Proper Role Research Articles

Dear Government, Take Action against Climate Change

Each year the Margaret Chase Smith Library sponsors an essay contest for high school seniors. The essay prompt for 2023 asked students to consider what the proper role of government should be in responding to the issues surrounding climate change.

The Education System and its Relationship to the Process of Sensory Production Nationality in The Kurdistan Region: Soran University as an Example

The main aim of this study is to evaluate and demonstrate the role of the education system in the Kurdistan Region. This goal is focused on the process of nation-building and strengthening national intimacy and feelings among students. Quantitative methods, questionnaire instruments and quota samples were then used to collect the data. In addition, the community of this study is Soran University and the sample consists of 331 students in the first phase of all scientific departments of Soran University. After the acquisition of the data, the data were analyzed through the (SPSS) Program. Conclusively the results are presented. One of these conclusions is that the school, as an official institution and part of the education system, has not played its proper role in providing information about national history and its values and norms. One of these shortcomings is that many of the participants do not know about national holidays and historical events. In addition, what can be seen in the education system of the Kurdistan Region is a series of slogans and constitutions, which are more superficially worked on. Therefore, schools have played very little role in strengthening students› national feelings. In this regard, the majority of the research data proves the fact that the education system has relatively failed in the process of strengthening national feelings, intimacy and the process of nation-building. However, it is important to note that besides the education system, other institutions and even the political and social system of the Kurdistan Region are certainly responsible for this failure.

The toxicity of dysregulated Plk1 activity revealed by its suppressor mutations.

Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is a mitotic kinase that has multiple functions throughout the cell cycle. Catalytic activation of Plk1 is known to be regulated by phosphorylation of the kinase domain, including Thr210, and by releasing the kinase domain from its inhibitory polo-box domain. However, how Plk1 is activated to fulfill its proper roles, in time and space, is not well understood. In this study, we unintentionally found that the expression of a constitutively active form of human Plk1 is toxic to bacterial cells, such that cells contained point mutations that alleviate the kinase activity. Structural prediction revealed that these mutations are adjacent to the amino acids supporting the kinase activity. When human cells express these mutants, we found decreased levels of Plk1's substrate phosphorylation, resulting in mitotic defects. Moreover, unlike in bacterial cells, the expression of activated Plk1 mutants did not affect cell proliferation in human cells unless localized at the right place in mitosis. Our observations identified new suppressor mutations and underscored the importance of spatiotemporal regulation in Plk1, providing a basis for how we might intervene in this kinase for therapeutic purpose in human cells.

Fuller, Dworkin, Scientism, and Liberty: The Dichotomy between Continental and Common Law Traditions and Their Consequences

Dworkin’s and other analytic/positivist philosophers’ theoretical approach to law leads inexorably to politicization, totalitarianism, less justice, less trust in government, and less truth. A more practical approach is Fuller’s, which is based on experience of human behavior and an analysis of what has worked in the past. That is also the approach traditionally used in the common law system. This article uses a comparative study of the two Western traditions, their history, and their most prominent legal philosophers to explicate how and why Dworkin’s and Fuller’s approaches are consistent and inconsistent with those traditions, followed by a comparative analysis of the results obtained by prominent international NGOs. Dworkin’s approach, which grows out of analytic philosophy, is unworkable because like all scientistic theories, it treats human beings mechanistically, de-emphasizing personal responsibility, ignoring the need for individual incentive, and it assumes an all-encompassing, all-powerful government of experts to make legal decisions for a collectivity. Under Fuller’s common law approach, the proper role of law is to manage conflict, as it cannot be prevented and cannot always be resolved, thus building the public’s trust in government as unbiased and apolitical as possible. This concept of the rule of law places law above government, minimizes politicization, incentivizes personal responsibility, individual incentive, and entrepreneurship, and is the only true common good among men.

Robot-assisted pelvic floor reconstructive surgery: an international Delphi study of expert users

BackgroundRobotic surgery has gained popularity for the reconstruction of pelvic floor defects. Nonetheless, there is no evidence that robot-assisted reconstructive surgery is either appropriate or superior to standard laparoscopy for the performance of pelvic floor reconstructive procedures or that it is sustainable. The aim of this project was to address the proper role of robotic pelvic floor reconstructive procedures using expert opinion.MethodsWe set up an international, multidisciplinary group of 26 experts to participate in a Delphi process on robotics as applied to pelvic floor reconstructive surgery. The group comprised urogynecologists, urologists, and colorectal surgeons with long-term experience in the performance of pelvic floor reconstructive procedures and with the use of the robot, who were identified primarily based on peer-reviewed publications. Two rounds of the Delphi process were conducted. The first included 63 statements pertaining to surgeons’ characteristics, general questions, indications, surgical technique, and future-oriented questions. A second round including 20 statements was used to reassess those statements where borderline agreement was obtained during the first round. The final step consisted of a face-to-face meeting with all participants to present and discuss the results of the analysis.ResultsThe 26 experts agreed that robotics is a suitable indication for pelvic floor reconstructive surgery because of the significant technical advantages that it confers relative to standard laparoscopy. Experts considered these advantages particularly important for the execution of complex reconstructive procedures, although the benefits can be found also during less challenging cases. The experts considered the robot safe and effective for pelvic floor reconstruction and generally thought that the additional costs are offset by the increased surgical efficacy.ConclusionRobotics is a suitable choice for pelvic reconstruction, but this Delphi initiative calls for more research to objectively assess the specific settings where robotic surgery would provide the most benefit.

Two decades after Salini v Morocco: the case for retaining the Salini test with modifications

Abstract The definition of an investment under Article 25 of the ICSID Convention continues to attract a divergence of views. Ever since its use in 2001, the Salini Test, in its various forms, has become the predominant method that tribunals use to determine whether there is an investment. However, the Salini Test is hardly free from controversy, and suffers from two significant issues. First, its criteria are often subject to differing interpretations, leading to confusion over how the test should actually be applied. Second, the Salini Test has lost its legal force over time, as it has been relegated to factors that are ‘typical characteristics of an investment’ rather than jurisdictional requirements, of which the latter is arguably its proper role as part of a ‘double-keyhole’ test. This article addresses these issues by taking a detailed look at the individual criteria of the Salini Test and its original purpose. It proposes that (i) the Salini Test remains the best method for determining the meaning of ‘investment’ in Article 25 of the ICSID Convention, and (ii) regardless of whether the Salini Test is jurisdictional requirements or indicative factors, its individual criteria are in urgent need of refinement due to their inconsistent usage.

Remedies for the housewife's nervousness: Life advice in Abraham Myerson's popular self-help texts, 1920-1930.

In 1920, the psychiatrist Abraham Myerson published a self-help book titled The Nervous Housewife. In his book, he argued that the living conditions in urban-industrial America were responsible for a significant increase in the number of housewives who suffered from nervous symptoms. He also warned that women were consequently becoming increasingly discontent with the role and were beginning to desire a life outside motherhood and housewifery. Accordingly, The Nervous Housewife offered housewives and their husbands directions on how to improve her living conditions. This would allow readers to manage and prevent the emergence of nervous symptoms so that women would continue to desire a life as housewife and mother. Throughout the 1920s, Myerson would continue to publish health advice for housewives on how they could manage and eliminate their nervous symptoms. This article analyzes how Myerson connected the everyday experiences and conditions of the housewife's life to her nervousness in his texts and reveals how his motivation was to keep women satisfied with what he deemed was their proper societal role, that of housewife and mother. In doing so, it will also compare his work to other self-help texts on nervousness to illuminate how his how-to guide was innovative, while examining both scholarly and popular reviews of his book to reveal what his peers and readers perceived as the benefits of his advice.

The conundrums of the reasonable patient standard in English medical law

BackgroundIn its 2015 decision in Montgomery v. Lanarkshire Health Board, the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom overruled the long-standing, paternalistic prudent doctor standard of care in favour of a new reasonable patient standard which obligates doctors to make their patients aware of all material risks of the recommended treatment and of any reasonable alternative treatment. This landmark judgment has been of interest to the rest of the common law world. A judicial trend of invoking Montgomery to impose more stringent requirements on doctors is discernible in subsequent decisions since then.Main bodyIn this narrative review, without questioning the idea that properly informed patients should play a more active role in procedures affecting their own health in furtherance of their autonomy, safety, and consumer rights, we identify and analyse, with the aid of realistic clinical thought experiments, three practical conundrums that the Montgomery standard may inflict on the daily work of doctors, unfairly exposing them to arbitrary legal risks.ConclusionsThese conundrums pertain to the ascertainment of the risks that must be disclosed to the patient under the test of ‘materiality’; the legal uncertainty as to the scope of the exceptions; and the actual ability of doctors to cope with the pressures of time. These conundrums offer ripe opportunities to rethink the proper role of judicially developed medical law in modern health care practice.

Callings and Consequences: The Making of a Catholic Vocational Culture in Early Modern France

Christopher Lane’s study offers a fresh perspective on the topic of vocation or ‘calling’ in the context of Catholicism. Lane argues that earlier teachings and practices about vocation, which traditionally had focussed on decisions to join the secular or regular clergy, intensified and expanded amid Catholicism’s ‘rigorist turn’ in seventeenth-century France. The result was a set of beliefs and practices concerning vocational discernment which has had a global impact on the modern era. As noted in Introduction and Chapter 1, Catholicism’s culture of vocation prior to the seventeenth century had centred on the importance of discerning God’s will as it pertained to pursuing a religious calling, which typically meant becoming an ordained cleric or joining a religious order. The Protestant and Catholic Reformations of the sixteenth century, however, emphasized eliminating corruption and sustaining Christian believers, families and communities in practicing a purer faith. This effort depended on everyone—clergy and laity, men and women, nobles and commoners—fulfilling their proper role in a divinely ordered plan to achieve a reformed church and society. In the context of the Catholic Reformation, the Council of Trent’s decrees, along with the writings of Ignatius of Loyola and François de Sales, laid the sixteenth-century foundations for the development of seventeenth-century vocational discernment: the task of selecting one’s path in life in accordance with God’s will.

Things and Theatricality

This essay considers consider four of James Austen’s early prologues and epilogues (written for family theatricals between the ages of seventeen and twenty-two) in terms of his engagement with debates both ancient and early modern over the nature of drama and the place of spectacle. More specifically, these paratexts document his ongoing concern with theorizing the ideal theatre: one in which the things of the stage serve their proper role. The discourse of antitheatricality has long associated theatrical performance with such unvirtuous qualities as artifice, dishonesty, and deception, and in his "Prologue to the Tragedy of Matilda" (1782), Austen associates the concrete objects of the stage with all that should be feared and devalued: pure, ancient theatre has been degraded by such things as the “scene gay painted” and the “canvas Palace” (8, l. 3, 5). In his "Prologue to The Rivals" (1784), by contrast, the things that signify theatrical artifice—the mask, the painted scene—are only metaphorical and thus innocuous. By 1788 Austen comes to see theatrical performance as a sign of English virtue, associated with the Restoration when “Charles, & loyalty & wit returned” (“Prologue to The Wonder,” 1788, l. 40) and reframes the "things" of the stage as objects made sacred by tradition and, specifically by association with the Christmas season.

A Blueprint for Minimizing Audit Anticipation Gap in a Developing Country: Stakeholders Perceptions

Purpose: This paper provides a blueprint for minimizing Audit Anticipation Gap (AAG) in a developing country. The focus was on exploring the occurrence, causes, and consequent effects of the Audit Anticipation Gap in Sudan, by identifying the possible factors that contribute to that gap. This was achieved by surveying the opinions of practicing external auditors, key users of financial statements, and accounting educators.Research Design/Methodology/Approach: A qualitative research approach was adopted through a cross-sectional survey, using in-depth face-to-face structured personal interviews. Furthermore, purposive/judgmental sampling was utilized to select interviewees. Twenty-nine interviews were carried out, and their responses were analyzed using thematic content analysis.Major Findings: The findings did indicate that an Audit Anticipation Gap exists in Sudan due to a weak and undeveloped accounting and auditing profession in the country, ambiguity concerning auditor’s independence, lack of external auditor rotation in the majority of the financial sectors, rendering both audit and non-audit services, absence of rules and regulations that govern external audit practices. Furthermore, major contributing factors included misunderstanding the objectives of auditing, the audit process, and the auditor’s roles and responsibilities by key users of financial statements.Practical Implications: The study provided a wide range of findings that have significant implications for policy making geared toward minimizing the Audit Anticipation Gap in the country, so that accounting will play its proper role in its sustainable economic development.Originality/Value: This study contributes to the existing literature by providing detailed and comprehensive findings from a region that has gained little focus on the subject matter. Specifically, it has shed light on the weaknesses of the accounting and auditing profession in Sudan, with a particular emphasis on the Audit Anticipation Gap. Thus, by surveying the viewpoints of the key stakeholders, the study provided prescriptions for turning around the accounting profession in the country to a potential world-class status.

Richard Cantillon and public policy

PurposeRichard Cantillon (168?–173?) is known as the first economic theorist and the founder of entrepreneurship theory. Few would describe him as engaged in policy issues, but he did write about policy issues of interest to scholars interested in entrepreneurship and economic development. He has long been classified as a mercantilist of a bygone day, even as many believe he was resolute in not commenting on policy matters at all. His views could be a key to pursuing the policy goals of entrepreneurship scholars.Design/methodology/approachThe authors look at several topics in Cantillon's Essay on the Nature of Commerce in General (1755), read in its historical/political context, to better understand Cantillon's views. The authors then relate Cantillon's views to recent interventions in the economy.FindingsThe authors found that Cantillon held clearly antimercantilist, or free market, views. The authors also recognize that his views, given his status as the founder of entrepreneurship theory, can contribute to modern economics. As in Cantillon's day, institutional uncertainty has negative economic consequences and often leads to unproductive entrepreneurship, which is only made worse by the increased complexity of the modern economy.Originality/valueThe authors clarify Cantillon's views against modern-day interpretations and offer a clearer understanding of Cantillon's writings in the context of his Essay on the Nature of Commerce in General (1755). The authors also show the importance of the proper role of institutions for productive entrepreneurship—and the danger of unproductive or destructive entrepreneurship when such institutions do not have policies favorable to entrepreneurship.

Clinical Teacher Evaluation Methods in Medical Education: A Systematic Review

Context: Evaluating systems is one of the essential items affecting faculty member performance. Using an appropriate evaluating system is essential for performing different proper roles for faculty members. Objective: This study aimed to systematically review the models, tools, and challenges of evaluating the performance of clinical faculty members. Methods: This systematic review investigated eight international and four national electronic databases in 2019. Descriptive and thematic analyses were done to extract the most relevant information about the models, tools, and challenges of evaluating the performance of clinical faculty members. Results: In total, 15163 articles were identified, of which 25 met the inclusion criteria. The findings were demonstrated in four main categories of the model of evaluating the performance of clinical faculty members, education, data gathering tools, and challenges of evaluating the performance of clinical faculty members. The main subthemes for evaluating the performance of the clinical faculty member model were systems, structure, indicators, and process. Conclusions: This study recommends policymakers and educational managers to design an appropriate evaluating tool. Further research should be conducted to develop a practical system for solving the mentioned challenges.

The innovation imperative of Ukraine’s recovery strategy

Efficient use of innovations as an imperative for socio-economic development and solving economic, environmental, social, and cultural problems should be one of the factors of Ukraine’s victory in the Russian-Ukrainian war and ensuring its post-war recovery and the proper place of the national economy in the global economic system. This has a significant impact on the search for ways to shape the state economic policy aimed at innovative development and requires both additional research on the features of the innovation factor and a critical analysis of its neglect both in the pre-war and post-war periods. The article reveals the peculiarities of a new stage of implementation of the principle of innovative imperative of socio-economic recovery of the Ukrainian state which suffered during the Russian-Ukrainian war. The author proves that, according to all international ratings, Ukraine’s intellectual capacity is at a high level and is increasingly valued in the world, but in practice there is a lack of a proper role of the state in creating an environment (innovation ecosystem) for its realization as a key factor in the country’s socio-economic development and ensuring its competitiveness, self-sufficiency and national security. The article substantiates the idea that today the restoration of production, social, and economic processes in Ukraine, both in the context of hostilities in the de-occupied territories and in the post-war period throughout the entire territory, should be based on effective strategies and projects for their implementation, based on the innovative imperative of development, taking into account the national peculiarities of innovation capacity, which will allow avoiding many mistakes, reducing material costs and time, and optimizing the own algorithm for implementing reforms. The author substantiates the suggestions that in order to restore Ukraine’s sovereignty, self-sufficiency, and security, a systematic assessment of the situation is needed already today in terms of creating the preconditions for the use of the innovation factor, which will help the society to draw conclusions and move forward in the right direction.

Beyond Controversial Speeches: Ideologies of Duterte as Philippine President

The study examined the ideologies embedded in the speeches of President Duterte on controversial issues using a qualitative design, mainly through a Critical Discourse Analysis of Fairclough. The material used was the ten speeches of Duterte from 2016-2019 that contained controversial topics. The study’s results revealed that his ideologies include negative representation, freedom of speech, social responsibility and good governance, transformational leadership, anti-corruption policy, liberal democracy, protection and security, public order and trust, civil service, and love for the country. These related beliefs and his policies form the basis of how he views things around him and the proper role of government in society as the Philippine president. By analyzing his language and the underlying meaning of his words and uncovering the ideologies underpinning discourse, people would get to know his beliefs, positions, and ideas in various matters, assisting them in interpreting issues, events, and conditions.

The Economics of Reasonable Royalty Damages: The Limited, Proper Role of the So-Called 'Analytical Method'

The Economics of Reasonable Royalty Damages: The Limited, Proper Role of the So-Called 'Analytical Method'

The Social Teaching in Benedict XVI’s Deus Caritas Est

Pope Benedict XVI’s Deus caritas est rightly receives much attention for the beautiful discussion of the nature of love in the encyclical’s first part. The second part of the encyclical, however, does not receive the attention it deserves. There Benedict describes the proper role of the Church in bringing about justice, and moreover, teaches that not only a commitment to justice is necessary for the securing of the common good, but also social charity which perfects and surpasses justice. Pope Benedict describes the important role of politics in advancing the common good while also emphasizing the necessity of charity for politics to perform its function well, and ultimately, for a good which transcends the demands of justice to be attained.

A Comprehensive Review: Drug Interactions and Polypharmacy

The aim of our study is to identify the drug interactions due to polypharmacy. We tried to identify the possible risk factors, outcomes and management of polypharmacy especially in older patients. A medication interaction happens when the impact of one medication is changed by the presence of another. Many interfacing drugs can be controlled securely without making any mischief to the patient through cautious checking and dose change. Notwithstanding, prescriptions should possibly be regulated together if the outcomes are perceived and the danger of mischief is exceeded by the helpful benefits. Polypharmacy is portrayed as "the utilization of various meds or potentially the combination of a greater number of prescriptions than are clinically prescribed, speaking to superfluous medication use." Polypharmacy includes the number of meds taken by the patient, the provision of at least one wrong meds, or a combination of both, which can expand the danger for adverse medication occasions (ADEs), underutilization of drug, and redundancy of medication. Polypharmacy Management is an entire framework approach that upgrades the consideration of multimorbid patients through amplifying advantage while decreasing the dangers of improper polypharmacy. Prescription review and assessment is an intercession that should be ordinarily performed by clinical drug specialists to improve medicine harmlessness and drug therapy results, and guarantee ideal prescription use. There should be a proper and strong role and communication of Physicians, Pharmacists, and Patients in society, especially in developing countries. The potential risk factors should be identified like dietary factors interact with the drug therapy sothat adverse reactions can be identified and avoided.

A Comprehensive Review: Drug Interactions and Polypharmacy

The aim of our study is to identify the drug interactions due to polypharmacy. A medication interaction happens when the impact of one medication is changed in the presence of other. The effect of interfacing drugs can be controlled securely without causing any harm to the patient through cautious checking and dose change. Polypharmacy is portrayed as "the utilization of various medicines or potentially the combination of a greater number of prescriptions that are clinically prescribed, leading to superfluous medication use. Polypharmacy includes the number of medicines taken by the patient, the provision of at least one wrong medicine, or a combination of both, which can expand the danger for adverse medication occasions, underutilization of drug, and redundancy of medication. Polypharmacy Management is an entire framework approach that upgrades the consideration of multimorbid patients through amplifying advantage while decreasing the dangers of improper polypharmacy. The review and assessment of prescription is an intercession that should be ordinarily performed by clinical drug specialists to improve the drug therapy results, medicine’s adverse impact and guaranteed the use of ideal prescription. There should be a proper and strong role and communication of physicians, pharmacists, and patients in society, especially in developing countries. The potential risk factors should be identified, like the interaction of diet with the drug therapy so that adverse reactions can be identified and avoided.

Grand Theories or Design Guidelines? Perspectives on the Role of Theory in Computing Education Research

A rich body of empirically grounded results and a solid theory base have often been viewed as signs of a mature discipline. Many disciplines have frequently debated what they should accept as legitimate kinds of theories, the proper roles of theory, and appropriate reference disciplines. Computing education research (CER) in particular has seen a growing number of calls for the development of domain-specific theories for CER, an adaptation of theories from other fields, and engagement with theory-based experimental and predictive research in CER. Many of those calls share the same concerns and aims, yet they use very different vocabulary and lack a consensus over an essential concept: theory.This article presents sticking points and trouble spots in CER’s theory debates and presents a number of suggestions and ways forward. Firstly, by slightly shifting towards a model-based view of science, CER can avoid centuries of conceptual baggage related to the concept of theory. Secondly, insofar as fields like design, engineering, and social science are considered to be legitimate parts of CER, the role of theory in many CER studies needs to be judged by the criteria of the philosophy of engineering, technology, and social science, not the philosophy of (natural) science. Thirdly, instead of force-fitting elements of ill-suited research paradigms from other disciplines, the philosophy of CER should focus on building a consensus on CER’s own paradigm and describing the field’s relationship with theory in CER’s own terms.