Properties Of Lubricating Oils Research Articles

Valuating the impact of biodiesel B10, B20 on lubricating oil in a commonrail diesel engine

Biodiesel typically has a higher boiling point, viscosity, density, and surface tension compared to traditional diesel. This can result in larger fuel droplets and potentially increased penetration into the engine crankcase. This article presents experimental findings on the impact of using biodiesel blends B10 and B20 (with B100 made from palm oil) on key lubricating oil properties in a D4CB 2.5TCI-A diesel engine equipped with a CommonRail fuel injection system installed in a Hyundai Starex vehicle. The evaluation is based on comparing lubricating oil properties when using different fuels: diesel (B0), biodiesel B10, and biodiesel B20 over a 3000 km driving cycle. Results indicate that the effects of B10 and B20 on lubricating oil properties are similar to those of conventional diesel B0.

Characterisation of soot agglomerates from engine oil and exhaust system for modern compression ignition engines

The characteristics of soot in oil samples extracted from lubricating oil and exhaust system of a modern common rail compression ignition engine were studied. The morphological parameters of the soot agglomerates were calculated from micrographs obtained by a High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM). The morphological analysis indicated that the soot in oil agglomerates have a larger average primary particle size and overall larger agglomerate size (determined by the radius of gyration) compared to the agglomerates sampled in the exhaust system. This can be a consequence of the dehydrogenation of hydrocarbon (HC) chains from the oil around the soot agglomerates. The shape of the agglomerates is quantified by fractal dimension. The soot in oil agglomerates presented a slightly larger fractal dimension than those studied in the exhaust system. Therefore, it seems that soot in oil agglomerates were more compact than those found in the exhaust system. The impact on lubricating oil properties should be further investigated.

Response surface methodology application on lubricant oil degradation, performance, and emissions in SI engine: A novel optimization of alcoholic fuel blends.

For evaluating the significance of renewable alternative fuels for optimized engine performance and lower emissions, methanol has been extensively utilized as a blend with gasoline in spark-ignition engines. However, rare attempts have been rendered to examine the consequence of methanol-gasoline fuel blends (M6, M12, and M18) on lubricant oil operating for a longer period in engines. The highest and least decrease of 9.62% and 6.68% in kinematic viscosity (KV) was observed for M0 and M18, respectively. However, the flash point (FP) of degraded lubricant oil for M6, M12, and M18 was 3%, 5%, and 7% higher than that of M0, respectively. Total acid number (TAN) and ash content of degraded lubricant oil for M18 were the highest among M0, M6, and M12. An inclusive optimization of engine performance, emissions, and lubricant oil properties has been made for various methanol-gasoline fuel blends at distinct operating conditions by employing the response surface methodology (RSM) technique. RSM-based optimization portrayed the composite desirability value of 0.73 for 2137.13 watt brake power (BP), 6.08 N-m torque, 0.37 kg/kwh brake-specific fuel consumption, 22.10% brake thermal efficiency, 4.02% carbon monoxide emission, 7.15% carbon dioxide emission, 134.12 ppm hydrocarbon emission, 517.02 ppm nitrogen oxides emission, 12.44 cst KV, 203.77°C FP, 2.23 mg/g KOH TAN, and 2.65%wt ash content as responses for fuel blend M8 at 3400 rpm and higher loading condition. RSM predicted results demonstrated significant compliance with empirical findings, with absolute percentage error (APE) below 5% for each response. However, the highest APE of 4.68% was obtained for FP owing to inefficient desirability as a consequence of manual testing. The least APE of 1.57% was obtained for torque because of the highest desirability. Overall, the RSM predicted results of the designed models are effective and viable. RSM technique was found to be effective for the optimization of the broader engine characteristics spectrum.

Effect of Aluminium Oxide Nanoparticles on Tribological Properties and Noise Responses of Detroit Engine 92V Lubricant Oil

This paper focusses on the effect of aluminium oxide nanoparticles concentration on tribological properties of lubricant oil and noise response on Detroit engine 92V friction parts. The nanomaterials were produced by sol-gel production, process. The manufactured nanomaterials and the tested part were evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. The coefficient of friction (CoF) and noise response were studied. Results analysis illustrated that the addition of Al2O3 nanoparticles has improved the tribological properties of the lubricating oil and decreases the wear rate of engine parts according to the decrease of CoF. Adding 1% wt. of Al2O3 nanoparticles to oil has decreased the wear rate and the CoF more than 0.5% wt. of Al2O3 nanoparticles addition.

The effect of boron-doped addition to spark ignition engine oil on engine emission, performance and lubricating oil properties

This study includes the effects of using CNG (natural gas) and gasoline on engine emissions, performance, and lubricating oil in the engine of spark ignition, with boron additive added to engine oil. The experiments were repeated through adjusting boron additive to an engine oil first time when the additive-free engine oil was changed and the engine was at full throttle opening. In addition, the experiment used three different load conditions, at constant 3000 rpm (after 50 h of operation), and used gasoline and natural gas for fuels. The test results showed that from the moment the engine oil was first added, the engine performance decreased as time passed. The decrease in engine performance was less when using boron-doped oil in the engine than when using engine oil without boron. The boron-doped the lubricating oil caused the properties of the lubricating oil to change less with the lower temperature in the engine, apart from the reduction of NOX emissions. Using the boron-doped or the undoped boron engine oil had no effect on emissions by fuel type. Although the use of gasoline fuel in the engine decreased CO, CO2, and HC emissions, NOX emissions increased in the system. The use of natural gas increased CO, NOX and CO2 emissions, but a decrease was obtained in HC emissions. It was revealed that the deterioration in the physical properties of the lubricating oil taken from the engine cartel at different times was less in the boron-doped oil than the undoped boron oil.

A Comparison of Performance, Emissions, and Lube Oil Deterioration for Gasoline–Ethanol Fuel

Over the years, due to the surge in energy demand, the use of alternative fuels has emerged as an interesting area of research. In the current work, a comparative study was conducted by employing gasoline, 6% ethanol–gasoline (E6), and 12% ethanol–gasoline (E12) in a spark-ignition engine. Performance, emissions, and lube oil damage tests were conducted at a constant load by varying engine speed. E12 showed improved performance, i.e., 7.82% higher torque and 14.69% improved brake thermal efficiency (BTE) in comparison with neat gasoline. In addition, CO, CO2, HC, and NOx emissions were found to be minimal for E12. Furthermore, lubricating oil properties (kinematic viscosity, flash point, and total base number (TBN)) and wear debris (iron, aluminum, and copper) showed a visibly improved performance with gasoline compared to E6 and E12. The highest decline in kinematic viscosity of 27.87%, compared to fresh oil, was recorded for E12. Thus, the lube oil properties have to be modified according to the chemical properties of the alternative fuel.

An optimized thermal network model to evaluate the thermal behavior on motorized spindle considering lubricating oil and contact factors

During the operation of the high-speed motorized spindle, the heating of motorized spindle components can cause thermal deformations, which worsens the work performance and shortens the life expectancy of the motorized spindle. In response to the above behaviors, the thermal network model for the motorized spindle in this investigation was built in which the lubricating oil properties and contact characteristics were considered. Next, according to Kirchhoff’s energy balance principle, the theoretical equations of steady-state temperature were established, and the temperature rise of the motorized spindle was obtained by Newton–Raphson method. Lastly, the influences of speed, cooling water flow rate, airflow rate, and other variables on the temperature were analyzed and verified by the experiment. The results show that the thermal network model including lubricating oil and contact factors can predict the temperature rise of motorized spindle accurately, which provides some references and suggestions in motorized spindle design.

Ligand assistance via solid-state coordination for promoting nickel dispersion over the Ni/Beta hydroisomerization catalyst

Hydroisomerization of alkanes is a vital process to improve cold flow properties of lubricant oil and increase octane number of gasoline in petrochemical industry. Non-noble metal catalysts used in this process always suffer from low metal dispersion due to weak interaction between metal species and support. Herein, density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that Ni2+ prefers to coordinate with two carboxyl oxygen of glycine in the absence of water. It makes the amino groups well exposed, forming strong interaction between the nickel-complex and aluminum groups over Beta zeolites. In contrast, Ni2+ coordinates with amino nitrogen and one of carboxyl oxygen of glycine in the presence of water. This structure has weaker interaction with support due to the absence of exposed amino groups. Based on the DFT results, a solid-state ligand assistance strategy was developed to increase metal dispersion over the Ni/Beta catalyst. UV-vis, XPS and FTIR characterization results match well with the DFT results and confirm the strong interaction between the nickel-complex and support in the absence of water. The Ni/Beta catalyst has smaller particle size of nickel oxide (0.8 nm) than that of the catalyst prepared by liquid-state ligand assistance method (5.1 nm). With increasing metal dispersion, the Ni/Beta outperforms the counterpart by liquid-state ligand assistance method and exhibits comparable isomers yield to commercial Pt catalysts in n-hexane hydroisomerization. This work provides a promising approach to boost metal dispersion on catalysts.

A novel analysis of n-butanol–gasoline blends impact on spark ignition engine characteristics and lubricant oil degradation

ABSTRACT Butanol emerges as a potential biofuel for energizing modern automobiles. Its impact on engine performance and emission characteristics was investigated by many researchers. However, a research gap exists for its effect on lubricating oil deterioration. Therefore, n-butanol–gasoline blends were prepared with 6% and 12% by volume of alcohol (B6 and B12) and compared with pure gasoline (B0) in terms of engine performance, emissions, and lube oil condition. The engine performance along with exhaust gas temperature increased with an increasing ratio of butanol in the fuel blend. CO and HC emissions were the lowest in the case of B12 followed by B6 and B0. Furthermore, lubricating oil properties were determined to monitor its deterioration rate. The kinematic viscosity at 100°C and flash point temperature showed a minimum reduction in the case of B12, i.e., 22% and 16%, respectively, as compared to fresh oil. The highest concentration of wear elements in lube oil was detected for B12 fuel, which included Al (11 × 10−6), Fe (27 × 10−6), Cr (4 × 10−6), and Cu (13 × 10−6). Similarly, the additive counts for Ca, Mg, and Zn were found to be 1665 × 10−6, 7.3 × 10−6, and 730 × 10−6, respectively, in lubricating oil for B12. Therefore, advanced lubricating oil should be developed for alternative fuels to improve its lifecycle.

Thermophysical properties of R32/advanced PVE mixture and parametric analysis on oil transport characteristic of compressor suction line

Advanced PVE was developed as the coupled lubricant oil for the alternative refrigerant R32 and R32/PVE will be a potential working pair of R32 refrigeration systems. This paper presented modeling study of physical properties of PVE lubricant oil with viscosity grade 68 and R32/PVE mixture. Thermal conductivity, specific heat and surface tension of PVE oil were measured experimentally. New calculation models for properties of pure oil were developed based on the experimental data. Moreover, the solubility, miscibility and viscosity of R32/PVE mixture were also well correlated with the new correlations. Further, a parametric analysis was performed to study oil transport and retention characteristics in compressor suction line, based on the force balance method. A new consolidated database for oil retention was amassed from six existing literatures, including 187 data points. A new correlation for oil retention was established by incorporating influence factors derived from the parametric analysis. The validation result showed that the oil retention correlation exhibits satisfactory prediction accuracy, which achieved mean absolute error of 14.43% and 87.70% of data fell within ±30% error bands. The property models and oil retention correlation could serve as tools to accurately predict oil retention amount of suction line with R32/PVE mixture.

Optimization of the Rheological Properties and Tribological Performance of SAE 5w-30 Base Oil with Added MWCNTs

The augmentation of lubricant oil properties is key to protecting engines, bearings, and machine parts from damage due to friction and wear and minimizing energy lost in countering friction. The tribological and rheological properties of the lubricants are of utmost importance to prevent wear under unembellished conditions. The marginal addition of particulate and filamentous nanofillers enhances these properties, making the lubricant oil stable under severe operating conditions. This research explores the improvement in SAE 5w-30 base oil performance after the addition of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in six marginal compositions, namely, Base, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.10 weight percentage. The effect of the addition of MWCNTs on flash and pour points, thermal conductivity, kinematic viscosity, friction coefficients, and wear are investigated and reported. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy are used to characterize the MWCNTs. The purity, crystallinity, size, shape, and orientation of the MWCNTs are confirmed by XRD and TEM characterization. Pour points and flash points increase by adding MWCNTs but inconsistency is observed after the 0.06 wt.% composition. The thermal conductivity and kinematic viscosity increase significantly and consistently. The friction coefficient and wear scar diameter reduce to 0.06 wt.% MWCNTs and then the trend is reversed due to agglomeration and inhomogeneity. A composition of 0.06 wt.% is identified as the optimum considering all the investigated properties. This composition ensures the stability of the tribo-film and hydrodynamic lubrication.

LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS FOR MARINE, LOCOMOTIVE AND STATIONARY DIESELS BASED ON HIGH-ALKALINE DETERGENT-DISPERSANT ADDITIVES

Тhe article describes new modifications of alkylphenolate type additives synthesized in the ANAS ICA , new lubricating compositions of motor oils M-14 Г2 and М-14Г2ЦС (ГОСТ 12337) were created using additives AKI-150 and AKI-115B, which are calcium salts of condensation products of methylene bisalkylphenol with formaldehyde, aminoacetic acid and monoethanolamine containing boron and nitrogen with high and medium acid number.Additives AKI-150 and AKI-115B are used to improve the detergent-dispersing and lubricating properties of motor oils M-14Г2 and M-14Г2ЦС. These additives partially improve the oxidizing, corrosive and lubricating properties of base oils in accordance with their functional groups and high alkalinity in addition to their detergent-dispersing properties. A combination of distilled M-8 oil, processed at the Oil Refinery of the Republic of Azerbaijan, in a ratio of 30:70 with MS-20 oriental oil was used as the base oil.The additive compositions include the detergent-dispersing additive Lubrizol-6446, the antioxidant and anticorrosive additive ДФ-11, the depressant Viscoplex-5-309 and the anti-foam additive ПМС-200A.Determination of antioxidant stability based on the induction period of precipitation formation for 30 hours (GOST 11063), corrosion activity (on lead plates), g/m2(ГОСT 20502; alternative 2); detergent (ГОСT 10734) and corrosion-resistant (ГОСT 9490) properties of calcium salts of products obtained from the condensation of alkylphenolate additives of various compositions with various amines, showed that boronnitrogen-containing additives are most effective in their antioxidant and anticorrosive properties, than their only nitrogen-containing analogues.Lubricating compositions for diesel and industrial diesel engines ЧН-26/26, ЧН -30/38, marine diesel engines 6 ЧН 40/46, ЧН 30/38 with comparative studies and the use of these additives meet all the requirements for these oils.

Oil property sensing array based on a general regression neural network

Online monitoring of multiple lubricant properties is critical in maintaining and extending the health of high-speed rotating and reciprocating machinery used in many of the nation’s key industries including aerospace, manufacturing, and energy. There have been many efforts on the development of sensors focused on measuring specific chemical/physical properties of lubricant oil. One long-standing challenge for these property sensors is the overlapping output problem (cross-sensitivity), meaning they cannot provide accurate measurements. Here we demonstrated a capacitive oil property sensor array based on a new general regression neural network (GRNN) for measuring acid, base, and water content in lubricant oil. Results showed that the GRNN can pinpoint individual oil properties from the overlapped sensor array’s responses with high accuracy and speed.

Experimental investigation of base oil properties containing modified TiO2/CuO nanoparticles additives

The majority of lubricating oil properties are the product of a material being used to enhance or produce the desired properties. Different materials with various nanostructures are now being used as new additives to improve lubricants’ properties due to their peculiar characteristics. In this study, oleic acid was used to surface-modified TiO2 and CuO nanoparticles to enhance the dispersion and stability of Nanofluid. The X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy FT-IR used to characterize the nanoparticles. The main objective of this paper was to investigate the influence of adding TiO2 -CuO nanoparticles on the thermal-physical properties such as kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, pour point and flash point of base oil and nano-lubricating oil, which is prepared by different concentration (0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, and 1 %) by weight, and also the contact pressure (load – carrying capacity) was examined by using commercial portable Timken tester. The results showed increases in viscosity index and flash point of nano-lubricant oil by 7.69% and 7.07%, respectively.

Ester Oils Prepared from Fully Renewable Resources and Their Lubricant Base Oil Properties.

The work reports on the physicochemical and tribological properties of gallate ester oils prepared from fully renewable resources, such as gallic acid and fatty acids. The ester structures were identified by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C NMR) and high-resolution mass spectra (HRMS) data. The density at 20 °C (d20), kinematic viscosity (KV), viscosity index (VI), pour point (PP), flash point (FP), thermal and oxidative stabilities, friction-reducing and antiwear properties of gallate ester oils were evaluated. The tribological properties of gallate ester oils as lubricants for steel, copper, and aluminum tribo-pairs can be compared with those of the commercially available lubricating oil tris(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate (Phe–3Ci8), but their viscosity-temperature characteristics, thermal and oxidative stabilities are better than those of Phe–3Ci8. More importantly, they have much higher biodegradabilities than Phe–3Ci8. The study of the lubrication mechanism shows that the physical and/or chemical adsorption film formed by gallate ester molecules between friction pairs is the key factor for them to obtain friction-reducing and antiwear properties.

Refining and Reuse of Waste Lube Oil in SI Engines: A Novel Approach for a Sustainable Environment

The protection of the environment and pollution control are issues of paramount importance. Researchers today are engrossed in mitigating the harmful impacts of petroleum waste on the environment. Lubricating oils, which are essential for the smooth operation of engines, are often disposed of improperly after completing their life. In the experimental work presented in this paper, deteriorated engine oil was regenerated using the acid treatment method and was reused in the engine. The comparison of the properties of reused oil, the engine’s performance, and the emissions from the engine are presented. The reuse of regenerated oil, the evaluation of performance, and emissions establish the usefulness of the regeneration of waste lubricating oil. For the used oil, total acid number (TAN), specific gravity, flash point, ash content, and kinematic viscosity changed by 60.7%, 6.7%, 4.4%, 96%, and 15.5%, respectively, compared with fresh oil. The regeneration partially restored all the lost lubricating oil properties. The performance parameters, brake power (BP), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and exhaust gas temperature (EGT) improved with regenerated oil in use compared with used oil. The emissions CO and NOX contents for acid-treated oil were 9.7% and 17.3% less in comparison with used oil, respectively. Thus, regenerated oil showed improved performance and oil properties along with significantly reduced emissions when employed in an SI engine.

Effects of polymers concentration on EHL film-forming in point contacts

Purpose This paper aims to experimentally investigate the film-forming capability of base oils containing poly-methacrylate (PMA) and poly-isobutene (PIB), in a point contact under pure rolling. Design/methodology/approach By using the relative light intensity method, the film thickness is calculated from the interferometer images which are captured by multiple-contact optical elastohydrodynamic lubricated test rig. Findings The test results reveal that polymers, both PMA and PIB, have a significant contribution to the film-forming capability of base oils and the film thickness increases with concentration. The forming-film capabilities for PMA and PIB in base oils are similar at low concentration, while PIB gives a higher film thickness than PMA at high concentration. Shear-thinning phenomenon are observed in all polymer-based oils. Originality/value The polymer usually as an additive is added into the low viscosity base oils to improve the properties of lubricant oil. This paper reports the lubricated properties of PMA and PIB with different concentrations in base oils and to evaluate their functional mechanism in a point contact. Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-07-2020-0263/

Field-Testing of Biodiesel (B100) and Diesel-Fueled Vehicles: Part 2—Lubricating Oil Condition Monitoring

AbstractThis study investigated the use of biodiesel (B100) and baseline diesel in two identical unmodified vehicles to realistically assess different aspects of biodiesel’s compatibility with modern common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engines and its effects on lubricating oil degradation and wear. Two identical vehicles were operated for 30,000 km each under identical operating conditions on highway during a field-trial while using biodiesel (B100) and baseline mineral diesel. Exhaustive experimental results from this series of tests were divided into four segments, and this paper covers the second segment showing the effect of long-term usage of biodiesel on the lubricating oil properties and traces of wear metal addition compared to baseline mineral diesel. Lubricating oil samples were drawn periodically from these vehicles for condition monitoring such as lubricating oil viscosity, density, soot content, total base number (TBN), ash content, trace metal concentrations, and thermal stability. The viscosity of lubricating oil samples drawn from biodiesel fueled vehicles were found to be ∼10–15% lower compared to that from diesel-fueled vehicles, whereas density and ash content were relatively lower by ∼5–10%. Carbon residues of lubricating oil samples drawn from B100 fueled vehicles were lower by ∼15–20% compared to that of diesel-fueled vehicles. There was a very strong reduction (∼70%) in the soot content of lubricating oil from biodiesel fueled vehicles. Trace metal analysis to compare wear debris addition was also done for all lubricating oil samples. Thermo-gravimetric analyses of lubricating oil samples from biodiesel fueled vehicles showed lower mass loss with increasing temperature hence relatively higher thermal stability and lower deterioration. Results also suggested that operational and durability issues associated with vegetable oils as alternate fuel were completely eliminated by using them after converting them into biodiesel meeting prevailing biodiesel specifications.

Stability of rotor supported on powder lubricated journal bearings with surface pockets

Conventional oil lubricated journal bearings experience a degradation in the lubrication properties of oil at high temperatures thereby making the use of oil lubricants impractical in a hot working environment. Under these conditions, powder lubricants can be used for the successful operation of the rotor-bearing system. Whirl instability is a serious problem for rotors supported on journal bearings which restrict the system to be operated at high speeds. Surface modifications in the form pocket in the bearing can be used to improve the performance. A sudden change in film thickness caused by the presence of pocket in the bearing will generate hydrodynamic pressure which will support the external load and may influence the stability of the rotor supported on such bearings. The objective of this paper is to explore the stability characteristics of powder lubricated journal bearings employing pockets of different shapes (rectangular, trapezoidal, elliptical, and parabolic). It is observed that though the pocket of all shapes increases the whirl stability of a rotor-shaft system, the rectangular shape is the most effective among all. Therefore, such bearings may be given a rectangular pocket to increase the stability of rotors.

Development of an analytical model to estimate the churning power losses of a spiral bevel gear

A quasi-analytical model based on fluid mechanics is established to estimate the no-load power losses of a spiral bevel gear with splash lubrication. The no-load losses are defined as the sum of churning power loses and windage power losses. Then, the model is applied to different spiral bevel gears to measure the distributions of each individual power loss in the overall no-load losses, and the results agree well with sets of experimental findings. Considering windage effects, the impacts of rotating speeds, lubricating oil properties, and gear geometries parameters on churning losses are also quantified at low or moderate speed. Finally, by introducing the dynamic immersion depth, efforts are also made to explain uncommon behavior of the churning drag that the torque decreases with increasing of the rotating speed. A simplified evolution model of the dynamic immersion depth related to the Froude number inspired by the published work is presented to understand the churning behavior of bevel gears at moderate speed.