Properties Of Geopolymer Concrete Research Articles

The effect of clinker aggregate on acid resistance in prepacked geopolymers containing metakaolin and quartz powder in the presence of ground blast furnace slag

Climatic change and global warming occurred due to CO2 emitting from cement manufacturing are increasing rabidly, and attention is paid to produce and improve geopolymer concrete with waste materials (fly ash, silica fume) and by-product material (ground granulated blast furnace slag). The aim of this research is to identify the performance of geopolymer concrete containing metakaolin (MK) for 100 kg/m3, 200 kg/m3, and 250 kg/m3, and the quartz powder (QP) for 100, 200, and 300 kg/m3, as sand replacement in the presence of ground blast furnace slag GBFS in clinker prepacked geopolymers. Four groups of specimens are studied involves: two groups incorporating QP and MK cured at 45 °C, and two groups are cured at 75 °C. The physical and mechanical properties are studied at conventional conditions. Moreover, the compressive strength and the mass loss are investigated for all the mixes not only exposed to 350 °C and 700 °C, but also the samples subjected to acids; hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulphuric acid (H2SO4), and nitric acid (HNO3). The findings showed that, increasing QP content up to 300 kg/m3 has a positive effect in improving geopolymer concrete properties, for all curing regimes. Withal, the metakaolin addition, contributes significantly in the strength performance, but the optimum strength is obtained at 200 kg/m3 replacement. The samples cured at 75 °C enhanced the absorption resistance, mechanical properties, unit weight, high-temperature resistance, and acids’ reissuance, as well. A striking strength improvement was obtained for 42% and 68% quartz powder addition at 45 °C and 75 °C, respectively. Moreover, the strength is doubled for metakaolin addition at high temperature curing. The strength variations through presence of acids are also observed as prominent decrements, as expected.

Combined effect of using steel fibers and demolition waste aggregates on the performance of fly ash/slag based geopolymer concrete

Developing sustainable construction products has been showing a rising trend recently. Geopolymer composites are remarkable binding materials fabricated based on recycling and sustainability. In this paper, an experimental investigation was conducted to study some mechanical and durability characteristics of steel fiber-reinforced fly ash/slag-based geopolymer concrete (GPC) with different proportions of recycled coarse aggregate. Steel fiber-reinforced geopolymer concrete mixtures incorporating recycled coarse aggregates of up to 40% at the interval of 10% were prepared, and the mixtures without recycled coarse aggregate were used as reference samples. The steel fiber ratio of 0.3% and 0.6% were used and the combined effect of steel fiber and recycled coarse aggregate on the geopolymer composites’ behavior regarding strength properties, sulfate resistance, elevated temperature resistance, abrasion resistance, and freezing-thawing resistance was addressed. A significant improvement in strength properties was observed in steel fiber reinforced recycled aggregate geopolymer concrete with increasing fiber content; however, the strength properties of geopolymer concrete were decreased with the increase of recycled coarse aggregate amount. Also, the properties such as abrasion resistance, resistance to elevated temperature, sulfate resistance, and freeze-thaw resistance were improved with the addition of steel fiber. It indicates that the synergetic effect of steel fiber and recycled aggregate helps to produce ecologically sound geopolymer concrete with good engineering properties and durability characteristics that will bring sustainability to the concrete sector. Generally, the results show that the recycled coarse aggregate ratio of up to 30% and 0.6% of steel fiber can be considered an ideal combination to make geopolymer concrete with better overall properties.

Enhancing the properties of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete using recycled aggregate from waste ceramic electrical insulator

In this study, a recycled waste ceramic electrical insulator (CM) was used as coarse aggregate in geopolymer concrete. The properties of concretes containing CM were compared with those of concretes containing natural coarse aggregate (NA). The variables were concentrations of sodium hydroxide (NH) (10, 15, and 20 M), the ratio of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide (NS/NH) (1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 by weight), curing temperature (60, 80, and 100 °C) and curing period (48, 96, and 144 h). The results showed that the workability, compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength of CM geopolymer concrete were significantly improved consistent with the morphology. An increase in curing temperature and time resulted in an enhanced property of the geopolymer concrete. The mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete satisfied the requirements of the standards for structural concrete. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity of CM geopolymer concrete was lower by an average of 21%. These findings confirmed that CM can be used as a sustainable aggregate to produce geopolymer concrete with high compressive strength and low thermal conductivity.

The Effect of Alkali Activator Ratio on Mechanical Properties Geopolymer Concrete Based on Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag

Cement is the primary material of concrete. In the calcination process during cement manufacturing, 0.869 tons of CO2 gas are produced for every 1 ton of clinker. That process affects global climate change. This condition causes a new technology called geopolymer concrete. Geopolymer concrete substitutes cement with material that reacts in an alkali activator. PT Krakatau Steel in West Java, manufacturing iron steel with a blast furnace, produces large quantities of waste (slag) of 80 tons/hour. The blast furnace slag contains SiO2and Al2O3is called GGBFS (Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag). GGBFS can react with an alkali activator, which can be a substitute cement. This research was carried out using GGBFS as a base for geopolymer concrete. This research wants to know the effect of the alkali activator ratio on the mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete based on GGBFS. The concrete specimen was made with ratios alkali activator of 5:2, 4:2, and 3:2. The alkaline liquids used in this research are sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) with a concentration of 8M. The curing process in this experiment is about 24-hour dry curing at a temperature of 60oC. The mechanical properties of concrete showed that 5:2 obtained the highest compressive strength, 57.65 MPa (at 7 days) and 58.48 MPa (at 28 days), and modulus elasticity was 31815.92 MPa, split tensile strength was 2.74 MPa, and modulus of rupture was 3.87 MPa.

The Influence of Fiber on the Mechanical Properties of Geopolymer Concrete: A Review

Geopolymer is widely used as a supplement to cementitious composites because of its advantages of low carbon and environmental protection, and geopolymer concrete is also broadly used in practical engineering. In recent years, geopolymer concrete has attracted increasing interest owing to its superior mechanical properties, and a series of research results have been obtained. In this paper, from the preparation of geopolymer concrete, based on the characteristics that geopolymer concrete is brittle and easy to crack, the types and basic properties of fibers to enhance the toughness of concrete are analyzed, the advantages and disadvantages of different fibers used as a material to enhance the toughness of concrete are summarized, and we review the effects of type, shape, volume rate, aspect ratio, and hybrid fiber combinations on the static mechanical properties. The results indicate that fibers have significant potential to enhance the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, and fracture toughness of geopolymer concrete, and the optimal fiber volume rate seems to be related to the fiber type. Whereas the effect of aspect ratio and hybrid fiber combinations on the properties of geopolymer concrete seems to be obvious. This paper reviews the influence of fiber on the basic mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete, which provides a solid foundation to promote the further development and application of the research on the toughness of fiber-reinforced geopolymer concrete and provides recommendations for future research.

Effect of Treatment Age on Mechanical Properties of Geopolymer Concrete

There are the same compound content, fly ash does not have the ability to bind, so it requires an alkaline activator for the polymerization reaction or binding reaction to occur. The alkali activators commonly used are sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. The use of these materials makes concrete with fly ash known as geopolymer concrete. Geopolymer concrete is an alternative to conventional concrete, so it must have optimal strength like conventional concrete, therefore researchers are interested in testing the value of compressive strength, split tensile strength and mode of elasticity of geopolymer concrete using 10 molar alkali activator with a ratio of 3:2. for variations in the age of concrete 7, 14, 21, and 28 days; and the conversion value of geopolymer concrete using 10 molar alkali activator with a ratio of 3:2 for variations in the age of concrete 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. This research is an experimental study using variations in the age of concrete 7, 14, 21, and 28 days for geopolymer concrete using 10 molar alkali activator with a ratio of 3:2. The results of this study indicate that there is an effect of variations in the age of concrete on the value of compressive strength, split tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity of geopolymer concrete. Where the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity of geopolymer concrete at the age of 7 days are 31.40%; 35.44%; and 23.32% which at the age variation of 28 days increased by 100%. In addition, in this study, it is known that the conversion value at the age of 28 days for variations in the age of 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, and 28 days, respectively, is 0.31; 0.73; 0.97; 1.00
 Keywords: Geopolymer Concrete, Compressive Strength, Modulus of Elasticity

Numerical analysis of construction and demolition (C&D) waste-based geopolymer concrete beams with partially replaced coarse aggregate

Geopolymers are comparatively new generation of construction materials made from industrial by-products and supplemental cementitious materials (SCM) with high silica and alumina content. Currently, the demand for SCM has enlarged significantly based on global climate change action plans, so its use through the geopolymerisation process has attracted the attention of researchers from all over the world. This article focuses on the main mechanisms of construction and demolition (C&D) waste on the resulting physical, mechanical and durability properties of geopolymer concrete (GPC) on fresh and hardened state. This article deals with the partial substitution of coarse aggregates (CA) by C&D waste on GPC. The partial replacement of CA was carried out in five proportions, that is, 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%, and every sample was analysed to determine the slump cone, the compressive strength, flexural strength and splitting tensile strength for 7 and 28 d. It is observed that the percentage variation of C&D waste influences the hardening properties of GPC. The analysis of Finite element (FE) is taken by using FE software ANSYS.

Behaviour of RC beams and mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete

Behaviour of RC beams and mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete

Experimental Investigation on Geopolymer Concrete:- Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Construction Material

The research for the new environmental friendly construction material that will match the durability of ancient concrete has provoked interest into the study of alkali activated cementitious systems over the last two decades. It results in the development of Geopolymer Concrete. This paper represents the development of geopolymer mixes of various ratios of fly ash and GGBS and their mechanical properties were studied. aa Literature review on mechanical and durability properties of geopolymer concrete also been done. The ratio of sodium hydroxide to sodium silicate is 1:2 which is kept a constant to prepare the mix and alkaline liquid to binder ratio as 0.70, but changing the concentration of sodium hydroxide solution as 6M, 4M and 3M to prepare the mix Id. i.e. F75G25, F50G50 and F25G75, respectively (where F and G are Fly Ash and GGBS and the numerical value indicates the percentage of replacement of fly ash by GGBS) were prepared in AML laboratory, CSIR-SERC, Chennai. Ambient curing of concrete at room temperature was adopted.The compressive strength at age of 3, 7 and 28 days were determined. The strength of geopolymer concrete was increased with increase in percentage of GGBS in a mix. It was observed that the mix Id F25G75 gave maximum compressive strength for concentration of NaOH as 3M . Leaching of GPC reduces with increase in percentage of GGBS in a mix. Thus the geopolymer concrete have a relatively higher strength.

Influence of eco-friendly lightweight aggregates in mechanical and durability properties of geopolymer concrete

Influence of eco-friendly lightweight aggregates in mechanical and durability properties of geopolymer concrete

Durability properties of rubber aggregates based geopolymer concrete- a review

The most essential component of concrete is aggregate. However, because there aren't enough of these natural resources, they need to be replaced. There has been a lot of study done so far to make sustainable concrete and get beyond the challenges of materials. One of the finest solutions to this issue is the whole or partial replacement of aggregates. Waste resources that are depleting the environment are utilized as alternative materials to enhance sustainability in concrete. One such substance that contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions is waste rubber tires. The paper focused on the use of rubber in geopolymer concrete to improve durability and address sustainability issues. The addition of rubber aggregates leads to a slight decrease in the mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete by a sustainable amount. When it comes to durability properties such as Porosity, Water Absorption, Energy Absorption, Impact resistance, and Noise reduction coefficient, it shows an increment compared to nominal geopolymer concrete and Ordinary Portland cement. Density, Thermal Conductivity, Pull-off Strength, and Abrasion resistance tests show decrements due to the truncated stiffness of rubber. There is a significant increase in the properties of mortar and concrete after the crumbed rubber is treated. Rubber-based geopolymer concrete, with the help of admixtures, can be used in the field of construction.

Behaviour of RC beams and mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete

Behaviour of RC beams and mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete

Parametric study on the performance of industrial byproducts based geopolymer concrete blended with rice husk ash & nano silica

In this study, Geopolymer concrete (GPC) blended with fly ash (FA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), rice husk ash (RHA), and nano-silica (NS) developed and investigated in three aspects: In the first aspect of GPC (FA+GGBS), FA varied from 0-100% of GGBS at 10 % intervals to determine the optimum proportion of FA-GGBS. In the second aspect of GPC (FA+GGBS+RHA), RHA varied from 0-25% of FA at 5% intervals with a constant of 30% GGBS attained from the first aspect of the study. In the third aspect of GPC (FA+GGBS+RHA+NS), NS was replaced with 1, 3, and 5% with the optimum proportions of GGBS (30%) and RHA (15%) obtained from the first and second aspects of the study. The fresh and hardened properties of GPC were obtained at 7 and 28 days under ambient curing. The compressive strength improved while FA was replaced by GGBS (0-100%) from 27.75 to 45 MPa. Meanwhile, workability has decreased to 0.81 from 0.97. Hence, the optimized proportion of FA and GGBS was obtained as 70:30 from the workability aspect. RHA replacement provided compressive strength increment up to 15% (39.5 MPa), but workability gradually decreased (0.92 to 0.84) from 0 to 25%. So, the optimum proportion of RHA was achieved by 15% from the second aspect. In the third aspect, the workability increased from 0.89 to 0.92 while NS replacement (0-3%) with FA. Also, compressive strength has improved from 39.52 to 41.95 MPa. Thus, the optimized NS proportion gained at 3% of NS. Overall, this study provides a view of industrial by-product utilization as part of GPC in optimal proportions.

Parametric study on the performance of industrial byproducts based geopolymer concrete blended with rice husk ash & nano silica

In this study, Geopolymer concrete (GPC) blended with fly ash (FA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), rice husk ash (RHA), and nano-silica (NS) developed and investigated in three aspects: In the first aspect of GPC (FA+GGBS), FA varied from 0-100% of GGBS at 10 % intervals to determine the optimum proportion of FA-GGBS. In the second aspect of GPC (FA+GGBS+RHA), RHA varied from 0-25% of FA at 5% intervals with a constant of 30% GGBS attained from the first aspect of the study. In the third aspect of GPC (FA+GGBS+RHA+NS), NS was replaced with 1, 3, and 5% with the optimum proportions of GGBS (30%) and RHA (15%) obtained from the first and second aspects of the study. The fresh and hardened properties of GPC were obtained at 7 and 28 days under ambient curing. The compressive strength improved while FA was replaced by GGBS (0-100%) from 27.75 to 45 MPa. Meanwhile, workability has decreased to 0.81 from 0.97. Hence, the optimized proportion of FA and GGBS was obtained as 70:30 from the workability aspect. RHA replacement provided compressive strength increment up to 15% (39.5 MPa), but workability gradually decreased (0.92 to 0.84) from 0 to 25%. So, the optimum proportion of RHA was achieved by 15% from the second aspect. In the third aspect, the workability increased from 0.89 to 0.92 while NS replacement (0-3%) with FA. Also, compressive strength has improved from 39.52 to 41.95 MPa. Thus, the optimized NS proportion gained at 3% of NS. Overall, this study provides a view of industrial by-product utilization as part of GPC in optimal proportions.

Evaluation of the Mechanical and Durability Properties of Geopolymer Concrete Prepared with C-Glass Fibers

Evaluation of the Mechanical and Durability Properties of Geopolymer Concrete Prepared with C-Glass Fibers

Utilisation of persistent chemical pollutant incorporating with nanoparticles to modify the properties of geopolymer and cement concrete

The majority of industrial products are identified as persistent organic pollutants after their date of expiry, which is highly harmful to the ecosystem and human health and also going to be banned around the world. Paint latex is one of those pollutants which become a hazardous waste material after stocking for a long time. Approximately 20% of color paints do not get used for their desired purpose after getting sold out and end up in a landfill. Now a day's construction industry is inclining towards the various types of geo-polymer concrete since it does not require cement. But that geo-polymer concrete has too much less workability as compared to the same grade of control cement concrete. To achieve the desired workability as well as other properties of geo-polymer concrete by using waste paint latex as performance improving admixture is the main motive of the present research. Fourteen different mixes of control and calcined clay-based geo-polymer concrete have been prepared by adding up to 3% waste paint latex of weight of cementitious materials and a detailed study has been done on various properties such as workability, rheology, shrinkage, strength and its microstructure. The presence of nanoparticles of TiO2 in waste paint latex has helped to produce extra hydration products, by which the mechanical properties, durability and microstructure of both traditional and geo-polymer concrete have increased. It has been concluded that a higher dose of waste paint latex improves the workability but the strength and durability properties of traditional and geo-polymer concrete improve up to 2–2.5% of waste paint latex replaced to water.

Effective Utilization of Copper Slag for the Production of Geopolymer Concrete with Different NaOH Molarity under Ambient Curing Conditions

In spite of the considerable research on the mechanical and durability properties of geopolymer concrete, its widespread applicability is hindered due to the difficulties involved in achieving ambient curing conditions and awareness of the effective utilization of industrial by-products. This study investigates the physical and microstructure characterization of sustainable geopolymer concrete (GPC) developed with copper slag as a replacement for fine aggregate. In total, forty-four geopolymer concrete mixtures were prepared to examine their fresh and hardened properties. Four different NaOH molarities (10, 12, 14 and 16) and the replacement levels of copper slag, ranging from 0 to 100% with an increase of 10%, were considered as variables in this research. The study parameters examined includes the fresh (slump) and hardened concrete properties. Additionally, the microstructural characterization for different mixes were studied using the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Electron Dispersive Spectrum (EDS) analyses and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Results indicated that replacing fine aggregate with copper slag up to 100% showed no strength reduction. Increasing the molarity of the NaOH solution to 16M led to an increased strength of about 35% compared to the concrete with 10 M in all the mixes. The microstructural analysis performed using SEM/EDS and FTIR showed that a cohesive and fully compact geopolymer matrix was achieved together with the use of low-calcium fly ash and copper slag under ambient curing conditions.

A Review: To Investigate the Properties of Geopolymer Concrete with Fly Ash in Place of Cement

Abstract: A novel type of concrete called geopolymer concrete is created by reacting sodium silicate containing minerals with sodium aluminate and a caustic activator, such as fly ash or slag from the production of iron and metal. It can serve as a viable replacement for regular portland cement. In addition to having outstanding mechanical qualities, geopolymer concrete also possesses a number of extremely high-end qualities, including corrosion and fire resistance. The majority of industrial solid waste and bottom ash from waste incineration are stacked up at random, which not only uses up land resources but also negatively affects the ecosystem. They can be recycled and utilised as raw materials to make geopolymer concrete. Geopolymer concrete has the ability to absorb pollutants like heavy metals and other radioactive chemicals, so that its stability, elasticity, and thermal qualities are unaffected. However, geopolymer concrete's use goes beyond that because of its superior qualities. The geopolymerization of concrete, the origin of the raw materials, the numerous categories of activators, the development processes, and the diverse applications of geopolymer concrete in various fields are all covered in this paper. In this section, the factors that affect the mechanical and abrasion resistance of geopolymer concrete. In order to establish a hypothesis that will be used to develop geopolymer concrete for future development, the disadvantages and application quantification of geopolymer concrete, as well as its mix design, will be summarised in this paper.

Properties and Applications of Geopolymer Composites: A Review Study of Mechanical and Microstructural Properties.

Portland cement (PC) is considered the most energy-intensive building material and contributes to around 10% of global warming. It exacerbates global warming and climate change, which have a harmful environmental impact. Efforts are being made to produce sustainable and green concrete as an alternative to PC concrete. As a result, developing a more sustainable strategy and eco-friendly materials to replace ordinary concrete has become critical. Many studies on geopolymer concrete, which has equal or even superior durability and strength compared to traditional concrete, have been conducted for this purpose by many researchers. Geopolymer concrete (GPC) has been developed as a possible new construction material for replacing conventional concrete, offering a clean technological choice for long-term growth. Over the last few decades, geopolymer concrete has been investigated as a feasible green construction material that can reduce CO2 emissions because it uses industrial wastes as raw materials. GPC has proven effective for structural applications due to its workability and analogical strength compared to standard cement concrete. This review article discusses the engineering properties and microstructure of GPC and shows its merits in construction applications with some guidelines and suggestions recommended for both the academic community and the industrial sector. This literature review also demonstrates that the mechanical properties of GPC are comparable and even sometimes better than those of PC concrete. Moreover, the microstructure of GPC is significantly different from that of PC concrete microstructure and can be affected by many factors.

The Effect of Bentonite and Palm Shell Ash on The Mechanical and Physical Properties of Geopolymer Concrete

Geopolymer concrete is an alternative to obtaining environmentally friendly mortar by synthesizing materials that contain a lot of aluminum silicate. This study aims to determine the effect of bentonite and palm shell ash composition on geopolymers' physical and mechanical characteristics. All materials are mashed, mixed, and molded with a 5x5x5 cm3 cube. Ten specimens were prepared with bentonite - palm shell ash compositions are 40/45, 45/40, 50/35, 55/30, and 60/25 wt%. Meanwhile, the composition of NaOH, Na2SiO3, superplasticizer and water remained at 1.3, 7.7, 2, and 5 wt%, respectively. Then the samples were dried at room temperature for 24 hrs and heated at 60 °C or 80 °C for 12 hrs. The geopolymer concrete with the best characteristics was obtained with a composition of 40 wt% bentonites and 45 wt% palm shell ash by heating at 80 °C. This specimen has a compressive strength of 11.94 MPa with a density of 2.42 g/cm3, porosity of 8.43%, and absorption of 3.48%. The results have a chemical composition of 55.59% SiO₂, 9.45% Al2O3, and 8.22 Fe2O3 with a dominant quartz phase. Scanning electron microscope photo shows good bonding between particles, and there are no pores formed.