Properties Of Binders Research Articles

Prediction of the Skid Resistance of Recycled Hot Mix Asphalt Mixture

Typically, the skid resistance of pavement surfaces is used to indicate road safety levels. The initial value and long-term behavior of skid resistance can be reportedly determined by modulating asphalt mixture properties during their mix design process. In this study, a skid-resistance prediction equation for recycled asphalt concrete was formulated based on ANOVA test results. An accelerated polishing device was used to replicate the abrasion encountered by road surfaces owing to vehicle–tire interactions for characterizing the skid resistance of recycled asphalt concrete. Notably, key parameters, including initial and terminal values and reduction rate of skid resistance induced by vehicle-related abrasion, were determined. These findings suggest that the initial values and reduction rate of skid resistance can be estimated from the mixed binder properties and initial MTD value. However, the final/terminal skid resistance predicted using aggregate gradations has a limited degree of confidence. To further improve the accuracy of the prediction equation, additional data collection and validation tests are required. In addition, field tests using recycled asphalt concrete are necessary to refine the accuracy and precision of the prediction equations for practical road construction scenarios. This study represents a significant step toward the development of safe and effective road infrastructure.

Evaluation of asphalt binder and mixture properties utilizing fish scale powder as a biomodifier

Fish represents an abundant and underutilized waste product from the fishing industry. This study investigated the effects of incorporating fish scale powder (FSP) at various dosages (3%, 6%, 9%, and 12%) on the properties of asphalt binder and mixtures. Conventional tests, viscosity, storage stability, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and multiple stress creep recovery tests were conducted on the binder. Mix design, wheel tracking, indirect tensile strength, fatigue, and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests were evaluated for the asphalt mixtures. The results showed that FSP increased the binder’s stiffness and reduced the temperature susceptibility but compromised the low-temperature performance and workability regardless of the dosages. The storage stability test results demonstrated the improved high-temperature storage stability. In the mixtures, the permanent deformation resistance enhanced with increasing the FSP content, decreasing the rut depth from 4.3 mm for the control sample to 2.9 mm at 12% FSP. The moisture damage resistance, indicated by the tensile strength ratio, increased from 90% for the control sample to 94.1% at 12% FSP. However, the fatigue life decreased from 14010 cycles for the control sample to 11190 cycles at 12% FSP. The dynamic and elastic modulus values before conditioning increased with higher FSP dosages, and this increasing trend was also observed after conditioning, signifying greater stiffness retention and moisture resistance of the asphalt mixtures containing higher amounts of FSP. Numerically, the 6–9% FSP range offered the optimum balance, improving the rutting resistance by 18% and the moisture resistance by 3.2% compared to those of the control sample, while limiting the fatigue life to 12% and maintaining the workability. Overall, FSP has potential for use as an asphalt biomodifier by transforming an environmental liability into a value-added sustainable paving material.

Development of bentonite-based organo-geopolymer hybrid wood binder

The study addresses concerns associated with formaldehyde-based adhesives in wood panel board production by proposing geopolymer-based wood binders as promising, formaldehyde-free alternatives. Using bentonite, the research delves into the development and performance properties of this geopolymer wood binder. The BET method was employed for the surface characterization of precursor raw materials for binder preparation. Si and Al elements identified through XRF analysis were correlated with characteristic bands in the FTIR spectrum. Alkaline activation solutions, employing sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide with a molar ratio range of 0.5 to 2.5 (SiO2:Na2O), revealed that binders with a molar ratio of 2.5 exhibited lower pH and higher adhesion strength. Different geopolymer formulations at solution to powder ratios (s/p) of 1.33, 3, and 3.5 determined s/p 3.5 as optimal for bentonite-based organo-geopolymer binders. Viscosity, gel time, pH, and solids content were examined, showing the effectiveness of substituting 10% silica fume to enhance the geopolymerization process and improve adhesion. Modifications using citric acid, sucrose, paraffin, pMDI, triacetin, and resorcinol demonstrated wet bonding strength comparable to urea formaldehyde adhesive. Analytical techniques, including FTIR spectroscopy, XRD analysis, and SEM EDX analysis, provided insights into functional groups, crystallographic properties, and microstructural characteristics. The concentration of Si and Al compounds on the bonding line, coupled with Na element diffusion, was observed through these analyses. Light microscopy of lap shear samples revealed a thinner bonding line, affirming effective binder penetration into wood cell lumens in bentonite-based organo-geopolymer binder formulations.

Polymeric Binders Used in Lithium Ion Batteries: Actualities, Strategies and Trends

AbstractPolymeric binders account for only a small part of the electrodes in lithium‐ion batteries, but contribute an important role of adhesion and cohesion in the electrodes during charge/discharge processes to maintain the integrity of the electrode structure. Therefore, polymeric binders have become one of the key materials to improve the charge/discharge properties of lithium‐ion batteries. Qualified polymer binders should not only require good bond strength, mechanical properties, conductivity, chemical functionality and processing performance, but also be environmentally friendly and low cost. The existing commercial polymeric binders cannot meet all the above requirements at the same time. This is a hot research area that researchers are keen to focus on, and it is hoped that through structural design, the matching of functional groups can meet the requirements of high‐capacity lithium‐ion batteries with long cycle life. Focusing on the structural design of polymer binders, the mechanism of interaction with electrode materials, and the functional properties of polymer binders, this review summarizes the polymer binders used in the cathode and anode in recent years. It could expect that this review can inspire a deep consideration on these critical issues, paving new pathways to improve comprehensive performance of polymer binders.

Intelligent Stress‐Adaptive Binder Enabled by Shear‐Thickening Property for Silicon Electrodes of Lithium‐Ion Batteries

AbstractElastic binders with supramolecular interactions are widely explored to mitigate the stress caused by the volume expansion of electrode materials, such as Si, S, or Li metals, in next‐generation secondary batteries. Herein, a new class of elastic binders is proposed with an automatic stress‐control mechanism capable of responding in real time to dynamic local stress variations. Specifically, this study focuses on the shear‐thickening behavior, wherein polymers automatically amplify their viscoelasticity in response to local shear‐stress changes. To realize an intelligent stress‐adaptive binder, starch analogs exhibiting shear‐thickening properties and unique crystallinity are employed as binders for highly expandable Si anodes. The shear‐thickening mechanism is comprehensively investigated using deep‐learning‐based molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, which determines the optimal conditions for effectively limiting dynamic local surface expansion. Among the starch analogs, the amylose and long‐chain amylopectin (AMLAP) binder demonstrates improved high‐rate capability (1710 mAh g−1 at 5 C) and superior reversible capacity (2025 and 1493 mAh g−1 after 100 and 500 cycles, respectively, at 1 C) with optimal shear‐thickening properties. Furthermore, AMLAP exhibits favorable characteristics for affordable large‐scale production. Hence, this study clearly demonstrates that the shear‐thickening properties of binders can be considered a new factor in fabricating stable electrodes with extremely expandable materials.

Optimisation of composition and strength properties of slag-alkali binders based on fuel slags

Optimisation of composition and strength properties of slag-alkali binders based on fuel slags

Effects of the geometric characteristics of graphene nanoplatelets on the physico-rheological properties of asphalt binder

While graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) have emerged as promising nano-modifiers of asphalt binder in recent years, much is still unknown in terms of the existing correlations between the physical, chemical, and geometric characteristics of this nanofiller and observed asphalt binder properties. In this work, we investigate the important correlation between the geometric characteristics of GnPs and the rheological properties of the GnP-modified asphalt binder at high temperatures. Our results indicate that, in general, incorporating GnPs with large mean particle diameters (> 14 μm) and thicknesses (> 8 nm) enhances the high-temperature performance of the asphalt binder. The results of the multiple stress creep and recovery tests confirm that including GnPs in asphalt binder can decrease its permanent deformation by 33.2% and enhance its elastic recovery by 53.9%. Phase contrast images obtained by atomic force microscopy further indicate that the presence of GnPs with large mean particle diameters alters the morphology of the asphalt binder, leading to improved temperature stability and less susceptibility to permanent deformation.

Effects of Waste Lubricant Oil on Rheological Properties of Asphalt Binders: Implications for Sustainable Asphalt Mixture Production

Reusing waste lubricant oil as an environmentally-friendly alternative for disposal and transforming it into a value-added product is a promising solution. This study aimed to evaluate the rheological properties of asphalt binder (PG 64-XX) modified with waste hydraulic oil. Two levels of oil content, 3% and 5% by weight of the base binder, were added. Physical and rheological tests, including penetration, softening point, rotational viscosity, and performance grade (PG) tests, were conducted before and after subjecting the samples to the Rolling Thin Film Oven (RTFO), multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR), linear amplitude sweep (LAS), and master curve procedures. Results showed that the addition of oil decreased the stiffness of the base binder, makingit more susceptible to premature cracking and instability. However, the mixture and compaction temperatures decreased with the oil addition. Overall, considering the investigated oil contents, the asphalt binders modified with waste hydraulic oil did not exhibit satisfactory performance. It is hypothesized that incorporating residual hydraulic oil in recovered asphalt binders may yield more favorable results.

Asphalt pyro-rejuvenators based on waste tyres: An approach to improve the rheological and self-healing properties of aged binders

Waste Tyres (WT) are a significant fraction of industrial waste and a source of environmental hazards with limited valorisation. To reduce this problem, currently there is a growing interest in valuing the WT through pyrolysis to obtain multifunctional liquids to improve the rheological and self-healing properties of aged binders. This research provides a comprehensive study on using WT mixtures as precursors for asphalt rejuvenators by means of pyrolysis and distillation processes. To this end, WT polymeric fractions from light (WT-L) and mining trucks (WT-M) were used as feedstock and characterised for compositional and thermal properties. Additionally, micropyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) was used to identify the major products in pyrolysis vapours, to elucidate the reaction maps describing thermal degradation of WTs and to predict the feasible reaction conditions. The pyrolysis liquids were produced after a screening of reaction conditions and subjected to distillation, following a response surface model to produce an optimised pyro-rejuvenator. The results showed that the pyrolytic rejuvenator obtained through pyrolysis at 465 °C and distillation cutting at 160–200 °C is mainly composed of hydrocarbons and aromatic substances (95.5%), with a significant proportion of limonene (33.71%). Furthermore, the pyrolytic rejuvenator exhibited highly desirable physical properties in the context of its application and excellent oxidative stability (85.7%). Otherwise, it was determined that bitumen mixtures with 3%–6% doses of pyro-rejuvenator improved the viscosity, softening point, and penetration of aged binders, restoring their physical properties to the virgin state. In conclusion, pyro-rejuvenators can be successfully used as a promising solution to produce more durable and sustainable pavements with improved rheological and healing properties.

Effects of non-linearity and thixotropy in linear amplitude sweep testing for the evaluation of self-healing of bituminous binders

Linear amplitude sweep tests have been demonstrated to have good potential in being used for the evaluation of self-healing properties of neat and polymer-modified bituminous binders. Past research works, however, have neglected the effects of material non-linearity and thixotropy. This implies that the whole material integrity loss is attributed to damage and all restoration to self-healing, thus resulting in the possible overestimate of both damage and self-healing when evaluating the fatigue performance of materials. In the study described in this paper, specific experimental and analytical methods were adopted with the purpose of separating non-linearity and thixotropy in LAS healing tests. Non-linearity was assessed by means of multiple strain sweep tests carried out to determine the material non-linear viscoelastic moduli at specific testing temperatures. Thixotropy was considered by coupling self-healing LAS testing with a purposely defined test in which loading was applied to the undamaged material after a rest period equal to that applied in self-healing tests. Obtained results were processed by means of an analytical approach based on the simplified viscoelastic continuum damage model. Quantification of self-healing included the determination of material integrity and damage parameters recovered after the rest period. Such parameters, calculated by excluding time-dependent and non-linear biasing effects, can be used as straightforward indicators of the self-healing potential of neat and polymer-modified bituminous binders. Moreover, obtained results substantiate the concept that time–temperature superposition is still applicable when non-linearity is incorporated into the simplified viscoelastic continuum damage model.

Influences of soy agent rejuvenator on the performance of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) properties

The paving industry has had extraordinary accomplishments with reusing Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) in road construction in recent decades. This study presents the influences of using a soy-agent rejuvenator on the extracted aged binder from RAP material. The test method practices include major binder properties such as viscosity, stiffness, and physicochemicals. Different percentages of the soy agent have been used as additives to the reclaimed binder. Based on the analysis results, 10% of soy agent to binder by weight will be the optimal percentage of soy agent for improving the mechanical properties of the rejuvenated asphalt binder for RAP.

Phenomenological modeling of aging and rejuvenation on asphalt binder fatigue characteristics

Recycling agents (RAs) have been explored as additives to enhance the properties of recycled asphalt binders. Despite extensive research on RAs, a critical knowledge gap exists regarding their impact on fatigue cracking of asphalt binders, especially considering the aging processes. This study aims to comprehensively investigate the effects of recycling agents on the fatigue properties of asphalt binders, with a specific focus on the influence of aging and rejuvenation. The current Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS) test analysis procedure is utilized to assess the fatigue properties, and the efficacy of existing LAS test-based indices is evaluated. Furthermore, a novel index based on the simplified viscoelastic continuum damage (S-VECD) theory framework is proposed to monitor changes in fatigue properties with aging and rejuvenation. A total of 26 recycled binder blends are studied and the results demonstrate that the proposed index consistently tracks the effects of aging and rejuvenation in recycled binder blends containing recycling agents. Additionally, cross-scale assessments are conducted by correlating the proposed index with mixture performance, specifically the Indirect Tensile-Cracking Test parameter (CTindex). The findings indicate that the proposed index exhibits a correlation with the CTindex after 1-day Long Term Aging testing and effectively captures the aging sensitivity across different scales.

Adhesive and alloying properties of dual purpose polyfurfuryl alcohol binder for binder jet additive manufacturing of steel

In-situ alloying in steel can be achieved in the binder jet additive manufacturing process by incorporating alloying elements into the binder. However, using binders with nanoparticle suspensions often leads to challenges with particle dispersion uniformity and nozzle clogging. To circumvent these limitations, we investigated the feasibility of using a particle-free binder based on poly(furfuryl alcohol) (PFA) for binder jet 3D printing of steel. The PFA binder serves dual purposes – (i) imparting structural integrity to the as-printed green part and (ii) providing carbon upon pyrolysis to alloy the printed iron parts into steel. The PFA binder was first dispensed layer-by-layer into a low alloy steel powder bed to produce green parts with a storage modulus of 3360 MPa and a compressive strength of up to 9 MPa. Compared to the control, a commercial carbon binder ink, the present particle-free PFA formulation offered better green part rigidity (+18%) and strength (+18.5%) for the same amount of carbon alloying. The green parts were then subjected to debinding and sintering to consolidate the steel powder particles. During vacuum sintering, the PFA was pyrolyzed and left behind a carbon residue which diffused into the steel part to form a hard and strong ferrite-carbide aggregate phase that significantly enhanced the hardness, yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the sintered steel parts. Furthermore, by varying the amount of this particle-free binder formulation at different locations, components with site-specific microstructures and mechanical responses, confirmed through hardness tests and digital image correlation, were also demonstrated.

Effect of Short- and Long-Term Aging on the Rheological and Chemical Properties of Asphalt Binders Modified with Different Technologies

Effect of Short- and Long-Term Aging on the Rheological and Chemical Properties of Asphalt Binders Modified with Different Technologies

RMPD-22-12-09.R3 - Improvement in rheological properties of polymer-modified asphalt binder through sulfur addition using traditional and advanced analyses

The use of crosslinking agents, particularly sulfur, addresses compatibility issues in Polymer-modified binders (PmB), impacting storage stability and rheological properties. Through comprehensive rheological assessments, including Superpave grading and advanced techniques such as Glover-Rowe, master curves, Arrhenius and Power-law models, this study aimed to provide a deeper understanding of the role of sulfur as a crosslinking agent between asphalt and styrene-butadiene copolymer (SB), investigating its influence on the durability and performance of the asphalt binder. Results show sulfur levels up to 0.3%, enhanced PmB's elasticity, resistance to shear deformation, rutting, low-temperature cracking, and fatigue, making it suitable for a wider range of climatic conditions and heavier traffic levels. Beyond this threshold, the binder became very stiff and less workable, suggesting the potential onset of gelation. An optimal sulfur content in PmB enhanced compatibility, rheological properties, and overall efficiency of binder modification, potentially reducing polymer modification costs.

Evaluation of waste toner asphalt containing crude palm oil from Congo: Rheological properties, compatibility, self-healing and aging characteristic

This study investigates the impact of bio-based additives on waste toner-modified asphalt binder (WTMA) properties. Congo crude palm oil (CCPO) and waste banknote toner (WT) were chosen as modifiers. Rheological properties, including high-temperature behavior, fatigue resistance, and low-temperature performance, were evaluated using dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and bending beam rheometer (BBR). Storage stability, Aging index, Self-healing, Fluorescence microscopy (FM), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) tests were conducted. Results showed that the CCPO reduces WTMA viscosity, leading to lower mixing and compaction temperatures. However, CCPO inclusion decreases rutting performance, evidenced by reduced rutting factor (G*/sinδ) and % recovery (R), and increase non-recoverable creep compliance (Jnr). Fatigue resistance of CCPO/WT composite-modified asphalt surpasses that of WTMA. Similarly, CCPO/WT composite-modified asphalt exhibits higher resistance to low-temperature cracking. Moreover, CCPO addition reduces phase separation in WTMA, enhancing compatibility. Waste toner improves binder self-healing properties, although CCPO initially impacts WTMA’s self-healing ability negatively. Nevertheless, CCPO/WT composite-modified asphalt demonstrates higher self-healing capability compared to the base asphalt.

Badanie wpływu recyklingowych dodatków z odpadowego oleju silnikowego i oleju roślinnego na właściwości starzonego w laboratorium bitumu

The pavement recycling method is one of the practical ways to integrate sustainable development into transportation infrastructure, and it has been adopted worldwide. The use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in new asphalt highways is limited due to the ageing effects caused by UV damage and weathering on the asphalt binder. To address this issue, waste vegetable oil (WVO) and waste engine oil (WEO) have been proposed as potential rejuvenating agents to enhance the recyclability of pavements containing RAP. This study evaluated the effectiveness of WEO and WVO as chemical rejuvenating agents through various tests on both aged and virgin asphalt binders. The tests included measurements of ductility, fire, and flash points, softening points, and penetration. The results indicate that the addition of WEO and WVO can improve the low-temperature properties of asphalt binders when mixed with RAP, resulting in reduced stiffness. The mixture containing WEO and WVO exhibited improved stability compared to the control, suggesting enhanced flow with increasing waste oil content in comparison to aged binder, albeit with slightly reduced flow compared to the virgin binder. This study demonstrates the potential of WEO and WVO as recycling agents to enhance the performance of bituminous mixes incorporating RAP.

THE EFFECT OF MODIFYING ADDITIVES ON THE PER-FORMANCE PROPERTIES OF SLAG-ALKALI BINDERS AND CONCRETES

The results of the analysis and generalization of research on the problem of using man-made industrial waste for the production of composite slag-alkali binders and concretes based on them are presented. The disposal of industrial man-made waste and their use in the production of composite binders are issues of global importance. Therefore, much attention is paid to this issue in the industrialized countries of the world.The influence of waste products from the enrichment of polymetallic ores – carbonate-barium tailings on the performance properties (strength, water absorption, density, etc.) of composite slag-alkali binders and concretes based on them has been studied. Various methods of introducing modifying additives into the composition of composite slag-alkali binders and concretes based on them have been investigated. The optimal amount of introduction of modifying additives into the composition of composite slag–alkali binders - waste of carbonate-barium tailings and an efficiency indicator for the effect on the activity of concrete, depending on the type of alkaline component and hardening conditions, has been established. The methods of conducting experimental work to determine the operational properties of slag-alkali binders and concretes based on them are presented.

Availability adjusted mix design method as a tool to mitigate the adverse effects of RAP on the performance of asphalt mixtures

The use of high percentages of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in asphalt mixtures offers economic and environmental advantages. However, state agencies place limits on RAP usage to avoid its indiscriminate use without a full understanding of its long-term performance implications. To achieve a more informed and rational use of higher RAP contents, it is essential to quantify recycled binder availability (RBA) and incorporate it into asphalt mixture design. The current design methods often assume complete RBA, leading to less durable mixtures. Standardized mixture design methods fail to rigorously account for the effects of RBA on the volumetric composition of asphalt mixture. Recently, the availability adjusted mixture design (AAMD) method was developed to address these issues by explicitly considering partial RBA in the interpretation of mixture volumetric properties and accounting for the role of RAP agglomerations on aggregate structure. This study tests the hypothesis that the AAMD method can mitigate the adverse performance consequences of RAP through the control of ‘available’ volumetric and effective binder properties. This was achieved by comparing virgin and RAP mixtures designed with similar ‘available’ volumetric properties according to the AAMD method. Additionally, control mixtures with RAP contents ranging from 20 to 35 percent were compared to AAMD mixtures with similar ‘available’ volumetric properties designed with the same RAP content and with 50 percent RAP. The collective results demonstrate that the AAMD method effectively mitigates negative performance consequences of RAP by controlling the ‘available’ volumetric and effective binder properties.

Activation of fluoranhydrite with various chemical additives for the production of gypsum fiberboards

Preliminary studies of fluoranhydrite as a binder showed that on its own it almost does not harden, intervention in the technological process of basic production is almost impossible, so in order to obtain materials it is necessary to develop ways of modifying it to initiate the binder properties or use “acidic” fluoranhydrite before the neutralization stage. In this work the influence of various additives (sodium sulfate and sodium sulfite, potassium sulfate, copper sulfate, iron sulfate crystallohydrate, alumina aluminate, sodium carbonate) on the properties of fluorine hydrite binders produced by neutralization of sour waste from hydrofluoric acid production with an excess of limestone was studied. In this work to obtain dependences of anhydrite binder technological properties on the number of introduced additives and determine the optimal composition of the binder, as well as create mathematical models of the processes under study and their statistical analysis used mathematical planning of the experiment. As the conducted studies showed the speed of setting of products based on anhydrite binder and their strength mainly depend on the temperature of water and its amount for mixing at the optimum dispersity of the binder. The strength of the samples made from the neutralized waste was found to be in the range of 0.5‒1.2 MPa, and the strength of the samples based on the activated anhydrite binder ― in the range of 5.3‒10.7 MPa that corresponds to the parameters of the material suitable for the production of boards.