Proper Temperature Research Articles

Optimization of the Thermal Environment of Large-Scale Open Space with Subzone-Based Temperature Setting Using BEM and CFD Coupling Simulation

A cruise ship, which has large-scale open spaces, has an uneven cabin thermal environment in the cruise public space, leading to overcooling or poor cooling issues. Therefore, optimizing the thermal environment of public spaces during a cruise should be the priority. According to the space functions of the cruise ship, the large public space is divided into three subzones: the entertainment area (Subzone I), the round-table dining area (Subzone II), and the square-table dining area (Subzone III). To create a uniform, stable, and comfortable thermal environment, this study proposes a subzone-based temperature setting approach to independently adjust the thermal environment of each subzone. Coupling simulation of building energy modeling (BEM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was adopted in this study to determine proper temperature setpoints of the subzones under different occupancy rates. The results indicate that, compared with a single-temperature setpoint for the entire public space, the subzone-based temperature setpoints could achieve a uniform thermal environment. The average temperature difference among the three subzones was 0.68 °C. Moreover, the airflow between two adjacent subzones considerably affected the BEM results of energy consumption of the air-conditioning system.

Annealing effect on the crystallinity characteristics of XLPE from High-voltage Cables

The thermal effects during the cable operation brought various changes in cable insulation, strongly affecting the cable’s long-term behavior. In this study, a new and seven-year serviced 110 kV XLPE cable was taken, and the insulation layer was peeled and thermally aged at 115 for various 60, 120, and 180 days. Then, they were annealed at 90 to 115°C with a gap of 5°C, respectively. The gel content and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were measured. The results show that the 60 and 120-day aging tests promote the crystallization of XLPE and show a higher recrystallization point and crystallinity, while the 180 days aging test brought an opposite change. After the annealing process, melting point and crystallinity increase with the increasing annealing temperature. Before they reached the highest values, 60-day-aged peels showed higher the two factors than the fresh peels, with a slight difference to 120-day-aged peels, but 180-day aged showed the lowest values. However, the annealing process results in a lower melting point and crystallinity when the temperature exceeds the optimum point. Finally, it was found that the crystallization characteristics of the aged XLPE peels could be improved if the annealing was done at proper temperatures.

A crosslinked coral-like Co@CoO/RGO nanohybrid structure with good electromagnetic wave absorption performance

The combination of magnetic and dielectric materials followed by appropriate structure design is an effective approach to achieve high electromagnetic wave absorption properties. Here, crosslinked Co@CoO/reduced graphene oxide nanohybrids (CCRGO) were fabricated via a simple three-step method. The experimental results show that compared with previous works, the as-prepared CCRGO nanohybrids achieve higher electromagnetic wave absorption and broader effective bandwidth at a lower filler loading. The electromagnetic parameters and electromagnetic wave absorption performance could be apparently adjusted by controlling the adding content of graphene oxide (GO) and the reduction temperature. Among a series of samples, CCRGO3-650 nanohybrid yields the best electromagnetic wave absorption performance benefiting from the proper GO addition and reduction temperature. At a filler loading of 20 wt%, the maximal reflection loss reaches to −64.67 dB at a thickness of 2.53 mm and the effective bandwidth below −10 dB covers the whole X band at a thickness of 2.51 mm. The good performance may be ascribed to the advantages of the dielectric and magnetic component as well as the special crosslinked structure, which triggers a synergistic absorption mechanism including multiple reflection/scattering, interface polarization, dipole polarization, conductive loss, eddy current loss, exchange resonance in the electromagnetic wave dissipation process. The good electromagnetic wave absorption performance affirms the potential application of CCRGO nanohybrids in the field of stealth materials.

Evaluation and optimization of the performance and efficiency of a hybrid flat plate solar collector integrated with phase change material and heat sink

This study presents an experimental real case study on the performance optimization of a flat plate solar collector (FPSC) by integrating a layer of phase change material (PCM) and a heat sink. The system was tested under the semi-arid climatic conditions of Abha, Saudi Arabia. Based on preliminary experimental testing on conventional FPSCs, the novel composite structure of the PCM material was developed by mixing polyethylene glycol (PEG) and magnesium hydroxide (Mg (OH)2) in an absolute ethanol solution. The PEG/Mg (OH)2 PCM was installed beneath the pipe and had a lower supercooling value, a higher latent heat value, and thermal stable characteristic, thus increasing the thermal performance of the FPSC. The results showed that using a PCM ensured that the collector continued to deliver hot water for a longer period of time. Furthermore, a heat sink was attached to the PCM layer for proper temperature distribution. The results demonstrated that the FPSC equipped with a PCM and heat sink produced hot water for a longer period of time in the evening while having a lower output temperature in the morning. Also, the average daily FPSC thermal efficiency was enhanced by 6–8% by adding only PEG/Mg (OH)2 PCM as compared with conventional FPSCs and those with PCMs and heat sinks.

Quantitative evaluation of the natural convection effect on thermal conductivity measurement with transient plane source method

When measuring the thermal conductivity of liquids with transient methods, natural convection occurs inevitably and whether it can be ignored is unknown. The quantitative deviation introduced by natural convection should be revealed clearly to ensure reliable experiment. In this study, the influence of natural convection is quantitatively evaluated in measuring the thermal conductivity of liquids with transient plane source method. By numerically mimicking the transient heat transfer process within liquids, the sensor temperature responses with neglecting and considering natural convection are obtained and used to calculate the corresponding thermal conductivity. The difference between them represents the quantitative influence introduced by natural convection. The effects of sensor orientation, heating time and heating power are compared for lead-bismuth eutectic alloy, GaInSn alloy, deionized water, molten salt, glycerol and cupric sulfate. Experiments are performed to verify the simulation. It is found that for the liquids with lower Prandtl number (<10), the thermal conductivity measured by horizontally placed sensor is more precise than that by vertically placed sensor. On the contrary, the liquids with Prandtl number higher than 1000 are less affected (<1%) by natural convection. Shorter heating time and proper temperature rise magnitude can suppress the influence of natural convection to some extent.

Defect recombination suppression and carrier extraction improvement for efficient CsPbBr3/SnO2 heterojunction photodetectors

Perovskite materials with excellent optical and electronic properties have huge potential in the research field of photodetectors. Constructing heterojunctions and promoting carrier transportation are significant for the development of perovskite-based optoelectronics devices with high performances. Herein, we demonstrated a CsPbBr3/SnO2 heterojunction photodetector and improved the device performances through post-annealing treatment of SnO2 film. The results indicated that the electrical properties of SnO2 films will make an important impact on carrier extraction, especially for type-II heterojunction. As the electrons transfer layer in CsPbBr3/SnO2 type-II heterojunction, defects related to oxygen vacancy should be the key factor to affect carrier concentration, induce carriers’ limitation and recombination rate. Under proper annealing temperature for SnO2 layer, the recombination rate can decrease to 1.37 × 1021 cm3 s and the spectral responsivity will be highly increased. This work can enhance the understanding on the photoresponse of perovskite photodetectors, and will be helpful for the further optimization and design of optoelectronic devices based on the perovskite heterojunction.

Method to delay frost formation under high relative humidity by choosing proper heat exchange temperature difference and air velocity

To delay frost formation and maintain high heat transfer capacity of an evaporator, a closed-loop wind tunnel was designed and constructed to investigate the effect of heat exchange temperature difference (ΔT) and air velocity on frost formation characteristics, refrigerating capacity and water removal of air. The closed-loop wind tunnel provided flowing air at temperature of −18 °C, relative humidity of 85% and velocity from 2 to 5 m/s. During experiment, three obvious stages of frost thickness were found when air initial velocity was 3–5 m/s. With ΔT changing from 7 to 3 °C, the water removal of air through the evaporator decreased by 3–5 times and the high efficient operation time ratio (HETR) increased by 2–3 times. Meanwhile, the average frost mass reduced by about half at any fixed air velocity. When ΔT was 7 °C and air velocity was 2 m/s, the average refrigerating capacity was almost equal to that when ΔT was 3 °C and air velocity was 5 m/s. The combined results showed that smaller ΔT and larger air velocity was useful to forbid frost formation, and to maintain stable high refrigerating capacity and relative humidity.

The role of hydrophobic molecules in the optoelectronical attributes of triple-cation perovskite solar cells

The partial modification of perovskite cations has already been done to stabilize perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this study, Cs/FA/MA triple-cation (3D) perovskite and PTA2PbI4 (2D)/3D perovskite were used as light-absorbing materials in PSCs. Phenyl trimethylammonium iodide (PTAI) was also used as a passivator. It was found that PTAI can serve as an original PTA two-dimensional (2D) cation and as a basis for the formation of 2D/3D heterostructure films. Since an improper post-annealing temperature leads to the uncontrollable degradation of 3D perovskites, this study examines post-annealing at various temperatures to make a 2D perovskite film on a 3D perovskite layer. The proper post-annealing temperature to make a 2D/3D structure was 150 °C exerted for five minutes. Through PTAI post-treatment in these optimum conditions, the morphology of the perovskite layer was improved, which confirms the facilitation of the charge transfer. Indeed, a 2D/3D heterostructure originating from a PTAI solution serves as a film to protect perovskite layer from destruction and improves charge transfer. Therefore, the treatment of perovskite layers, as practiced in this study, can enhances the stability and the efficiency of hole-transport-free PSCs and predispose their industrial production. The efficiency of the optimized device was enhanced for 35 % in comparison to the control samples. The device could also maintain 90 % of its PCE for 177 days.

Realization of Multiple Charge-Density Waves in NbTe2 at the Monolayer Limit.

Layered transition-metal dichalcogenides down to the monolayer (ML) limit provide a fertile platform for exploring charge-density waves (CDWs). Here, we experimentally unveil the richness of the CDW phases in ML-NbTe2 for the first time. Not only the theoretically predicted 4 × 4 and 4 × 1 phases but also two unexpected and phases are realized. For such a complex CDW system, we establish an exhaustive growth phase diagram via systematic efforts in the material synthesis and scanning tunneling microscope characterization. Moreover, the energetically stable phase is the larger-scale order (), which is surprisingly in contradiction to the prior prediction (4 × 4). These findings are confirmed using two different kinetic pathways: i.e., direct growth at proper growth temperatures (T) and low-T growth followed by high-T annealing. Our results provide a comprehensive diagram of the "zoo" of CDW orders in ML-NbTe2.

Effect of Pyrolysis Conditions on the MOFs-Derived Zinc-Based Catalysts in Acetylene Acetoxylation

The preparation method and calcination temperature of metal-organic framework (MOFs)-derived materials are critical factors affecting catalytic performance. In this work, the preparation conditions of MOFS precursors were optimized, and zinc-based catalysts with different activities (MOF5-700, MOF5-750, and MOF5-800) were obtained by pyrolysis of MOFS precursors under nitrogen, which were then applied to an acetylene acetoxylation reaction system. According to the results, the conversion rate of acetic acid under catalysis was significantly different. (MOF5-700 (48%), MOF5-750 (62%), and MOF5-800 (22%)). Comparing the activity of the catalyst with the industrial catalyst Zn(OAc)2/AC (20%), MOF5-750 showed higher activity, and the acetic acid conversion rate remained around 60% after 50 h of stability testing. By characterization analysis, MOFs-derived materials were obtained after proper temperature pyrolysis. They have high mesoporous content, defects, and oxygen-containing functional groups and can maintain a good crystal structure, greatly reducing the loss of active components. This is the main reason for the good performance of the MOF5-750 catalyst in acetylene acetoxylation. Thus, the preparation conditions and favorable pyrolysis temperature of MOF derivative catalysts play a key role in the catalytic performance of acetylene acetoxylation.

Bamboo slivers with high strength and toughness prepared by alkali treatment at a proper temperature

Despite bamboo slivers having long been used to manufacture bamboo weaving products, the flexibility is still well below satisfactory, especially for those split from inner layer of bamboo culm. Here, a facile approach was reported to obtain strong and flexible bamboo slivers, in which the slivers from the outer and inner layer of bamboo culm were processed with 5 wt% alkali treatment at various temperatures (23, 40, 60, and 80 °C), respectively. Compared with untreated bamboo slivers, the treated ones were investigated in terms of the microstructure, chemical composition, morphology, tensile and bending performances. The results showed that tensile and bending properties of all treated bamboo slivers were significantly improved, especially for those from inner layer of bamboo culm. The tensile strength of outer bamboo sliver treated at 60 °C and the inner ones treated at 40 °C increased up to the maximum, respectively, increasing by 86.6% and 132.0% compared with the untreated ones. The highest flexibility of the outer- and inner bamboo sliver can be achieved at 80 °C and 60 °C alkali treatment, respectively. The slivers can be completely wound around a nylon rod with a diameter of 10 mm without fracture. The excellent tensile and bending performance of bamboo slivers alkali-treated at proper temperature was largely attributed to tightly cellulose molecule aggregating induced by substantially increasing hydrogen bonding after the partial removal of lignin and hemicellulose. A denser and interlocking cellular structure due to the collapse of parenchyma cells after alkali treatment at proper temperature also partly contributed to the increased tensile and bending strength. The results suggest that strong and flexible bamboo slivers can be prepared by one-spot alkali treatment at a proper temperature, which may widen the application scope of bamboo slivers.

Evaluation of vaccine storage and distribution practices in rural healthcare facilities in Kenya

BackgroundVaccines require cold chain storage conditions, and good distribution practices throughout the supply chain to maintain their quality and potency. However, in the last mile of the vaccines supply chain, these requirements may not be guaranteed resulting in reduced effectiveness which could lead to an upsurge in vaccine preventable morbidity and mortality. The aim of this research was to evaluate vaccine storage and distribution practices in the last mile of vaccine supply chain in Turkana County.MethodsA descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2022 to February 2022 across seven sub-counties in Turkana County, Kenya, to assess vaccine storage and distribution practices. The study sample size was 128 county health professionals across 4 hospitals, 9 health centers, and 115 dispensaries. The respondents were selected using simple random sampling within the facilities strata. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, adapted, and adopted from a standardized WHO questionnaire on effective vaccines management and administered to one healthcare personnel working in the immunization supply chain per facility. Data were analyzed using excel and presented as percentages in table forms.ResultsA total of 122 health care workers participated in the study. Most respondents (89%, n = 109) had utilized a vaccine forecasting sheet, but only 81% did have an established maximum–minimum level inventory control system. Many of the respondents had sufficient knowledge of ice pack conditioning although 72% had adequate vaccine carriers and ice packs. Only 67% of respondents had a complete set of twice-daily manual temperature records at the facility. Most refrigerators complied with the WHO specifications but only 80% of them had functional fridge-tags. The number of facilities that had a routine maintenance plan was below average while only 65% had an adequate contingency plan.ConclusionRural health facilities have suboptimal supply of vaccine carriers and icepacks for effective storage and distribution of vaccines. In addition, some vaccine fridges lack functional fridge-tags for proper temperature monitoring. Routine maintenance and contingency plans remain a challenge to ensure optimal service delivery.

Mathematical modeling and in-depth analysis of 10 kW-class iron-vanadium flow batteries

The iron-vanadium flow batteries (IVFBs) employing V2+/V3+ and Fe2+/Fe3+ as active couples are regarded as promising large-scale energy storage technologies, benefited from their outstanding combination of system reliability, long cycling life and capital cost. In this paper, to thoroughly investigate the performance of IVFB system and accordingly optimize its design and operation, an in-depth analysis is conducted by the development of a stack-level dynamic model. A 10 kW stack composed of 60 single cells is engaged for simulation, and the results demonstrate that: i) the optimal system efficiency is obtained at the flow factor of two; ii) the premature cut-off and additional system efficiency loss can arise at high current densities; iii) electrodes with medium-sized thickness, long side and low height, proper porosity and compression ratio are favoured in practice; iv) adopting high flow rates to enhance thermal behaviors is undesirable; v) outstanding thermal behaviors is potentially realized for systems of long discharge duration and operated at appropriate current density in surroundings of proper temperature. Such in-depth investigations can not only be of great significance for the design, manufacture and management of IVFBs, but also provide a cost-effective way to predict and optimize the behavior and performance for large-scale IVFBs.

Rapid membrane surface functionalization with Ag nanoparticles via coupling electrospray and polymeric solvent bonding for enhanced antifouling and catalytic performance: Deposition and interfacial reaction mechanisms

Electrospray is an effective, fast, and potentially scalable approach for membrane surface functionalization using various engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). However, the lack of fundamental understandings of the deposition process hinders the controlled deposition, efficient utilization, and long-term stabilization of the ENMs, and thus the practical applications of the nanocomposite membranes. To bridge this critical knowledge gap, advanced online characterization techniques (laser diffraction size measurement and laser doppler velocimetry) coupled with mathematical aerosol modeling are utilized to understand the three key process parameters: droplet size, deposition velocity, and evaporation rate. After deposition, polymeric solvent bonding (i.e., interdiffusion and subsequent entanglement of polymers) was found to substantially stabilize the deposited Ag NPs. We further provide a comprehensive description of such interfacial reaction mechanisms. Our results show a consistency between theoretical predication and measurement of the droplet size or deposition velocity, whereas realistic droplet evaporation rate is lower than the theoretical value due to the addition of the polymer. Successful stabilization of Ag NPs via interfacial polymeric bonding occurs under the conditions of large material contact area, high material compatibility, proper temperature (e.g., 22 °C), and polymer-to-solvent ratio (e.g., 3–5%). Our coupled approach achieves superior Ag NP coverage with high stability within minutes. Despite some reduction in water permeance, the resultant membrane shows markedly improved catalytic and antimicrobial (antibiofouling) performance (>90% enhancement) and maintained rejection. Taken together, our findings provide fundamental insights into the coupled process of electrospray deposition and polymeric solvent bonding to enable additive manufacturing of novel nanocomposite membranes with diverse structures and multiple functions.

Scalable Continuous Manufacturing Process of Stereocomplex PLA by Twin-Screw Extrusion.

A scalable continuous manufacturing method to produce stereocomplex PLA was developed and optimized by melt-blending a 1:1 blend of high molecular weight poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) and high molecular weight poly(D-lactide) (PDLA) in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. Thermal characteristics of stereocomplex formation were characterized via DSC to identify the optimal temperature profile and time for processing stereocomplex PLA. At the proper temperature window, high stereocomplex formation is achieved as the twin-screw extruder allows for alignment of the chains; this is due to stretching of the polymer chains in the extruder. The extruder processing conditions were optimized and used to produce >95% of stereocomplex PLA conversion (melting peak temperature Tpm = 240 °C). ATR-FTIR depicts the formation of stereocomplex crystallites based on the absorption band at 908 cm-1 (β helix). The only peaks observed for stereocomplex PLA's WAXD profile were at 2θ values of 12, 21, and 24°, verifying >99% of stereocomplex formation. The total crystallinity of stereocomplex PLA ranges from 56 to 64%. A significant improvement in the tensile behavior was observed in comparison to the homopolymers, resulting in a polymer of high strength and toughness. These results lead us to propose stereocomplex PLA as a potential additive/fiber that can reinforce the material properties of neat PLA.

Grey Relational Analysis and Grey Prediction Model (1, 6) Approach for Analyzing the Electrode Distance and Mechanical Properties of Tandem MIG Welding Distortion

The tandem metal inert gas (MIG) process uses two wires that are continuously fed through a special welding torch and disbursed to form a single molten pool. Within the contact tip of the modern approach, the wires are electrically insulated from one another. This study identified the effect of welding electrode spacing on the distortion of AA5052 aluminum plates and different mechanical properties including hardness and thermal cycle using grey relational analysis. Plate distortion was subsequently predicted using the grey prediction model GM (1, 6). This research used a pair of 400 mm × 75 mm × 5 mm of AA5052 plates and electrode distances of 18, 27, and 36 mm. The welding current, voltage, welding speed, and argon flow rate were 130 A, 23 V, 7 mm/s, and 17 L/min, respectively. The temperature was measured using a type-K thermocouple at 10, 20, 30, and 40 mm from the center of the weld bead. The smallest distortion at an electrode distance of 27 mm was 1.4 mm. At an electrode distance of 27 mm, the plate may reach a proper peak temperature where the amount of heat input and dissipation rate are similar to those for electrode distances of 18 mm and 36 mm. The highest relative VHN of 57 was found in the BM, while the lowest, 46, was found in the WM, showing good agreement with their respective grain sizes. Six parameters were designed using grey relational analysis (GRA) and subsequently employed in the grey prediction model GM (1, 6). Process evaluation results show that predictions for welding distortions are consistent with actual results, thus, the GM (1, 6) model can be used as a predictive model for welding distortions of 5052 aluminum plates.

The Shelf-Life Prediction of Black Garlic Chili Sauce and “Cahyo” Garlic Chili Sauce with Accelerated Shelf-Life Testing (ASLT) Method Based on The Arrhenius Model

Sambal is often found in various menu variants served in the Indonesian food industry; this is a supporting factor for creating bottled chili sauce. In this research, fermented black garlic chili sauce was made with black garlic as raw material to provide added value in the form of antibacterial and antioxidant compounds, as well as giving a novelty value to the product as well as a differentiator in the elements of color, aroma, consistency, and taste of the product. The final product consumers receive is compared to "Cahyo" garlic chili sauce produced by PT. Deltasari Indah Restaurant. Sambal contains oil/fat, which is quickly rancid, thus affecting the element of consumer acceptance. Therefore, it is necessary to predict the shelf life of bottled chili products. This research aims to predict the shelf life of the black garlic chili sauce and “Cahyo” garlic chili sauce products in bottles produced by PT. Deltasari Indah Restaurant with the ASLT method, the Arrhenius model approach; Knowing the difference in the shelf life of bottled chili products stored at different temperature conditions; and determining the proper temperature and storage conditions to get the maximum shelf life for packaged chili products. This study uses the Accelerated Shelf-Life Testing method with the Arrhenius model. Based on the pH value parameter, the shelf life of black garlic chili sauce was 33 days, and “Cahyo” garlic chili sauce was 45 days. These two results are the results of the shelf life obtained from calculations at 20˚C and 25˚C then the average value is taken.&#x0D;

CO2 modified atmosphere packaging: stress condition or treatment to preserve fruit and vegetable quality?

In addition to the adoption of proper temperature and relative humidity, the selection of an atmosphere surrounding packaged fresh produce with reduced O2 and/or increased CO2 is one of the most widely used and useful tools to prolong the shelf-life of horticultural crops. However, as O2 and/or CO2 values that might cause injury are strictly related to the commodity, they should be optimized for each product. Here three study cases are reported about the application of modified atmospheres (MA), with different CO2 concentrations (0-40 kPa), to table grapes (cv. Italia) and sweet cherries (cv. Ferrovia) and, as short-term treatment (48 h at 0 °C), to fresh-cut artichokes (cv. Violet de Provence). In each trial, the effect of high CO2 treatment on quality parameters was observed during cold storage. Concerning table grape “Italia”, our results show that low CO2 (up to 10kPa) MA preserved the quality and sensory parameters of the fruit, whereas high CO2 (&gt; 20 kPa) caused a fermentative metabolism. As for sweet cherries 'Ferrovia', 20 kPa CO2 MA helped to maintain the quality traits during storage. On the other hand, this fruit proved to be sensitive to CO2 accumulation (over 20kPa) in hypoxic conditions, since it caused an increase in respiration rate and the biosynthesis of volatile fermentative metabolites. Finally, for fresh-cut artichokes, a short-term CO2 treatment, up to 10kPa, reduced respiration rate and browning index, preserving the volatile profile, while high CO2 (40 kPa) may have caused fermentative metabolism. In conclusion, the application of a MA enriched in CO2 has been shown to have different effects on the quality parameters of the three products, in agreement with the fact that CO2 sensibility depends on each specific fruit or vegetable under study.

Thermal management scheme and optimization of cylindrical lithium-ion battery pack based on air cooling and liquid cooling

Battery thermal management system (BTMS) ensures the batteries work in a safe and suitable temperature range. In this study, a hybrid BTMS based on air cooling and liquid cooling is proposed. The heat generated by the battery is transferred to the coolant by heat conducting blocks (HCBs) which are evenly spaced along the axial direction of it to maintain the normal operation of the battery pack. Air cooling is then introduced to maintain the battery's temperature uniformity at the battery pack's edge. A three-dimensional simulation model was designed and established to explore the number and size of HCBs, the effects of flow rate and the addition of air cooling on the comprehensive performance of BTMS. The results indicate that a good balance of cooling performance, power consumption, and lightweight will be achieved when the number of HCBs is three, the diameter of the cooling channel on the heat exchanger block is 6 mm and the flow rate of each cooling channel is 0.002 kg/s. In this case, the maximum temperature (Tmax) is 34.41 °C and the maximum temperature difference (ΔT) is 1.53 °C. The addition of air cooling lowers Tmax and ΔT by 3.75 °C and 0.96 °C, respectively, and lowers the maximum temperature difference of single battery cell from 6.31 °C to 3.86 °C. Additionally, when intermittent air cooling is used, system power consumption is decreased while the battery pack can operate within the proper temperature range.

Assessing the Application of Lime and Foundry Sand in Soil Stabilization- A Lab Scale Approach

Strictly speaking, we are in the need of discerning best soil stabilizers to counteract the problems in soft soils. Stabilizers can improve the engineering properties of soil by making it to become more stable. This analysis aims to estimate the effect of foundry sand and lime in sundry proportions based on experimental work. This can be utilized as a modifier or stabilizer in the treatment of clay soil for road work and construction. Lime is obtained by heating limestone at proper temperature. Lime stabilization can be prosperously utilized for projects to improve poor sub grade and soils. Investigations are also done by adding foundry sand which is obtained from metal foundries. It can be used for soil stabilization which can also be an effective option in waste management and sustainable development in construction industry. The effectiveness in stabilizing soils is obtained from the results of standard proctor compaction test, unconfined compressive strength test, California bearing ratio test. As a result of comparison between the three proportions conducted at three days (0, 7, 14) the property of clay increases at the day of 14 and 10% Foundry Sand and 5% lime being one of the most effective proportions. This method includes the compaction of clay soil tested at appropriate quantities of the mix prepared with alternative days. This study proves to be an effective methodology to improve the soil stabilization. Lime and foundry sand has the higher potential to act as soil stabilizers.