Proper Stress Research Articles

Investigation of the critical state behavior of unsaturated silty sand with different fine contents in terms of net and effective stresses

This paper investigates the effect of fine content and matric suction on the behavior of silty sand soil through both net and effective stress variables in the critical state soil mechanics framework. For this purpose, a set of CD triaxial tests in saturated and unsaturated states were performed on the samples of sand with different fine contents. The results showed that in term of net stress variables the position of the critical state line (CSL) in stress space for a given non-plastic fine depend on suction. However, these lines approach each other by choosing a proper effective stress relationship. The CSLs in the coordinates of the void ratio in the term of effective stress changed as a function of the non-plastic fine content and matric suction. However, using the concept of the equivalent intergranular void ratio and considering a special mean effective stress variable depending on suction, the CSLs were converged so that a single line can be defined to describe the behavior of the silty sand at the critical state. Finally, the stress-dilatancy relationship of two constitutive models was examined and it was shown that the use of the equivalent state parameter could facilitate the use of these relationships.

Encapsulation of lutein in gelatin type A/B-chitosan systems via tunable chains and bonds from tweens: Thermal stability, rheologic property and food 2D/3D printability

Lutein could be stabilized in gelatin type A/B-chitosan systems by different polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters (tweens) via tunable chains and bonds, and the homogeneous system held potential in food 2D/3D printing. During encapsulation of lutein in gelatin-chitosan matrix complexes, tween 40, tween 60 and tween 80 assisted in the excellent centrifugation stability, freeze–thaw stability, chemical stability as well as thermal stability. The tweens contained systems also possessed excellent rheological properties, including shearing thinning property, self-supporting characteristics, and favorable thixotropy. Especially, tween 80 performed well in facilitating the stability and rheological properties of systems with uniform micromorphology due to its long alkyl chains and carbon–carbon double bonds (two sp2 hybridized C-atoms) (from FTIR, XRD, SEM, etc.); and gelatin type B illustrated higher protection effects on lutein because of its strong electrostatic interaction with chitosan. The optimal systems could work as edible ink for 2D/3D printing on food with great UV-irradiation stability and high definition. Surimi could be modified by the optimal complex and possessed excellent shear-thinning property, proper yield stress, low dependence on frequency and stable structure, which was successfully applied for innovative 3D printing with sophisticated shapes. The practical food 2D/3D printing (like bread and surimi) demonstrated high potential in food creation and food innovation.

An Assessment of Stress Management Skills and Teachers’ Performance in Public Secondary Schools in Benin Metropolis

The study aimed to determine the level of stress management skills and teachers’ performance in public secondary schools in the Benin metropolis. The dimensions of stress studied included physical stress, mental stress, emotional stress and social stress. The study adopted the cross-sectional survey design using a sample of 171 teachers and school administrators randomly drawn from six secondary schools in Benin City, Edo State Nigeria. The secondary schools were selected from the three local government areas that make up Benin City (Egor, Oredo and Ikpoba-Okha). Using a convenient sampling technique, a self-developed instrument titled: Stress Management Skills and Teachers’ Performance (SMSTP) was used to collect data for the study. The data were analysed using simple percentages. Underpinned by the psychological stress theory of Lazarus, the results showed that public secondary school teachers had a high level of stress and that there are no proper stress management techniques for them in the Benin metropolis. The findings equally revealed that stress has a direct relationship with teachers’ productivity that invariably affects students’ academic performance. Consequently, the study recommended that the same attention given to stress management by corporate organizations which are on the increase should be extended to the education industry.

Ethyl pyruvate prevents long-term stress-induced cognitive decline and modulates Akt/GSK-3β signaling

Stress is an inevitable part of life and, simultaneously, a stimulus that can trigger various neuropsychiatric disorders. Therefore, proper stress management is essential for maintaining a healthy life. In this study, we investigated the suppression of stress-induced cognitive deficit by controlling changes in synaptic plasticity caused by stress and confirmed that ethyl pyruvate (EP) has such an effect. Corticosterone, a stress hormone, suppresses long-term potentiation (LTP) in mouse acute hippocampal slices. EP blocked the LTP inhibitory effect of corticosterone by regulating GSK-3β function. Restraint stress for 2 weeks increased the anxiety levels and caused the cognitive decline in the experimental animals. Administration of EP for 14 days did not affect the increase in anxiety caused by stress but improved cognitive decline caused by stress. In addition, the decrease in neurogenesis and synaptic function deficits in the hippocampus, which cause of cognitive decline due to stress, were improved by EP administration. These effects appear via regulation of Akt/GSK-3β signaling, as in in vitro studies. These results suggest that EP prevents stress-induced cognitive decline through the modulation of Akt/GSK-3β-mediated synaptic regulation.

Stress Trajectory Variations During Occlusal Loading in Human Skull with a Maxillofacial Defect: A Finite Element Analysis.

Biting forces from the teeth are distributed to the facial bones and to the skull through the stress trajectories. The presence of a bony defect in either the maxilla or mandible might lead to variations in the stress distribution. The aim of this study was to evaluate the stress distribution and variations in stress trajectories from biting forces in a human skull with maxillofacial defect using a finite element (FE) model. In this study, a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) of an adult male patient with a maxillectomy defect consequent to surgical treatment of mucormycosis is evaluated for the stress distribution from the biting forces of the remaining posterior teeth. Finite element model without the mandible was constructed from the patient's CBCT data. Occlusal loading forces of 600N were applied on each side of the maxillary teeth. Stress trajectories were visualised through the stress distribution pattern. The results showed deviations in the normal stress distribution during occlusal loading and variations in zygomatic and pterygoid stress trajectories in the maxillofacial and skull regions in our FE model due to the bony defect. We conclude that a skeletal maxillofacial defect should be reconstructed to resume proper stress distribution during functional forces to maintain a healthy craniofacial skeleton.

Investigation of Mechanical, Tribological, and Electrical Properties of Silk Reinforced Polymeric Composite

The continuous demand of today’s scenario and ecological consciousness has made the researchers think about the utilization of alternate sources of materials without compromising the mechanical behavior and characteristics while focusing on the fulfillment of the desired requirements in the wide range of industrial applications. The present work is a noble attempt and a step towards the development of silk fibre composites (SFCs) reinforced with the vinyl ester matrix material. The processing and fabrication of SFRCs have been carried out using the traditional hand layup technique using untreated silk fibres (SFs) and silk cloths (SCs) in the form of single, double, and triple layers of SFs and SCs laminates oriented in uniaxial and biaxial directions. For the prepared composite samples, the density and void contents in the sample, mechanical characteristics in terms of their tensile and flexural strength, and tribological characteristics as well as the electrical impedance have been investigated. The percentage void content was found to be within the acceptance limit. The tensile and flexural test results show a considerable increment which indicates proper stress transfer from matrix phase to fibre with triple-layer cloths showing the highest tensile and flexural properties. In the tribological test, the coefficient of friction is higher in the case of cloth loading as fibre concentration increases significantly. In the impedance test, almost for all samples, the trend of change in conductivity with applied frequency is the same. From the economic perspective, the proposed composite is suitable for a wide range of applications in industries as well as this can be utilized as an alternate source of traditionally used floor tiles currently using ceramic materials. Also, the proposed composite has a biodegradable characteristic that is completely in accordance with the demand and consciousness involved in environmental and ecological perspectives.

Biomechanical performance of the novel assembled uncovertebral joint fusion cage in single-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: A finite element analysis.

Introduction: Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is widely accepted as the gold standard surgical procedure for treating cervical radiculopathy and myelopathy. However, there is concern about the low fusion rate in the early period after ACDF surgery using the Zero-P fusion cage. We creatively designed an assembled uncoupled joint fusion device to improve the fusion rate and solve the implantation difficulties. This study aimed to assess the biomechanical performance of the assembled uncovertebral joint fusion cage in single-level ACDF and compare it with the Zero-P device. Methods: A three-dimensional finite element (FE) of a healthy cervical spine (C2-C7) was constructed and validated. In the one-level surgery model, either an assembled uncovertebral joint fusion cage or a zero-profile device was implanted at the C5-C6 segment of the model. A pure moment of 1.0Nm combined with a follower load of 75N was imposed at C2 to determine flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. The segmental range of motion (ROM), facet contact force (FCF), maximum intradiscal pressure (IDP), and screw-bone stress were determined and compared with those of the zero-profile device. Results: The results showed that the ROMs of the fused levels in both models were nearly zero, while the motions of the unfused segments were unevenly increased. The FCF at adjacent segments in the assembled uncovertebral joint fusion cage group was less than that that of the Zero-P group. The IDP at the adjacent segments and screw-bone stress were slightly higher in the assembled uncovertebral joint fusion cage group than in those of the Zero-P group. Stress on the cage was mainly concentrated on both sides of the wings, reaching 13.4-20.4Mpa in the assembled uncovertebral joint fusion cage group. Conclusion: The assembled uncovertebral joint fusion cage provided strong immobilization, similar to the Zero-P device. When compared with the Zero-P group, the assembled uncovertebral joint fusion cage achieved similar resultant values regarding FCF, IDP, and screw-bone stress. Moreover, the assembled uncovertebral joint fusion cage effectively achieved early bone formation and fusion, probably due to proper stress distributions in the wings of both sides.

Yeast Chromatin Mutants Reveal Altered mtDNA Copy Number and Impaired Mitochondrial Membrane Potential.

Mitochondria are multifunctional, dynamic organelles important for stress response, cell longevity, ageing and death. Although the mitochondrion has its genome, nuclear-encoded proteins are essential in regulating mitochondria biogenesis, morphology, dynamics and function. Moreover, chromatin structure and epigenetic mechanisms govern the accessibility to DNA and control gene transcription, indirectly influencing nucleo-mitochondrial communications. Thus, they exert crucial functions in maintaining proper chromatin structure, cell morphology, gene expression, stress resistance and ageing. Here, we present our studies on the mtDNA copy number in Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromatin mutants and investigate the mitochondrial membrane potential throughout their lifespan. The mutants are arp4 (with a point mutation in the ARP4 gene, coding for actin-related protein 4-Arp4p), hho1Δ (lacking the HHO1 gene, coding for the linker histone H1), and the double mutant arp4 hho1Δ cells with the two mutations. Our findings showed that the three chromatin mutants acquired strain-specific changes in the mtDNA copy number. Furthermore, we detected the disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential in their chronological lifespan. In addition, the expression of nuclear genes responsible for regulating mitochondria biogenesis and turnover was changed. The most pronounced were the alterations found in the double mutant arp4 hho1Δ strain, which appeared as the only petite colony-forming mutant, unable to grow on respiratory substrates and with partial depletion of the mitochondrial genome. The results suggest that in the studied chromatin mutants, hho1Δ, arp4 and arp4 hho1Δ, the nucleus-mitochondria communication was disrupted, leading to impaired mitochondrial function and premature ageing phenotype in these mutants, especially in the double mutant.

Molecular Dissection of Crz1 and Its Dynamic Subcellular Localization in Cryptococcus neoformans.

Across lower eukaryotes, the transcription factor Crz1 is dephosphorylated by calcineurin, which facilitates Crz1 translocation to the nucleus to regulate gene expression. In the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, calcineurin-Crz1 signaling maintains calcium homeostasis, thermotolerance, cell wall integrity, and morphogenesis. How Crz1 distinguishes different stressors and differentially regulates cellular responses is poorly understood. Through monitoring Crz1 subcellular localization over time, we found that Crz1 transiently localizes to granules after exposure to high temperature or calcium. These granules also host the phosphatase calcineurin and Pub1, a ribonucleoprotein stress granule marker, suggesting a role of stress granules in modulating calcineurin-Crz1 signaling. Additionally, we constructed and analyzed an array of Crz1 truncation mutants. We identified the intrinsically disordered regions in Crz1 contribute to proper stress granule localization, nuclear localization, and function. Our results provide the groundwork for further determination of the mechanisms behind the complex regulation of Crz1.

The effects of 4-Phenylbutyric acid on ER stress during mouse tooth development.

Introduction: During tooth development, proper protein folding and trafficking are significant processes as newly synthesized proteins proceed to form designated tissues. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurs inevitably in tooth development as unfolded and misfolded proteins accumulate in ER. 4-Phenylbutyric acid (4PBA) is a FDA approved drug and known as a chemical chaperone which alleviates the ER stress. Recently, several studies showed that 4PBA performs therapeutic effects in some genetic diseases due to misfolding of proteins, metabolic related-diseases and apoptosis due to ER stress. However, the roles of 4PBA during odontogenesis are not elucidated. This study revealed the effects of 4PBA during molar development in mice. Methods: We employed in vitro organ cultivation and renal transplantation methods which would mimic the permanent tooth development in an infant period of human. The in vitro cultivated tooth germs and renal calcified teeth were examined by histology and immunohistochemical analysis. Results and Discussion: Our results revealed that treatment of 4PBA altered expression patterns of enamel knot related signaling molecules, and consequently affected cellular secretion and patterned formation of dental hard tissues including dentin and enamel during tooth morphogenesis. The alteration of ER stress by 4PBA treatment during organogenesis would suggest that proper ER stress is important for pattern formation during tooth development and morphogenesis, and 4PBA as a chemical chaperone would be one of the candidate molecules for dental and hard tissue regeneration.

ПРОГРАМИ БАЛАНСУ «РОБОТА-ЖИТТЯ» В ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ

The spread of remote and hybrid employment in Ukraine exacerbates the problems of achieving a work-life balance at the organizational and individual levels. The lack of effective work-life balance programs in companies causes numerous HR problems such as turnover, burnout, absenteeism, decreased loyalty and involvement, deterioration of employees' work-life quality. The relevance of this research is confirmed by modern practices of well-being management and working time management, which shows that a significant part of the workforce in the labor market of Ukraine needs work-life balance programs. The article's purpose is to analyze the theoretical and methodological basis for the development and implementation of work-life balance programs in modern Ukrainian business practice. To realize the goal in the article: theoretically substantiated approaches to understanding the essence of balance between work and personal life; systematized modern concepts and generalized theoretical models of work-life balance; analyzed approaches to determining the essence of work-life balance programs; systematized modern work-life balance software; optimal methods and tools for the formation of work-life balance programs for use in modern conditions in Ukraine are highlighted; recommendations were developed regarding directions and methods of their use in organizations. In the conditions of digitization, the spread of remote and hybrid employment, the imbalance between work and personal life is deepening. Without the proper time management, information management, interruption management, and stress management that is at the heart of worklife balance programs, tension and distraction create stress and overwhelm. It leads to a decrease in staff productivity, increased turnover, professional burnout, etc. Work-life balance programs are tools that help staff optimize time usage for work and personal tasks. These programs have different effects and should be differentiated depending on the individual needs of employees and the organization. Under these conditions, they contribute to the creation of more comfortable working conditions for employees, and the development of an organizational culture that supports a healthy balance between work and personal life. Such programs have become a necessity for companies wishing to retain talented employees and increase their efficiency. Examples of such practices can be very diverse and depend on the specific needs and capabilities of companies. Work-life balance is key to the health and happiness of employees, which in turn affects the success and prosperity of companies.

Signaling through the dystrophin glycoprotein complex affects the stress-dependent transcriptome in Drosophila.

Deficiencies in the human dystrophin glycoprotein complex (DGC), which links the extracellular matrix with the intracellular cytoskeleton, cause muscular dystrophies, a group of incurable disorders associated with heterogeneous muscle, brain and eye abnormalities. Stresses such as nutrient deprivation and aging cause muscle wasting, which can be exacerbated by reduced levels of the DGC in membranes, the integrity of which is vital for muscle health and function. Moreover, the DGC operates in multiple signaling pathways, demonstrating an important function in gene expression regulation. To advance disease diagnostics and treatment strategies, we strive to understand the genetic pathways that are perturbed by DGC mutations. Here, we utilized a Drosophila model to investigate the transcriptomic changes in mutants of four DGC components under temperature and metabolic stress. We identified DGC-dependent genes, stress-dependent genes and genes dependent on the DGC for a proper stress response, confirming a novel function of the DGC in stress-response signaling. This perspective yields new insights into the etiology of muscular dystrophy symptoms, possible treatment directions and a better understanding of DGC signaling and regulation under normal and stress conditions.

A Review of the Continuum Theory-Based Stress and Drag Models in Gas-Solid Flows

The continuum theory-based models, which include solid stress models and gas-solid drag models, are required for the modeling of gas-solid flows in the framework of the Eulerian–Eulerian method. The interactions among particles are characterized by their diverse behaviors at different flow regimes, including kinetic motion, particle–particle collision and enduring friction. It is difficult to describe the particle behaviors at various regimes by mathematical methods accurately. Therefore, it is very important to develop proper solid stress models that can capture the inherent characteristics of the flow behaviors. In addition, the gas-solid fluidization system is a typical heterogeneous system, which exhibits locally inhomogeneous structures such as bubbles or particle clusters with different shapes and sizes. Due to these inhomogeneous characteristics, the gas-solid drag model has become one of the key challenges in the simulation of gas-solid flows. Various forms of constitutive relations for solid stress models and gas-solid drag models have been reported in the literature. In this paper, we reviewed the solid stress models crossing various flow regimes and drag models in both micro- and mesoscales, which provide a useful reference for model selection in simulating gas-solid flows.

Cyclic Thermomechanical Analysis of Polyethylene Glycol Based Shape Memory Polymers

Shape memory polymers (SMP’s) are a type of smart material that possess the ability to remember its original shape. Shape memory polymer quickly recovers to its original or permanent shape. As a result of these properties, SMPs can be used as sensors, actuators, and transplants, as well as auxiliary materials in a variety of applications. It has been used in a variety of domains over the previous two decades because to its shape memory capability, and its applications are growing at a quicker rate. Due to its biocompatibility, wide range of tunable stiffness, large deformation, large recovery, high elastic property, water vapour permeability, and multi responsive shape memory effect, memory polymers, polyurethanes are the most adaptable polymeric material. They offer several advantages over other types of shape memory materials, such as shape memory alloys, such as easier manufacturing, lighter weight, lower cost, larger recoverable strain, and lesser toxicity. When compared to shape memory alloys (SMA’s), SMPs have a few disadvantages, such as lower moduli, which results in lower recovery stresses, and longer response times. In some applications, a proper recovery stress derived from the elastic recovery stress created during the deformation process is crucial. There is no literature on how to synthesize SMP’s in an efficient manner. SMP’s and its classification in terms of their distinct qualities. This work focuses on the analysis of cyclic thermomechanical tests of linear SMP’s in order to address some of these problems. Form memory polymers were made using a two-step polymerization process in this study, with the composition of PEG 6000-IPDI-PEG600-BDO as 58wt%-42wt%-1ml-1ml respectively and the shape memory effect was assessed using a bend test. Cyclic thermomechanical analysis method involves tensile test procedure in thermal chamber with intermediate temperatures. Mechanical properties such as cyclic thermomechanical test, dynamic mechanical analysis, and tensile test are used in the validation process. In the primary cycle can be determined as for the sample 10 when we applied the load of 0.8 Mpa the strain was found as 200% the shape fixity and shape recovery values are 98.95 and 97.0 respectively.

Healthcare Employees’ Occupational Health and Safety Conditions in Saudi Arabia; A Mini Literature Review

Healthcare workers face several threats when they practice their daily work. These factors can impact their occupational health and safety and negatively impact patient health care by reducing quality health care in the health sector. The purpose of this study is to provide a mini-review of the previous studies about some factors that can considerably impact occupational health and safety for the healthcare team. These factors are physical and psychological aspects. The authors individually completed a literature review for this article via an independent study followed by a collaborative discussion. The authors researched available sources to provide some results about these factors and how they can reduce the level of occupational health and safety for the health team provider and the safe and sound delivery of quality care for the patient. The results of this mini-review indicated that the physical and psychological aspects of the health team workers significantly impact the level of occupational health and safety, which can dramatically affect patient care. Therefore, early and proper educational courses and stress roles are necessary to reduce or even eliminate these factors, which cause negatively influence the occupational health and safety of the staff the patient care, as well as increase the burden on the health organization. This requires a multidisciplinary management approach to meet occupational health and safety requirements. Future research should concentrate on these factors to increase the health care provider’s awareness about maintaining their occupational health and safety during their duty and examine some policy that helps reduce these impacts.

Healthcare Employees’ Occupational Health and Safety Conditions in Saudi Arabia; A Mini Literature Review

Healthcare workers face several threats when they practice their daily work. These factors can impact their occupational health and safety and negatively impact patient health care by reducing quality health care in the health sector. The purpose of this study is to provide a mini-review of the previous studies about some factors that can considerably impact occupational health and safety for the healthcare team. These factors are physical and psychological aspects. The authors individually completed a literature review for this article via an independent study followed by a collaborative discussion. The authors researched available sources to provide some results about these factors and how they can reduce the level of occupational health and safety for the health team provider and the safe and sound delivery of quality care for the patient. The results of this mini-review indicated that the physical and psychological aspects of the health team workers significantly impact the level of occupational health and safety, which can dramatically affect patient care. Therefore, early and proper educational courses and stress roles are necessary to reduce or even eliminate these factors, which cause negatively influence the occupational health and safety of the staff the patient care, as well as increase the burden on the health organization. This requires a multidisciplinary management approach to meet occupational health and safety requirements. Future research should concentrate on these factors to increase the health care provider’s awareness about maintaining their occupational health and safety during their duty and examine some policy that helps reduce these impacts.

Numerical study of opposed zero-net-mass-flow jet-induced erythrocyte mechanoporation

With the advantages of biosafety and efficiency, increasing attention has been paid to the devices for gene and macromolecular drug delivery based on mechanoporation. The transient pore formation on the cell membrane allows cargo transportation when the membrane areal strain is beyond the critical pore value and below the lysis tension threshold. Based on this principle, we propose a method to apply the proper fluid stress on cells moving in a microchannel under the action of zero-net-mass-flux (ZNMF) jets. In this study, an immersed finite element method (IFEM) is adopted to simulate the interaction between the cells and the fluid fields so as to investigate the cell movement and deformation in this mechanoporation system. To evaluate the efficiency of the cargo delivery, a pore integral is defined as the mean pore rate when the cell passes through the jet region. By analyzing the effects of the parameters, including the pressure gradient along the microchannel, the jet amplitude, and the jet frequency, on the pore integrals, a group of optimized parameters for cargo delivery efficiency are obtained. Additionally, the stability and safety of this system are analyzed in detail. These results are helpful in designing the mechanoporation devices and improving their efficiency of drug delivery.

Highly bioactive cell-laden hydrogel constructs bioprinted using an emulsion bioink for tissue engineering applications

The insufficient pore structure of cell-laden hydrogel scaffolds has limited their application in various tissue regeneration applications owing to low cell-to-cell/matrix interactions and low transfer of nutrients and metabolic wastes. Herein, we designed a highly porous cell-laden hydrogel scaffold fabricated using an emulsion bioink consisting of methacrylated collagen (CMA), mineral oil (MO), and human adipose stem cells (hASCs) to induce efficient cell infiltration and cellular activities. By selecting the most appropriate concentration of CMA and MO, the emulsion bioink can be successfully formulated with proper yield stress and printability. The cell-laden scaffold exhibited significantly greater cell growth and cytoskeletal reorganization than the normally printed cell-laden CMA scaffold. Furthermore, two bioactive components (kartogenin and bone morphogenetic protein-2) were physically encapsulated in the oil droplets of the cell construct, and the molecules in the cell constructs enhanced chondrogenic or osteogenic differentiation of hASCs in the printed structure. Based on these results, the cell-printed structure using an emulsion bioink can not only provide a good cellular microenvironment but also be a new potential method to accelerate stem cell differentiation by combining bioactive molecules and cell-laden scaffolds.

A Fully Coupled Mechano-Electrochemical Model for All-Solid-State Thin-Film Li-Ion Batteries with Non-Porous Electrodes: Effects of Chemo-Mechanical Expansions on Battery Performance and Optimization Strategies for Stress Evolution

A comprehensive and novel mechano-electrochemical coupling model for all-solid-state Li-ion batteries (ASSLBs) is developed, in particular, focusing on the influence of the volume changes caused by ions redistribution in the electrodes on the electrical and mechanical properties of the battery. The mathematical relationship between the partial molar volume and Poisson’s ratio is determined for the condition of zero stress. The roles of the partial molar volumes of cathode and anode, the thickness and Young’s modulus of the spacer are investigated. The results show that the electrode volume changes significantly during the charging and discharging process. Due to the mechanical imbalance, the confined cell generates considerable compressive stress (approximately 0.6 MPa). Reducing the partial molar volume of the anode can not only eliminate the compression stress but augment the capacity. Note that for the ASSLBs containing inorganic (oxide or sulfide) solid electrolytes (SEs), adjusting the material parameters to obtain proper compressive stress instead of a bulky cell holder may be another useful method to overcome the poor interface contact. Finally, by introducing polyurethane foam or other soft blocks with a suitable thickness and Young’s modulus as spacers, the stress of the cell can be reduced by 79.33%.

We are the Champions: Towards Athlete Achievement, Sports Promotion, and Sports Stress Management

With no proper stress management, there will be a worse effect towards the athletes e.g. physical and/or mental disorder. Yet, this study discloses that there is a lack of body of knowledge and less literature in explaining the mediating role of stress management effect on such disorders of the professional athletes. As such, this study aims to apply a quantitative research method in explaining the mediating effect of stress management on the relationships between stress and the athletes' achievement and sports organization performance through the use of partial least square statistical test. This study has 96 over 217 samples which consist of the athletes who are officially registered and active in either public or private sports organization. The findings of this study for theoretical contribution disclose and recommend that the athlete's stress is vital and it needs to be coped accurately through the proper technique of stress management. The result of the application of effective stress management technique also leads the athletes to improve their performance as well as achievement. This later directly or indirectly increases the organization performance. For example, it will be easy to promote sports organization product/ service in attracting potential young talents, prospective financial sponsorships, etc.. The contribution for practical implications will also be explained in detail within a particular section of this paper.