties and film-forming state of the CO-PUs were then investigated. Finally, the liquid-resistant medium properties and thermo-gravimetric analyses of CO-PU films were investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that when the R value is 2.5, the DBTDL content is 0.1 ‰, and the curing temperature of the film-forming process is 80 °C, the tensile strength and elongation at break of the CO-PU film are 36.4 MPa and 49.05 % respectively, and the hardness of the pencil at this time is 6H. The water absorption rate is 0.01 %, and the contact angle of water is up to 83.5°. CO-PU displays a commendable resistance to sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, and ethyl acetate. Additionally, CO-PU exhibits a high thermal decomposition temperature. The comprehensive performance of CO-PU can be enhanced by modifying the film-forming conditions of CO-PU, which paves the way for further expansion of the applications of CO-PU in the future.

Engineering Epsilon‐Near‐Zero Media with Waveguides

AbstractEpsilon‐Near‐Zero (ENZ) media have attracted widespread interest due to their unique electromagnetic properties, which have brought distinctive characteristics and phenomena, such as spatiotemporal decoupling, supercoupling and tunneling, constant phase transmission, near‐field enhancement, and so on. However, these ENZ characteristics are existed in natural plasmonic materials at their intrinsic plasma frequencies and accompanied by significant losses, thus limiting their applications in engineering. Different from the effect ENZ media with artificially periodic structures, the waveguide ENZ media offers a promising platform with non‐periodic architectures. Unlike the natural plasmonic materials and the periodic‐structured ENZ media, the waveguide ENZ media utilizes waveguide dispersion to achieve effective ENZ characteristics and phenomena with lower loss and smaller dimensions. This review begins with an exploration of the fundamental properties of the waveguide ENZ media and then introduces the design principles of different ENZ‐based electromagnetic devices. Finally, the review concludes with the challenges and potential development directions encountered by the ENZ media in the realm of electromagnetic applications.

Influence of supramolecular self-assembly of oppositely charged Co- and Sn-porphyrins on the their spectral-luminescent properties in aqueous and aqueous micellar media of ionic surfactants

The processes of supramolecular self-assembly of Co(III)-meso-tetra-(4-trimethylammoniophenyl)porphyrin (CoP) and bis-(4-(1-imidazolyl)-phenol)-Sn(IV)-meso-tetra(4-sulfophenyl)porphyrin (SnP) were studied using electronic, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence, one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy in aqueous media. The main product of such interaction at a 2:1 M ratio of Co and Sn porphyrinates was found to be supramolecular porphyrin trimer CoP–SnP–CoP formed due to donor-acceptor, hydrogen and electrostatic interactions. The distinctive features of the resulting trimer are: significant distortion of the spatial structure of the Co-porphyrin fragments and strong quenching of the Sn-porphyrin macrocycles fluorescence (by 70 %). The distortion of the spatial structure of Co porphyrinates is in good agreement with the quantum chemical calculations as well as with the electronic and NMR spectroscopy data. Adding surfactants – both anionic (Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide - CTAB) and cationic (Sodium dodecyl sulfate - SDS) – even at concentrations below the critical micelle concentration (CMC) leads to the supramolecular trimer destruction. In solutions of ionic surfactants, supramolecular trimer destruction is caused by the interaction of either the peripheral macrocycles of the trimer (CoP) with SDS micelles (premicellar aggregates) or the central macrocycle (SnP) with CTAB micelles (premicellar aggregates). This process is prolonged and the rate of trimer destruction depends on the surfactant concentration. The sizes of the CTAB and SDS micelles solubilized with porphyrin molecules were established by dynamic light scattering. In general, surfactant additions lead to an increase in the SnP fluorescence at least due to the destruction of the supramolecular self-assembly, as well as due to the changes in the state of its microenvironment.

Bulk medium properties of heavy-ion collisions from the beam energy scan with a multistage hydrodynamic model

I introduce a method to reconstruct full rapidity distributions of charged particle multiplicity and net proton yields, crucial for constraining the longitudinal dynamics of nuclear matter created in the beam energy scan program. Employing rapidity distributions within a multistage hydrodynamic model calibrated for Au+Au collisions at sNN=7.7–200GeV, I estimate the total energy and baryon number deposited into the collision fireball, offering insights into initial dynamics and the identification of nuclear remnants. I explore the potential of rapidity-dependent measurements in probing equations of state at finite chemical potentials. Furthermore, I compare the freeze-out parameters derived from both hydrodynamics and thermal models, highlighting that the parameters extracted via thermal models represent averaged properties across rapidities. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Numerical investigation on the influence of CO2-induced mineral dissolution on hydrogeological and mechanical properties of sandstone using coupled lattice Boltzmann and finite element model

The impact of CO2-induced mineral reactions, specifically the CO2-water-rock interactions, has been widely recognized for its potential to compromise the hydrogeological and mechanical properties of porous media, thereby deteriorating their integrity and mechanical characteristics. This raises concerns regarding the safety of numerous projects such as CO2 geological storage. However, the mechanism underlying the influence of CO2-induced mineral reactions on these parameters is still not fully understood, thereby introducing uncertainty into the reliability of predicted outcomes. Direct pore-scale simulation plays a crucial role in deepening the understanding of CO2 -water-rock interaction and its associated impacts. The present study proposes a novel simulation model that integrates the lattice Boltzmann and finite element methods to simulate the dissolution of calcite in a 3D sandstone sample invaded by saturated CO2 solution, aiming to investigate the resulting evolution of hydrogeological parameters (i.e., porosity and permeability) and mechanical properties (i.e., bulk and shear moduli). The injection rates of reactive fluid (i.e., CO2 solution) were varied in the model to simulate different operational conditions of CO2 geological storage project. The simulation results demonstrate that the decrease in injection velocity inhibits the dissolution of calcite in the middle and downstream regions, concentrating it near the inlet. These distinct modes of calcite dissolution result in differentiated permeability and mechanical properties within rocks possessing identical porosity levels. In general, the increase in fluid injection velocity leads to a more pronounced enhancement in permeability and a greater attenuation in bulk and shear moduli under the same porosity. Thus, it is confirmed that the utilization of porosity is inadequate in accurately characterizing the evolution of rock permeability and mechanical properties resulting from mineral reactions. We ascertain that the application of fractal parameters, i.e., succolarity and fractal dimension, can more precisely depict the progression of permeability and bulk/shear modulus, respectively.

Towards a sensing model using a random laser combined with diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.

The previous research proves that the random laser emission reflects not only the scattering properties but also the absorption properties. The random laser is therefore considered a potential tool for optical properties sensing. Although the qualitative sensing using the random laser is extensively investigated, a quantitative measurement of optical properties is still rare. In this study, a generalized mathematical quantitative model using random laser combined with diffuse reflectance spectroscopy is proposed for optical sensing in turbid media. This model describes the gain effect of the active medium and the optical properties effect of the passive medium separately. Rhodamine 6G is used as the active medium. Intralipid and ink are employed to demonstrate the effect of the scattering and absorption, respectively. The peak wavelength shift of the random laser is proved to be an ideal sensing parameter for this sensing model. It is also revealed that the scaling parameters in the sensing model are interrelated and can be simplified to one. With this combined model, the direct sensing of optical properties in diverse turbid media is promising.

Enhancing Computational Efficiency in Porous Media Analysis: Integrating Machine Learning with Monte Carlo Ray Tracing

Abstract Monte Carlo ray tracing (MCRT) has been a widely implemented and reliable computational method for calculating light-matter interaction in porous media, the computational modeling of porous media and performing MCRT becomes significantly expensive when dealing with intricate structures and numerous dependent variables. Hence, Machine Learning (ML) models have been utilized to overcome computational burdens. In this study, we investigate two distinct frameworks for characterizing radiative properties in porous media for pack-free and packing-based methods. We employ two different regression tools for each case, namely Gaussian process regressions for pack-free MCRT and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models for pack-based MCRT to predict the radiative properties. Our study highlights the importance of selecting the appropriate regression method based on the physical model, which can lead to significant computational efficiency improvement. Our results show that both models can predict the radiative properties with high accuracy (>90%). Furthermore, we demonstrate that combining MCRT with ML inference not only enhances predictive accuracy but also reduces the computational cost of simulation by more than 96% using the GP model and 99% for the CNN model.

The Impact of the Gain Medium Properties and the Resonator Morphology on the Whispering Gallery Mode Spectrum of Polystyrene Microspheres Coated with AgInS2/ZnS Quantum Dots

The modulation of fluorophore emission by whispering gallery modes (WGMs) in active spherical resonators holds great potential for advanced photonic devices. In the present work, we fabricate and systematically study a series of active WGM resonators based on polystyrene microspheres and heavy metal-free ternary AgInS2/ZnS quantum dots with broad and tunable photoluminescence bands coated on their surface as a gain medium. The variation in the mean size and emission wavelength of the quantum dots allowed us to establish a correlation between their characteristics and the WGM properties, including the resonance peaks intensity profile and the Q-factors. Other aspects such as coupling efficiency, polarization-dependent mode damping, and peak broadening are also discussed. Furthermore, we applied statistical analysis on multiple individual resonators within the batch to calculate the standard deviation of the resonator size and ellipticity. Our study highlights that both the cavity and the gain medium influence the WGM parameters in active spherical resonators.

Acoustic radiation force on a cylindrical composite particle with an elastic thin shell and an internal eccentric liquid column in a plane ultrasonic wave field

Abstract A model with three-layer structure is introduced to explore the acoustic radiation force (ARF) on composite particles with an elastic thin shell. Combing acoustic scattering of cylinder and the thin-shell theorem, the ARF expression was derived, and the longitudinal and transverse components of the force and axial torque for an eccentric liquid-filled composite particle was obtained. It was found that many factors, such as medium properties, acoustic parameters, eccentricity, and radius ratio of the inner liquid column, affect the acoustic scattering field of the particle, which in turn changes the forces and torque. The acoustic response varies with the particle structures, so the resonance peaks of the force function and torque shift with the eccentricity and radii ratio of particle. The acoustic response of the particle is enhanced and exhibits higher force values due to the presence of the elastic thin shell and the coupling effect with the eccentricity of the internal liquid column. The decrease of the inner liquid density may suppress the high-order resonance peaks, and internal fluid column has less effects on the change in force on composite particle at ka > 3, while limited differences exist at ka < 3. The axial torque on particles due to geometric asymmetry is closely related to ka and the eccentricity. The distribution of positive and negative force and torque along the axis ka exhibits that composite particle can be manipulated or separated by ultrasound. Our theoretical analysis can provide support for the acoustic manipulation, sorting, and targeting of inhomogeneous particles.

The heart of galaxy clusters: Demographics and physical properties of cool-core and non-cool-core halos in the TNG-Cluster simulation

We analyzed the physical properties of the gaseous intracluster medium (ICM) at the center of massive galaxy clusters with TNG-Cluster, a new cosmological magnetohydrodynamical simulation. Our sample contains 352 simulated clusters spanning a halo mass range of 1014 < M500c/M⊙ < 2 × 1015 at z = 0. We focused on the proposed classification of clusters into cool-core (CC) and non-cool-core (NCC) populations, the z = 0 distribution of cluster central ICM properties, and the redshift evolution of the CC cluster population. We analyzed the resolved structure and radial profiles of entropy, temperature, electron number density, and pressure. To distinguish between CC and NCC clusters, we considered several criteria: central cooling time, central entropy, central density, X-ray concentration parameter, and density profile slope. According to TNG-Cluster and with no a priori cluster selection, the distributions of these properties are unimodal, whereby CCs and NCCs represent the two extremes. Across the entire TNG-Cluster sample at z = 0 and based on the central cooling time, the strong CC fraction is fSCC = 24%, compared to fWCC = 60% and fNCC = 16% for weak and NCCs, respectively. However, the fraction of CCs depends strongly on both halo mass and redshift, although the magnitude and even direction of the trends vary with definition. The abundant statistics of simulated high-mass clusters in TNG-Cluster enabled us to match observational samples and make a comparison with data. The CC fractions from z = 0 to z = 2 are in broad agreement with observations, as are the radial profiles of thermodynamical quantities, globally as well as when divided as CC versus NCC halos. TNG-Cluster can therefore be used as a laboratory to study the evolution and transformations of cluster cores due to mergers, AGN feedback, and other physical processes.

Interplay of electromagnetically induced transparency and Doppler broadening in hot atomic vapors

For multi-level systems in hot atomic vapors the interplay between the Doppler shift due to atomic motion and the wavenumber mismatch between driving laser fields strongly influences transmission and absorption properties of the atomic medium. In a three-level atomic ladder-system, Doppler broadening limits the visibility of electromagnetically-induced transparency (EIT) when the probe and control fields are co-propagating, while EIT is recovered under the opposite condition of counter-propagating geometry and kp<kc , with kp and kc being the wavenumbers of the probe and control fields, respectively. This effect has been studied and experimentally demonstrated as an efficient mechanism to realize non-reciprocal probe light transmission, which may enable applications as magnetic-field free optical isolators. Here, we describe the basics of this effect and discuss a simple picture for the underlying mechanism. We illustrate how the non-reciprocity scales with wavelength mismatch and show how to experimentally demonstrate the effect in a simple Rydberg-EIT system using thermal Rubidium atoms.

Simulating the LOcal Web (SLOW)

Context. This is the second paper in a series presenting the results from a 500 h−1Mpc large constrained simulation of the local Universe (SLOW). The initial conditions for this cosmological hydro-dynamical simulation are based on peculiar velocities derived from the CosmicFlows-2 catalog. The simulation follows cooling, star formation, and the evolution of super-massive black holes. This allows one to directly predict observable properties of the intracluster medium (ICM) within galaxy clusters, including X-ray luminosity, temperatures, and the Compton-y signal. Aims. Comparing the properties of observed galaxy clusters within the local Universe with the properties of their simulated counterparts enables us to assess the effectiveness of the initial condition constraints in accurately replicating the mildly nonlinear properties of the largest, collapsed objects within the simulation. Methods. Based on the combination of several, publicly available surveys we compiled a sample of galaxy clusters within the local Universe, of which we were able to cross-identify 46 of them with an associated counterpart within the SLOW simulation. We then derived the probability of the cross identification based on mass, X-ray luminosity, temperature, and Compton-y by comparing it to a random selection. Results. Our set of 46 cross-identified local Universe clusters contains the 13 most massive clusters from the Planck SZ catalog as well as 70% of clusters with M500 larger than 2 × 1014 M⊙. Compared to previous constrained simulations of the local volume, we found in SLOW a much larger amount of replicated galaxy clusters, where their simulation-based mass prediction falls within the uncertainties of the observational mass estimates. Comparing the median observed and simulated masses of our cross-identified sample allows us to independently deduce a hydrostatic mass bias of (1 − b)≈0.87. Conclusions. The SLOW constrained simulation of the local Universe faithfully reproduces numerous fundamental characteristics of a sizable number of galaxy clusters within our local neighborhood, opening a new avenue for studying the formation and evolution of a large set of individual galaxy clusters as well as testing our understanding of physical processes governing the ICM.

Comparative evaluation of wavelength-scanning Otto and Kretschmann configurations of SPR biosensors for low analyte concentration measurement

Abstract The growing demand for compound characterization has stimulated research, particularly in surface plasmon resonance technology. This technique monitors changes in the light-reflecting properties of a sample medium in close contact and in interaction with a plasmonic surface (typically a metal such as gold) due to shifts in the fundamental plasmon resonance of the surface. The Otto and Kretschmann configurations are commonly used in this method. When an analyte is expensive, scarce, or hazardous, it is advantageous to reduce the sample required for testing, making optimization of sample use interesting. This challenge requires trade-offs between sensitivity and LoD. This work compares two sensors in the indicated configurations designed for minimal analyte requirement (in this case, Ag nanoparticle suspensions) using the wavelength scanning technique. The results show that the Kretschmann configuration is the most efficient for characterizing nanoparticle suspensions due to its construction characteristics, ease of use, and the characteristics of the obtained response. The final arrangement is a quasi-point sensor that only requires 6μL of analyte and has a sensitivity of 4.17x10−4 RIU/λ (RIU is the refractive index unit). This study contributes to the exploration of advantages and limitations in the design and operation of SPR sensors. The work also underlies the need for future research to enhance the selectivity and versatility of these devices.

Effective Characterization of Fractured Media With PEDL: A Deep Learning‐Based Data Assimilation Approach

AbstractGeological formations with fractures are frequently encountered in various research fields. Accurately characterizing these fractured media is of paramount importance when it comes to tasks that demand precise predictions of liquid flow and solute transport within them. Since directly measuring fractured media poses inherent challenges, data assimilation (DA) techniques are typically employed to derive inverse estimates of media properties using observable state variables. Nonetheless, the considerable difficulties arising from the strong heterogeneity and non‐Gaussian nature of fractured media have diminished the effectiveness of existing DA methods. In this study, we formulate a novel DA approach known as parameter estimator with deep learning (PEDL) that harnesses the capabilities of DL to capture nonlinear relationships and extract non‐Gaussian features. To evaluate PEDL's performance, we conduct three case studies, comprising two numerical cases and one real‐world case. In these cases, we systematically compare PEDL with three widely used DA methods: ensemble smoother with multiple DA (ESMDA), iterative local updating ES (ILUES), and ES with DL‐based update (ESDL). Notably, in the problems characterized by highly non‐Gaussian features, ESMDA and ILUES produce significantly divergent results. Conversely, employing the DL‐based update, ESDL demonstrates improved performance. However, its estimation uncertainty remains high, potentially attributable to ESDL's updating mechanism. Comprehensive analyses confirm PEDL's validity and adaptability across various ensemble sizes and DL model architectures. Moreover, even in scenarios where structural difference exists between the accurate reference model and the simplified forecast model, PEDL adeptly identifies the primary characteristics of fracture networks.

Multiobjective optimization of porous medium for efficient transpiration cooling of hypersonic vehicles using genetic algorithm

Transpiration cooling has been proven an effective method for reducing heat flux on the surfaces of high-speed vehicles. This study investigates the effects of porous medium properties, employing a black-box optimization method to determine the optimal length, thickness, and porosity for a porous medium in a transpiration cooling system on a flat plate under hypersonic laminar flow. The objectives include optimizing thermal effectiveness, coolant consumption, and the weight and cost of the porous material. A multiobjective genetic optimization algorithm is directly integrated with a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solver, and 1562 CFD simulations were conducted to identify the optimal configuration. The results demonstrate that the length and porosity of the porous medium more significantly impact thermal effectiveness than the thickness. Furthermore, the optimization identified a configuration for the porous medium that, when compared to the original case, shows reductions in length, thickness, and porosity of 3.5%, 11%, and 29%, respectively. Additionally, there were average improvements in thermal effectiveness and coolant consumption of 4.56% and 3.9%, respectively, while the weight and cost of the porous material increased by 3.73% and 3.65%, respectively.

In search for representative elementary volume (REV) within heterogeneous materials: A survey of scalar and vector metrics using porous media as an example

The Representative Elementary Volume (REV) concept, a cornerstone in porous system heterogeneity assessment, was initially conceived to determine the minimal domain volume suitable for homogenization and upscaling. However, the definition of REV and usability in continuum-scale models is vague. In this study, we conduct comprehensive REV analyses on multiple samples, encompassing a range of scalar and vector metrics. Our investigation probes the representativity of crucial medium characteristics, including porosity, permeability, and Euler density, alongside descriptors rooted in pore-network statistics, correlation functions, and persistence diagrams. We explore both deterministic and statistical REV sizes (dREV and sREV), facilitating a robust comparative assessment. Crucially, we introduce an novel methodology tailored for harnessing vector metrics, known for their ability to reveal intricate structural insights. Our results underscore the superiority of the sREV approach, particularly for low-content metrics, addressing inherent limitations of dREV in characterizing homogeneities in such cases. Furthermore, the sREV approach incorporates stationarity analysis into REV evaluation, ensuring result consistency between sREV and dREV under stationarity conditions. Encouragingly, our findings suggest that high-information-content metrics, notably correlation functions combined with persistence diagrams, have the potential to establish a universal REV for steady-state physical properties. This proposition warrants further verification through a comprehensive assessment and comparison of REV values across major physical properties. REV analysis plays a pivotal role not only in assessing medium properties but also in scrutinizing different descriptors of 3D images – we note that REV analysis and image/field stationarity analysis are ultimately the same techniques under the hood. The discussion based on obtained results and recent finding by other researchers advances the understanding of REV within porous media, introduces a versatile methodology with broader applications, and is expected to be useful in numerous fields including materials science, cosmology, machine learning, and more. We redefine the classical definition of REV by adding stationarity condition and upper/lower bounds on its volume. While for simplicity, in this work we shall mainly focus on porous media as immediately applicable to digital rock, petrophysics, hydrology and soil physics problems, the developed mythology can be applied to other material types - composites, biological tissues, granular matter, food engineering and numerous other types of matter.