Dissolution Properties Research Articles

Comparative Evaluation of Pulp Dissolution and Smear Layer Removal Properties of Various Herbal Extracts: An in vitro Study

Abstract Introduction: Root canal treatment involves eliminating microorganisms and necrotic tissue through biomechanical debridement and root canal filling to prevent reinfection. Disinfection is enhanced by removing the smear layer, composed of organic and inorganic debris, using irritants like sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for organic dissolution and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for chelation. Despite their efficacy, these agents have limitations, such as cytotoxicity and dentinal erosion. Research into biocompatible alternatives, including herbal extracts and essential oils, shows promise for safer and more effective root canal disinfection. Materials and Methods: Eighty extracted single-rooted premolars were studied for pulp dissolution and smear layer removal. Neem leaf (Group A), orange peel (Group B) and grape seed (Group C) extracts were tested against 3% NaOCl (Group D) for pulp dissolution and 17% EDTA (Group E) for smear layer removal. Pulp dissolution was assessed by weighing specimens before and after immersion in solutions, while smear layer removal was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. Results were statistically analysed. Results: On statistical analysis, NaOCl showed significantly higher pulp dissolution compared to experimental herbal extract at all-time intervals, i.e. 30, 60 and 90 min. On intergroup comparison of smear layer removal scores, 17% EDTA produced significantly higher smear layer removal with a mean score of 0.4 compared to other herbal extracts. Conclusion: Herbal extracts exhibited no significant pulp dissolution at 30, 60 and 90 min compared to NaOCl. Similarly, none of the herbal extracts were comparable to 17% EDTA in smear layer removal efficacy. However, amongst herbal extracts, grape seed showed significantly better smear layer removal than Orange peel extract.

Pharmaceutical Salts: Comprehensive Insights From Fundamental Chemistry to FDA Approvals (2019-2023).

Pharmaceutical salts are a cornerstone in drug development, offering a robust, economical, and industry-friendly option for improving the crucial physicochemical properties of drugs, particularly solubility and dissolution. This review article explores all critical aspects of salt formation, including its importance, the basic chemistry involved, the principles governing counterion selection, the range of counterions used, and the methods for preparing salts along with their advantages and limitations. Additionally, it explores analytical techniques for confirming salt formation and the different approaches various countries adopt in considering new salts as intellectual property. Furthermore, the review sheds light on US FDA-approved salts from 2019 to 2023, providing a unique perspective by analyzing trends in counterion selection observed in FDA-approved salts during this period. Despite the extensive literature on pharmaceutical salts, a comprehensive review addressing all these critical aspects in a single article with a focus on current trends and particularly on US FDA-approved salts from 2019 to 2023 is lacking. This review bridges this gap by thoroughly exploring all mentioned facets of pharmaceutical salts and providing an up-to-date overview.

A Novel Exopolysaccharide Produced by Sphingomonas sp. MT01 and Its Potential Application in Enhanced Oil Recovery.

Sphingan is a crucial exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by Sphingomonas genus bacteria with wide-ranging applications in fields such as food, medicine, and petroleum. In this study, a novel sphingan, named MT gum, was overproduced from the wild-type strain Sphingomonas sp. MT01 at a yield of 25.6 g/L in a 5 L fermenter for 52 h at 35 °C. The MT gum was mainly composed of D-glucose (65.91%) and L-guluronic acid (30.69%), as confirmed by RP-HPLC, with Mw 7.24 × 105 Da. The MT gum exhibited excellent rheology and pseudoplasticity characteristics while maintaining function in high-temperature and high-salinity environments. The viscosity retention rates of MT gum (0.1%, w/v) were 54.06% (80 °C, 50,000 mg/L salinity) and 34.78% (90 °C, 50,000 mg/L salinity), respectively. The apparent viscosity of MT solutions (0.1%, w/v) was much higher than that of welan solutions under the same conditions. The MT gum also had the property of instant dissolution and completely swelled in 40 min. Meanwhile, the MT gum was resistant to 3-10 mg/L Fe2+ in the reservoir conditions, ensuring its application in offshore oil fields. These findings suggested that the biopolymer MT gum produced by the strain MT01 had significant potential in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) of high-temperature and high-salinity oil reservoirs.

Formulation Design of Orally Disintegrating Film Using Two Cellulose Derivatives as a Blend Polymer.

Background/Objectives: Orally disintegrating film (ODF) is prepared using water-soluble polymers as film-forming agents. To improve mechanical and disintegration properties, some polymers need to be blended with others. This study aimed to investigate the utility of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) as blend film-forming components for ODFs. Methods: Placebo ODFs were prepared using polymer mixtures with blend ratios ranging from 20% to 80% HPC with HPMC. Mechanical properties, including tensile strength, elastic modulus, elongation at break, and folding endurance, as well as disintegration times, were evaluated. Additionally, blend films incorporating donepezil hydrochloride (DH) as a model active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) were prepared and assessed to determine their mechanical properties and disintegration behavior. Results: Blend films were successfully formed using HPMC/HPC solutions. The 40/60 and 20/80 HPMC/HPC blends exhibited the lowest mechanical strength and elongation, whereas blends containing more than 40% HPC demonstrated shorter disintegration times. Films with DH were successfully formed, though the addition of DH reduced tensile strength and elongation. The decline in mechanical properties was mitigated in HPMC/HPC blend films. Our results, including DSC and FTIR results, led us to conclude that the HPMC/HPC blend films were micro-immiscible, but they were macro-miscible when the amount of the minor component was sufficiently small. Conclusions: HPMC/HPC blends in appropriate ratios are effective as film-forming polymers for ODFs. The addition of DH impacts the mechanical properties, but the decline is less pronounced when using HPMC/HPC blends.

Improvement of Griseofulvin's Solubility and Dissolving Characteristics using Nano Crystallization

In the present study an attempt has been made to develop nanocrystals of Griseofulvin in order to enhance solubility and dissolution rate by decreasing particle size of drug.The results of compatibility studies by Infrared spectroscopy showed no interaction between the drug and stabilizers.The Griseofulvin nanocrystals were successfully prepared by emulsion solvent diffusion method using different concentrations of stabilizers.The presence of stabilizers made the nanocrystal formulations more stable with increasing drug release.Particle size analyzer used to explore the particle size of Griseofulvin nanocrystals showed a suitable particle size in the range of 80.3nm to 300.6 nm.The polydispersity index of selected nanocrystal formulations(F3C, F3D, F3E, F4D, and F4E) was less than 0.5, which indicated a narrow size distribution of particles. Zeta potential value of Griseofulvin nanocrystals showed a negative surface charge (-19.7mV to -24.7mV). In vitro release study of all the formulations were showed a increased drug release with increase in concentration of different stabilizers. Dissolution rate of all the formulations were improved when compared to pure drug. On the basis of drug release data F3C, F3D, F3E, F4D, and F4E showed a good release profile with more than 80% in 2 hours. The solubility of selected formulations (F3C, F3D, F3E, F4D, and F4E) in phosphate buffer pH(6.8) increased ten folds when compared to pure drug. SEM studies confirmed the morphology of the nanocrystal formulations. The crystalline state of the nanocrystal formulation was not altered according to the XRPD analysis. it was concluded that nanocrystallization was a good approach to enhance the dissolution property of Griseofulvin by emulsion solvent diffusion method. The solubility and in vitro dissolution studies suggested that the nanocrystal formulations can improve the bioavailability of the Griseofulvin by improving its solubility and dissolution rate when compared to pure drug. Thus nanocrystal drug delivery system can adopted to increase the solubility and dissolution rate of poorly soluble drug like Griseofulvin to enhance their bioavailability.

Ashwagandha: Optimizing the Extraction and Electrospun Nanofiber Production.

Background/Objectives: This study explores the development of electrospun nanofibers incorporating bioactive compounds from Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) root extract, focusing on optimizing extraction conditions and nanofiber composition to maximize biological activity and application potential. Methods: Using the Design of Experiment (DoE) approach, optimal extraction parameters were identified as 80% methanol, 70 °C, and 60 min, yielding high levels of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. Methanol concentration emerged as the critical factor influencing phytochemical properties. Electrospinning technology was employed to produce nanofibers using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) as carriers, ensuring encapsulation, stabilization, and an enhanced bioavailability of the active compounds. Results: Nanofibers demonstrated a high surface-to-volume ratio, rapid dissolution, and significant mucoadhesive properties, making them suitable for oral mucosal applications. The optimal nanofiber composition was determined to be 2.5 mL extract, 25% PVP, and an extract-to-HPβCD ratio of 1:0.6. Statistical modeling confirmed that the electrospinning process did not compromise the antioxidant or anti-inflammatory properties of the extract, with extract content being the primary determinant of biological activity. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential of integrating advanced extraction techniques with nanotechnology to develop innovative delivery systems for traditional herbal remedies. The developed nanofibers offer promising applications in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and functional foods, paving the way for a scalable and efficient utilization of Ashwagandha bioactives.

Salt formation of cabozantinib with hydrochloric and hydrobromic acids- influence on in-vitro dissolution behavior and food effect

The aim of this study was to prepare stable novel crystalline salts of cabozantinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor used to treat medullary thyroid cancer, to improve its dissolution properties and...

Coal-bearing kaolinite-based plant growth-promoting fertilizer with integrated slow-release and water-retention properties.

The development of ecological fertilizers has become crucial in modern agriculture due to the increasing global population and diminishing arable land resources. Herein, a plant growth-promoting fertilizer (UKS) with dual functions of slow-release and water-retention was prepared by combining liquid-phase intercalation method and crosslinking gel method. The physicochemical properties of UKS were analyzed and its dissolution, slow-release, and water-retention properties were systematically evaluated. The intercalation ratio was able to reach 53.3% after intercalation for 5days, exhibiting the slow-release potential of nitrogen fertilizer. The incorporation of sodium alginate improved the mechanical strength of the frame structure and effectively enhanced the water retention and slow-release properties of the fertilizer. Moreover, the cultivation experiments had shown that UKS can promote the growth of crops' leaves and roots, as evidenced by the fact that the length of them reached 9.8cm and 5.4cm, representing a respective growth of 16.8% and 16.9%, respectively. This strategy delivers a new approach for the development of eco-friendly agricultural fertilizers, and also provides a potential way to use coal-based solid waste for ecological restoration nearby.

Formulation of minitablets with personalised dissolution profile by fluid-bed granulation of drug nanosuspensions

Transforming poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) into a nanoparticulate form is a proven way of improving their dissolution characteristics. The preparation of API nanosuspensions is commonly achieved by wet-stirred media milling. The challenge lies in converting the nanosuspension into a solid dosage form without compromising its re-dispersibility. In the present work, an API nanosuspension was combined with additional excipients and used as abinder in fluid-bed granulation to obtain granules with systematically varying dissolution properties. Specifically, polymeric excipients (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose grade E5 and polyvinylpyrrolidone grade K30) were used in the nanosuspension binder to granulate microcrystalline cellulose or Pearlitol CR-H substrate. The resulting granules were used as feed material to prepare minitablets whose combination enabled the formation of multi-unit dosage form (MUDF) capsules with tuneable drug release profiles, paving the way to rational design and manufacturing of precision medicines.

Stabilizing effect of HP-β-CD on infliximab in liquid formulations and a solid formulation produced by electrospinning.

The development of stable biopharmaceutical formulations, such as monoclonal antibodies, poses a great challenge in the pharmaceutical industry. This study investigated the stabilizing effect of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) in liquid and solid formulations of infliximab during processing and storage. The solid formulation was produced by a scaled-up high-speed electrospinning method, resulting in a product suitable for reconstitution with excellent dissolution properties. Liquid formulations contained exclusively HP-β-CD as a stabilizing excipient at different concentrations. Both types of formulations were stored under various conditions for up to 6 months, and infliximab stability was compared based on monomer recovery and the analysis of fragments and aggregates. The solid formulation stored at low (-18 °C, 4 °C) temperatures and lower humidity conditions show the most promising results. Moreover, the monomer loss was less than 10 % even at room temperature storage after 2 months, indicating a potentially good temperature tolerance. Increasing HP-β-CD content in liquid formulations significantly improved the long-term stability of infliximab while enhancing protection against mechanical stress. Furthermore, to better understand the stabilizing mechanism of HP-β-CD on infliximab, the molecular interactions were investigated by bio-layer interferometry and isothermal titration calorimetry methods. The experiments proved that the presence of HP-β-CD decreased infliximab self-interaction, correlating with the aggregation-suppressing effect of HP-β-CD observed during the stress- and long-term stability studies. The results demonstrate the potential of HP-β-CD as a stabilizing excipient in liquid and solid formulations of infliximab.

Physical isolation strategy in multi-layer self-nanoemulsifying pellets: Improving dissolution and drug loading efficiency of ramipril.

Liquid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) face challenges related to stability, handling, and storage. In particular, lipophilic and unstable drugs, such as ramipril (RMP) and thymoquinone (THQ), face challenges in oral administration due to poor aqueous solubility and chemical instability. This study aimed to develop and optimize multi-layer self-nanoemulsifying pellets (ML-SNEP) to enhance the stability and dissolution of ramipril (RMP) and thymoquinone (THQ). Liquid SNEDDS containing RMP and black seed oil (as a natural source of THQ) were prepared and characterized. The fluid-bed coating process was optimized by evaluating critical parameters such as inlet temperature, product temperature, air flow rate, atomizing air pressure, spray rate, and column height. Single-layer (SL-SNEP) and multi-layer (ML-SNEP) self-nanoemulsifying pellets were developed by applying various functional layers onto nonpareil sugar spheres. The pellets were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and in vitro dissolution studies. Optimized fluid-bed coating parameters resulted in high coating recovery (>80%) and excellent mono-pellet percentages (≥97%). SEM analysis revealed well-defined, completely solidified layers in ML-SNEP. DSC and XRD studies suggested RMP amorphization. In vitro dissolution studies showed >86% RMP and THQ release within 60 minutes for both SL-SNEP and ML-SNEP. The physical isolation strategy significantly improved drug loading efficiency, with ML-SNEP showing 109% RMP loading efficiency compared to 55% in SL-SNEP. The addition of moisture sealing and anti-adherent layers had no negative impact on drug release, with SNEP-5L (including the anti-adherent layer) showing higher dissolution efficiency for both RMP and THQ. This study successfully developed and optimized ML-SNEP as a novel approach for enhancing the stability and release of RMP and THQ. The physical isolation strategy was a key approach in enhancing drug loading efficiency while preserving the advantageous dissolution properties of liquid SNEDDS. This approach offers valuable insights for developing advanced oral drug delivery systems for poorly water-soluble and labile drugs.

Dissolution Properties Of Energetic Materials In The Environmentally Friendly Solvent Cyrene

ABSTRACT The solubility of these materials in Cyrene was determined through the laser dynamic method. Experimental results indicate that the solubility order of the four energetic materials is as follows: x Fox < x HMX < x RDX < x CL − 20 . Furthermore, at 353.15 K, 100 ml of Cyrene can dissolve 36 g of CL-20. The solubilities of FOX-7, HMX, RDX, and CL-20 agree with the Apelblat and Yaws empirical equations. For the four energetic materials studied in the experiment, Gaussian software analysis revealed that solubility increases proportionally with structural similarity when there is a small difference in dipole moments between the solvent and solute. The XRD and DSC analysis confirm that the crystal structure of the Cyrene samples aligns with the raw materials.

Release and Disintegration Properties of Poly(lactic Acid) Films with Allyl Isothiocyanate-β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes for Active Food Packaging.

This study aimed to enhance the properties and compostability of active poly(lactic acid) (PLA) films by incorporating β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) inclusion complexes with allyl isothiocyanate (AITC). Films were prepared using melt extrusion and characterized based on their structural, chemical, morphological, thermal, and barrier properties. These inclusion complexes improved the thermal stability and moisture absorption of films, enhancing disintegration under composting conditions. The release of AITC in the vapor phase was responsive to relative humidity, maintaining the antimicrobial functionality at low values and releasing effectively at higher humidity levels, with a maximum release at 100%. Incorporating 5% and 10% β-CD:AITC complexes accelerated disintegration under composting conditions, reducing the time by 5 days for disintegration compared to pure PLA, achieving up to 90% in 23 days. These results, with a general improvement in functional properties, suggest that PLA films with β-CD:AITC are promising for developing sustainable, biodegradable antimicrobial packaging solutions for food applications.

Differences in plant availability of phosphorus and potassium in pelletized and granulated biochar for an Andisol

AbstractBiochar will be broken into tiny pieces for processes of production, transportation, and application, which causes dust emissions for those processes. Particulate matter (PM) released from biochar may have negative effects on human health and increase the atmospheric burden of shortwave absorbing black carbon aerosols. Pelletizing feedstock before the thermochemical conversion is expected to reduce the emission of PM in the processing and post-processing phases. Effects of application of pelletized biochar, produced from broiler manure at different pyrolysis temperatures, into an Andisol on soil physicochemical properties and crop yields have been investigated in this study. Effects of pelletizing and pyrolysis temperatures (400, 600, and 800 °C) on dissolution properties and soil physicochemical properties were completely different between phosphorus and potassium. Pelletized broiler manure–derived biochar can be used as fast-release potassium fertilizer regardless of pyrolysis temperatures. In contrast, the extraction pattern of phosphorus contained in the biochar significantly differed by pelletizing and pyrolysis temperatures. Plant dry yields and phosphorus uptakes in soils amended with granulated broiler manure-derived biochar were significantly higher than those in soils amended with pelletized broiler manure-derived biochar (e.g., 3.4 times larger in 800 °C). This result suggests that the breakdown of pelletized biochar into granulated biochar could improve interaction between phosphorus contained in biochar and roots. Pelletized biochar will be transformed into granulated biochar through the freeze–thaw cycle, dry–wet cycle, and rotary tillage over the long term. Therefore, pelletized biochar derived from broiler manure at higher pyrolysis temperatures can be novel phosphorus-supplying amendments over the long term. Graphical abstract

A Review on Application of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as Biocide, Problems of Administration, and Improved Delivery Techniques

The incorporation of nanoparticles is trending in a wide range of applications for its antimicrobial properties. The antimicrobial properties, potency, and risk of ZnO nanoparticle have been assessed and justified for its efficacy in different applications. However, there is an existing gap between lab scale and on-site usage due to colloidal stability of the nanoparticles. Despite exhibiting antimicrobial properties under controlled laboratory condition, sensitivity of nanoparticles to ambient condition might reduce or negate its potency under different administered conditions. It is envisaged that encapsulation of zinc oxide nanoparticle shall improve its stability and enhance its performance as biocide. This review paper delves into the attack mechanism of ZnO nanoparticles against different bacteria, fungus, and viruses. In addition, dissolution properties and colloidal stability of nanoparticles, flaws with direct administration of nanoparticles in solid particles form and the current trend in delivery of ZnO nanoparticles were discussed to emphasize the importance of material preservation for performance maximization.

Experimental study on crack repair materials for masonry ancient building based on skeleton effect

In order to obtain “repair the old as the old” ancient building crack repair materials and cracks on both sides of the wall does not produce internal stress and secondary damage, this study uses acrylamide as the core gelling material, brick powder as the force transmitting skeleton of the hydrogel material modification, the preparation of the brick powder hydrogel. The dry density, modulus of elasticity, compressive strength, toughness and dissolution properties of hydrogels with different grey brick powder admixtures were tested. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to reveal the binding mechanism in the microstructure of acrylamide hydrogel modified with brick powder. The results show that the grey brick powder particles can be embedded in the three-dimensional network structure of the hydrogel in a more complete way, which effectively improves the mechanical properties and swelling properties of the hydrogel itself; With the increase in the proportion of brick powder, the dry density, compressive strength, toughness of the brick powder hydrogel were significantly increased, and the equilibrium swelling was significantly reduced, when the proportion of 70 % of compressive strength increased by 2998.06 %, toughness increased by 2250.03 %, and the equilibrium swelling was reduced by 716.12 %. Brick powder hydrogel performance and color meet the requirements of crack repair in masonry ancient building.

Breaking barriers: enhancing solubility and dissolution of efonidipine using co-amorphous formulations.

The study aims to enhance the solubility and dissolution characteristics of efonidipine hydrochloride ethanolate (EFD), an antihypertensive drug, through the co-amorphous approach. Hypertension is a prevalent chronic condition characterized by consistently elevated blood pressure. Efonidipine, a BCS class II drug, has high permeability but low solubility, limiting its therapeutic effectiveness. Amorphization, which disrupts the crystal lattice of crystalline medications, can significantly enhance drug solubility and dissolution rates. Co-amorphous systems of EFD were prepared using solvent evaporation, ball milling, and liquid-assisted grinding methods. The drug and co-former were used in a different ratio, a stoichiometric proportion known for forming stable amorphous phases. The in vitro dissolution of the co-amorphous form was evaluated and compared with the pure crystalline form of EFD. The co-amorphous system of EFD with benzoic acid demonstrated significantly higher dissolution rates in vitro compared to the pure drug. PXRD analysis confirmed the transformation from a crystalline to an amorphous state, indicated by the disappearance of sharp peaks characteristic of the crystalline form. The resultant co-amorphous system exhibited dissolution properties. The co-amorphous approach effectively improved the solubility and dissolution of efonidipine hydrochloride ethanolate. Benzoic acid, as a co-former, facilitated the formation of a stable amorphous phase, thereby enhancing the drug's dissolution rate. The developed a co-amorphous system of EFD with benzoic acid, significantly enhancing its dissolution characteristics. PXRD analysis confirmed the amorphous nature and improved stability of the co-amorphous form, indicating its potential for better therapeutic efficacy in hypertension management.

Regulating Molybdenum Dissolution through Controlled Oxide Phase Formation in CMP with Catalytic Oxidation

Molybdenum (Mo) is a promising candidate for replacing tungsten in next-generation semiconductor processes due to its lower electrical resistivity and superior gap-filling capabilities. Despite its properties, the high dissolution of Mo during chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) leads to surface deterioration and device failure, limiting its practical application.Mo CMP, like other metal CMP, uses hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to form and then remove metal oxide layers. However, H2O2 is a strong oxidant at a commonly used pH, and thus soluble Mo (Ⅵ) oxide (i.e., MoO3) formation cannot be avoided. One of Mo's oxides, MoO3, has a solubility of 4.9-70 g/L at room temperature, and Mo film reacts with H2O2 to form it in a chain. Excessive oxidation of Mo results in defects such as Mo dissolution and local corrosion during the CMP process, affecting the performance and reliability of the device.We control the formation of Mo oxide phases, affecting the dissolution properties of Mo, by modulating the activity of the oxidant and catalyst. Catalytic oxidation with Fe ion catalyst and H2O2 oxidant promotes the formation of the insoluble MoO2 and Mo2O5 phases while reducing the formation of the soluble MoO3 phase. With catalytic oxidation facilitated by Fe ions, during CMP, the removal rate of Mo increased from 780 to 1500 Å/min, and the dissolution rate decreased from 636 to 57 Å/min. In addition, surface roughness (Rq) also decreased from 3.38 to 0.35 nm. These results indicate that the improvement in Mo CMP performances could be achieved by employing Fe ions in catalytic oxidation.

The preparation and evaluation of granulated chitosan-catechin tablets with excellent disintegration properties

In this study, we prepared granulated chitosan (G-CS)/catechin tablets with excellent disintegration properties. We then compared their physical properties, dissolution behavior, and pharmacokinetic profile to non-granulated chitosan (N-CS)/catechin tablets. During the tableting process, the G-CS/catechin tablets demonstrated significantly higher compatibility and superior manufacturability, as evidenced by lower ejection and detachment stress than the N-CS/catechin tablets. This resulted in more robust tablets with better physical properties. The dissolution of catechin from the G-CS/catechin tablets occurred significantly faster than from the N-CS/catechin tablets, resulting in a significantly higher 2,2′-azino-bis(3 ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging capacity. Similarly, the primary catechin components of the tablets, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and caffeine, showed faster dissolution and membrane uptake from the G-CS/catechin tablets. These indicate a more efficient tablet formulation than N-CS/catechin tablets. Furthermore, the absorption and bioavailability of EGCG and caffeine in rats were significantly higher after oral administration of the G-CS/catechin tablets than the N-CS/catechin tablets. These findings suggest that G-CS/catechin tablets, having better disintegration properties than N-CS/catechin tablets, could allow for combination with other supplements, leading to the design of highly efficient supplement combination tablets.

Cuminaldehyde in Combination with Ciprofloxacin Shows Antibiofilm Activity against Clinical Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A Study to Explore the Underlying Mechanism

Pseudomonas aeruginosa poses a serious threat in healthcare settings. This bacterium can develop resistance to many antibiotics, rendering even last-resort treatments ineffective. Additionally, it forms protective biofilms that shield it from the immune system, making infection treatment challenging. This study investigated the susceptibility of five clinically isolated strains of the test bacteria to a combination of ciprofloxacin and cuminaldehyde. Cuminaldehyde (a natural phytochemical) and ciprofloxacin (an antibiotic) were separately found to show antimicrobial effect against test organism. However, the combination of selected compounds showed an additive effect in their microbial growth inhibitory activity. The mentioned compounds at their sub-MIC doses subjected to test whether they could show any extent of biofilm inhibition or disintegration property against the clinical strains of P. aeruginosa. The chosen concentrations of the compounds demonstrated significant antibiofilm activity against all the tested clinical strains. Additionally, it was observed that the compounds not only accumulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also enhanced the cell membrane permeability of the clinical strains. These findings suggest that the combination of ciprofloxacin and cuminaldehyde could explore new directions in fighting P. aeruginosa-linked infections.