Proper Personal Protective Equipment Research Articles

A Systematic Review of PPE Recommendations for First Responders, and Medical Professionals to Nuclear Radiological Events at Nuclear Power Plants

Introduction:Due to climate change, many countries are exploring nuclear power as a clean, sustainable, and alternative energy source. However, radiophobia stemming from a history of major accidents at nuclear power plants (most recently Fukushima Daiichi) inhibits the expansion of this industry. In an unlikely event of a large-scale accident, the risks posed to humans are minimal when mitigation measures are followed. This includes appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for first responders, and medical professionals responding to these emergencies. An examination of the PPE recommendations for these scenarios will highlight best practices for minimizing exposures, and the effects of radiation.Method:A systematic literature review will provide a historical baseline of the PPE worn during previous nuclear power plant events. Additionally, current recommendations for PPE levels in response to these emergencies will be explored. Five databases will be utilized for this study, including PubMed, Web of Science, and SCOPUS.Results:Many studies examine different types of nuclear radiological exposures, but few focus on nuclear power plant scenarios. More than 5,000 articles emerged from a preliminary survey of the five databases. However, less than 1% of them satisfied the extraction criteria, and reviewed PPE for nuclear power plant accidents. Medical responders caring for “exposed” individuals who present at Emergency Departments have minimal exposure once they’re decontaminated, and everyday PPE is maintained. However, data on PPE recommendations for on-site response remains unexplored. Airtight suits and full-face respirators emerged as industry gold standard for protection, but a closer examination of these types of suits, and responders' self-efficacy utilizing the gear would clarify their actual protective qualities.Conclusion:While nuclear power plant accidents do not occur often, many remain fearful of their impact. Maintaining proper PPE (including respiratory habiliment) for event responders is one way to minimize the adverse health effects of these nuclear radiological exposures.

Exploring Occupational Health and Safety Practices Implemented in Filling Stations, Maseru, Lesotho

Compliance with occupational health and safety is essential to ensure the protection of workers, their families, and the customers' well-being. Moreover, it improves the business image, its productivity and avoids incurring unnecessary costs related to compensating for occupational diseases and hazards occurring in the filling stations premises. The study employed the quantitative approach and a cross-sectional study design was used. All-inclusive sampling was used on 50 participants. The findings of the study indicated that 88.9% of employees can use fire extinguishers and 72.2% can use the spill kit. Most filling stations provided employees with proper Personal Protective Equipment. Research in this field has not been conducted to much of a degree in Lesotho, which made this study priority and a need for the field of occupational health and safety in the country.

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) in post COVID era – ‘Second Pandemic’ Slowly Moving Across the World

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) in post COVID era – ‘Second Pandemic’ Slowly Moving Across the World

Personal protective equipment use among dental healthcare personnel during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the impact of an educational video in clinical practice.

Dental healthcare personnel (DHCP) are at high risk of exposure to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We sought to identify how DHCP changed their use of personal protective equipment (PPE) as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and to pilot an educational video designed to improve knowledge of proper PPE use. The study comprised 2 sets of semistructured qualitative interviews. The study was conducted in 8 dental clinics in a Midwestern metropolitan area. In total, 70 DHCP participated in the first set of interviews; 63 DHCP participated in the second set of interviews. In September-November 2020 and March-October 2021, we conducted 2 sets of semistructured interviews: (1) PPE use in the dental community during COVID-19, and (2) feedback on the utility of an educational donning and doffing video. Overall, 86% of DHCP reported having prior training. DHCP increased the use of PPE during COVID-19, specifically N95 respirators and face shields. DHCP reported real-world challenges to applying infection control methods, often resulting in PPE modification and reuse. DHCP reported double masking and sterilization methods to extend N95 respirator use. Additional challenges to PPE included shortages, comfort or discomfort, and compatibility with specialty dental equipment. DHCP found the educational video helpful and relevant to clinical practice. Fewer than half of DHCP reported exposure to a similar video. DHCP experienced significant challenges related to PPE access and routine use in dental clinics during the COVID-19 pandemic. An educational video improved awareness and uptake of appropriate PPE use among DHCP.

Epidemiology, symptoms, transmission, prevention, treatment, and future prospects of the Lassa fever outbreak: a potential study.

Epidemiology, symptoms, transmission, prevention, treatment, and future prospects of the Lassa fever outbreak: a potential study.

Infection Control Measures for SARS CoV-2 in Pediatric Wards During the COVID-19 Pandemic

<p>新冠病毒(SARS CoV-2) Omicron變異株於兒童族群感染具有高病毒量及高傳染性，且臨床症狀與其他秋冬常見之呼吸道病毒感染類似，加上兒童非藥物介入措施(non-pharmacological interventions, NPI)順從性及疫苗接種率低，若無適當之感管措施，容易於兒童病房中造成群聚感染。兒科病房COVID-19群突發事件常發生於社區流行高峰時期，可能造成住院之高風險兒童出現重症，亦可能引起醫護人員感染，並導致醫療照護人力不足。預防兒童病房COVID-19群聚感染，除包括全院規範之感染措施外，另須特別加強住院時病人全面篩檢、醫療人員個人防護裝備選擇（尤其是眼睛黏膜保護）、減少不必要的氣溶膠產生之醫療處置及加強環境清消。而一旦於病房發現確診個案，亦需在第一時間進行隔離措施、流行病學調查及健康管理。具風險因子之兒童若有必要應盡速給予抗病毒藥物治療，並注意重症之危險徵兆。</p> <p> </p><p>Compared with prior variants, the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant causes high viral loads and high infectivity in the pediatric population. However, the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 in children are similar to those caused by other respiratory viruses. Besides, poor non-pharmacological interventions (NPI) compliance and low vaccination coverage in the pediatric population also contributed to the magnitude of the COVID-19 outbreak in Taiwan. Outbreaks of COVID-19 in pediatric wards might spread to the rest of the community, contribute to severe symptoms in children with underlying comorbidities, and infect healthcare workers leading to inadequate healthcare staffing. In addition to universal infection control measures, the infection control bundle for COVID-19 in pediatric wards should include measures such as universal screening for SARS CoV-2 before admission, provision of proper personal protection equipment (especially eye protection) of healthcare workers, minimization of the unnecessary aerosol generation procedures, and enforcement of environmental sanitization. If a new COVID-19 case is detected in the ward, it should be epidemiologically investigated, and the patient should be immediately quarantined and monitored. Children with comorbidities should be prescribed antiviral treatment and receive close monitoring for severe manifestations of COVID-19.</p> <p> </p>

Pesticide Utilization in Myanmar and effects on Human Health and Environment

Human health and environmental hazards associated with pesticide handling are common in developing countries, as farmers and agricultural workers frequently lack proper personal protective equipment and may be unable to understand labels with safety instructions. Importation, distribution, use, storage, and disposal of pesticides. Pesticide utilization globally is increasing every year and Myanmar pesticide utilization is also increasing year by year. Its global rank of utilization is 86 and the quantity of pesticide application dosage is 1.4 kg per hectare. Although Myanmar's pesticide application rate per hectare is not as high as in other countries, ignorance of the pre-harvest interval after pesticide application, failure to follow labeling guidelines, calibration, misuse, and improper disposal pose a serious threat to human health and the environment. The goal of this review paper is to examine the uses and application of pesticides in Myanmar to raise awareness about pesticide misuse and to understand the negative effects of pesticides on human health and the environment. Pesticide misuse is a severe problem in agricultural productivity, putting farmers' health and environment at hazard. Pesticide impacts on the environment have a long-term effect on human life, according to numerous studies, it persists in the environment with long-term negative effects. As a result, pesticide management should be strictly regulated for the whole supply chain process of pesticides.

Exploring the experiences of people who had a stroke and therapists who managed people with stroke during the COVID-19 pandemic: An exploratory qualitative study.

To explore experiences, needs and rehabilitation priorities of patients who had their stroke and the experiences of therapists managing stroke patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Exploratory qualitative study. Acute, sub-acute and community stroke facilities. Twenty-two participants. Twelve therapists (all female, mean age 38.5 years) and ten patients (9 female, mean age 51.1 years) who were involved in stroke rehabilitation during the pandemic were interviewed. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted. Interviews were recorded and transcribed before being analysed using a reflexive thematic analysis approach. Four main themes demonstrate the modifications in the care system as a result of COVID-19, impact on the stroke patients at different stage, needs and priorities of stroke rehabilitation, and management strategies that have been used in stroke rehabilitation. Remote rehabilitation and self-management strategies were recommended to deliver care for stroke patients. However, therapists seemed unsatisfied with the quality of care delivered and patients suggested face to face delivery of care with proper personal protection equipment to better address their physical and mental health needs. The findings of this study explored the impact of the pandemic on stroke care from the perspective of the patients and therapists and provides suggestions for improved delivery of care in similar situations. Future research is warranted to examine the long-term effects on people who had inadequate post-stroke rehabilitation during covid pandemic and urgent measures taken to reduce the impact the pandemic has had on the physical and mental issues for these patients.

Effects of occupational exposures on respiratory health in steel factory workers.

The steel factory work environment contains various chemical exposures that can affect indoor air quality and have impact on respiratory health of the workers. The objective of this study was to assess potential effects of occupational exposures in steel factory workers in Iran on the respiratory symptoms, occurrence and the lung function levels. This was a cross-sectional study of 133 men working in a steel factory forming the exposed group and 133 male office workers forming the reference group from a steel company in Iran. The participants filled in a questionnaire and underwent spirometry. Work history was used both as dichotomous (exposed/reference) and a quantitative measure of exposure, the latter measured as duration of exposure in the specified work (in years) for the exposed group and zero for the reference group. Multiple linear regression and Poisson regression were used to adjust for confounding. In Poisson regression analyses, an increased prevalence ratio (PR) of all respiratory symptoms was observed in the exposed group. Lung function parameters were significantly reduced in the exposed group (p < 0.001). There was a dose-response relation between duration of occupational exposures and reduction in the predicted value of FEV1/FVC level (0.177, 95% CI -0.198 to -0.156) in all models. The results of these analyses showed that occupational exposures in steel factory work increase the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and reduce lung function. Safety training and workplace conditions were found to need improvement. In addition, use of proper personal protective equipment is recommended.

Staying proper with your personal protective equipment: How to don and doff

IntroductionThe global COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of protecting frontline healthcare workers from novel respiratory infections while also exposing the limited instruction that medical students receive on proper donning of personal protective equipment (PPE) and more importantly the safe doffing of contaminated PPE to minimize their risk of nosocomial infection. The best methods of providing this kind of instruction have not yet been determined. MethodsAnesthesiology interns and CA-1 residents were trained on proper PPE donning and doffing for AGPs using a methodology based on Miller's pyramid and following a “knows-knows how-shows-does” progression. Participants donned PPE without instruction and were sprayed with Glo Germ® to identify areas of contamination, after which they received both video and in-person instruction on best practices for donning and doffing PPE for AGPs. Following instruction, they again donned PPE and were sprayed with Glo Germ® to identify areas of contamination. Results54 participants completed the study. Before training, overall donning compliance was 60% and overall doffing compliance was 48%. Overall, 70% were contaminated after PPE doffing, with 46% having multiple sites of contamination. After training, donning compliance increased by nearly 30% (P < 0.001), doffing compliance increased by over 20% (P < 0.001), and overall contamination decreased by nearly 30% (P = 0.029), with multiple-site contamination decreasing to only 6% (P = 0.013). DiscussionWhile best methods for providing instruction regarding topics such as PPE donning and doffing have not yet been determined, we have demonstrated that the underlying knowledge base from medical school regarding proper donning and doffing for respiratory isolation is insufficient for preventing self-contamination, and that Miller's pyramid-based training using both video and in-person instruction combined with task execution by learners can improve compliance with PPE donning and doffing protocols and more importantly decrease skin contamination among a group of early training anesthesiology residents.

Post-Vaccine SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection and Associated Factors Among Health Care Providers in Addis Ababa Public Hospitals, Addis Ababa, 2022: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The protection against Coronavirus variants 2019 by pre-existing antibodies due to the current vaccination or natural infection is a global concern. In Ethiopia, case reports show that a significant number of health professionals are reported to get re-infected after vaccination. There are also more studies that revealed the symptomatic SARS-COV-2 re-infection, in particular, among healthcare providers actively engaged in Addis Ababa public health facilities. This study has aimed at assessing the magnitude of post-vaccine reinfection of SARS-COV-2 and associated factors among health care providers in Addis Ababa public hospitals, Addis Ababa, 2022 G.C. A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from July 11 to July 30, 2022. A total of 422 health professionals were included. A simple random sampling method was employed to select 40% of the total hospitals. Then the total sample size was equally allocated to each selected hospital, and then each individual was selected purposefully. The data was collected using a structured, self-administered questionnaire. The analysis was done using SPSS version 26.0, and for data entry, EPi Info version 7.1 was used. Both bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to determine the p-value. Overall, 418 healthcare providers were enrolled in this study, making the response rate 99.05%. The magnitude of SARS-COV-2 reinfection was 60 (14.4%) (95% CI 10.8-17.9). Healthcare professionals who took infection prevention (IP) training on COVID-19 (AOR = 7.177: CI = 4.761-9.698) were associated with SARS-COV-2 reinfection; those with a history of chronic respiratory diseases (AOR = 3.029: CI = 2.406-9.133) were associated with SARS-COV-2 reinfection; health professionals who took the third dose of SARS-COV-2 vaccine (AOR = 1.75: CI = 1.14-2.68) and being a midwife were statistically significant. This study showed the prevalence of SARS-COV-2 reinfection among vaccinated healthcare providers with a pre-vaccination infection history was high; IP training on COVID-19 was needed; educational status, profession, type of vaccine taken in the first dose, chronic respiratory diseases, and number of vaccinations were significantly associated with SARS-COV-2 reinfection after vaccination. Giving IP training, encouraging taking the vaccine as protocol, and using proper personal protective equipment are recommended.

Patterns of COVID-19 Vaccination and Protective Equipment Usage in Endoscopy: A Survey of Endoscopy Providers

Background: Endoscopic procedures have an increased risk for COVID-19 transmission due to their production of respiratory droplets and aerosolized particles. Early case reports and surveys suggest that transmission risk during endoscopy is low given proper personal protective equipment (PPE) usage. However, the advent of new virus variants led to renewed concern regarding infection risk. We examined how these recent trends have affected patterns of COVID-19 positivity, endoscopy center pre-procedure screening protocols, PPE usage, and healthcare provider perceptions of safety in endoscopy. Methods: We surveyed gastroenterologists, nurses, technicians, and other endoscopy unit personnel throughout the United States. The survey was sent on November 1, 2021 and November 15, 2021. Results: Seventy-two individuals responded to the survey with a self-reported vaccination rate of 100%. Nine individuals (13%) reported testing positive for COVID-19, all of whom tested positive before vaccination. Fifty-one (71%) endoscopy workers received the booster dose, and 13 (18%) endoscopy workers planned to in the future. Seven (10%) had not received a booster dose and did not plan to, even if available. Fortythree (60%) individuals reported that their endoscopy center mandated routine COVID-19 testing for all patients undergoing endoscopy. Sixty-one respondents (85%) reported feeling safer performing endoscopic procedures after vaccination. Conclusion: In our cohort, most endoscopy workers received the booster dose or planned to once available, and most reported feeling safer during endoscopy post-vaccination. Although the American Gastroenterological Association had recommended against routine COVID-19 screening prior to elective endoscopy, 60% of respondents reported that their endoscopy center mandated routine pre-procedural screening. Even with the advent of the highly transmissible Delta variant in early 2021, COVID-19 transmission during endoscopy remained low given vaccination and proper PPE utilization. Further data is needed to shape practicechanging guidelines regarding booster vaccine mandates and pre-procedural screening in high-risk fields such as endoscopy.

Stakeholders' Perspectives on the Feasibility of Adopting a Healthy Nail Salon Recognition Program in Philadelphia: A Qualitative Study.

The California Healthy Nail Salon Recognition Program is a statewide initiative to incentivize nail salons to adopt occupational health and safety best practices such as the use of safer nail products without certain harmful chemicals, ventilation systems upgrade, proper personal protective equipment use, and staff training. This public policy intervention is in response to the call to protect nail care workers, mostly women of color, who bear a disproportionate burden of chemical exposure at work. Because there is an interest to adopt a similar program in the Greater Philadelphia region, we conducted this formative research to document stakeholders' perspectives on the feasibility of adopting a Healthy Nail Salon Recognition Program in Philadelphia. We conducted semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of 31 stakeholders in Philadelphia in 2021. Using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Science as our theoretical framework, we developed the interview guide and analysed the data using qualitative research methods to identify key facilitators and barriers. Key facilitating themes were perceived need and benefits of program to improve workers' health and working conditions, and willingness of stakeholders to leverage their organizational resources. Barriers included perceived high cost and time commitment from salon owners and employees, lack of funding and implementation leaders at the city government, community members' willingness to be visible and advocate for the program affected by the stigmas of being immigrant workers, and fear of interacting with authorities, as well as the impact of COVID-19 pandemic. Our results suggest successful adoption of a Healthy Nail Salon Recognition Program in Philadelphia will require outreach within the community to raise awareness of the benefits of the program and close partnership with community-based organizations to facilitate mutual understanding between the authorities and the ethnically diverse nail salon communities.

Relationship of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Actions with the Completeness of the Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in Farmers Insecticide

The use of pesticides by farmers on plants that are not by established rules and do not use proper Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) can cause various kinds of health complaints to farmers and pollute the environment. The behavior of farmers in the use of self-protective equipment when mushing and spraying pesticides are very important for farmers. The research objective is to determine farmers' knowledge, attitudes, and actions in using self-protective equipment during compounding and spraying pesticides. This type of research is descriptive (descriptive research), primary data is obtained through direct observation using questionnaires, and secondary data is obtained from Wali Nagari. The research population was conducted on all onion farmers with a total sampling technique of 52 samples. Data were analyzed by univariate. The results of the study are known that the level of knowledge of onion farmers in Kanagarian Alahan Panjang is quite good, reaching 67.3%, the attitude of farmers is good, reaching 94.2%, and the actions of farmers towards the use of pesticides and PPE are not good because of the 52 repetitions only 1.9% who have good action and 55.8% who use PPE completely

PENTINGNYA PENGGUNAAN ALAT PELINDUNG DIRI BAGI KESEHATAN PETANI DI DESA LOBONG

Personal protective equipment is one way that workers can use to protect part or all of their body from potential hazards to health and work accidents. Farmers are workers who need PPE when working, especially when handling toxic pesticides. Lobong Village is a village whose people work as farmers who also use pesticides to control plant-disturbing organisms. The application of pesticides without using proper personal protective equipment can increase the risk of pesticide poisoning. With counseling about the importance of using personal protective equipment for farmers, it is hoped that the risk of pesticide poisoning can be minimized so that the health and work productivity of farmers can increase.

Factors contributing to occupational injuries among workers in the construction, manufacturing, and mining industries in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Personal injuries, illnesses, or deaths resulting from occupational accidents pose critical public health issues with severe social and economic implications. Studies on risk factors for occupational injuries in Africa have been indecisive. This study aimed to identify factors influencing occupational injuries at the regional level and to generate estimates of the contribution of each. Of 603 studies accessed we included 20 that fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Workers with temporary employment and those not receiving safety training had higher odds of incurring occupational injuries [AOR = 2.13, 95%CI (1.06, 3.21) and AOR = 1.98, 95%CI (1.21, 2.76), respectively]. Temporary workers often do not benefit from occupational health and safety services to avoid accidents and injuries at work. Use of proper personal protective equipment reduced the odds of sustaining an injury [AOR = 0.60, 95%CI (0.32, 0.88)]. We suggest focusing interventions on the identified modifiable factors to lessen the burden of work-related injuries.

Patient Satisfaction with Healthcare Services Among Inpatients in The Covid-19 Isolation Room

Patient care in the isolation room differs from other rooms, including strict hygiene, proper personal protective equipment, and minimal patient contact. Furthermore, this study aims to portray patient satisfaction with healthcare services among inpatients in the COVID-19 isolation room. It was a descriptive study using a retrospective descriptive methodology. The population was inpatients in the COVID-19 isolation room at Surabaya Islamic hospital for January-May 2021. In addition, the sample was 128 respondents with a total sampling method. The authors used a questionnaire portraying patient satisfaction with health care services based on reliability, assurance, tangible, empathy, and responsiveness dimensions. The data was processed descriptively in a frequency distribution table. The results showed that respondents were satisfied with the reliability dimension (the ability of doctors and nurses to explain, listen, and speed up handling complaints). In addition, they were satisfied with tangible (room facilities, cleanliness of rooms, cleanliness of beds and bathrooms); empathy (attention of doctors, the ability of nurses to motivate and communicate well); assurance (friendly and polite healthcare services, safe healthcare services, and good healthcare service), and responsiveness (fast and accurate healthcare treatments, diagnostics, and easy healthcare procedures). Thus, inpatients in the COVID-19 Isolation Room at Surabaya Islamic hospital for January-May 2021 were satisfied with healthcare services based on reliability, assurance, tangible, empathy, and responsiveness dimensions. However, the empathy dimension had the lowest score among the five dimensions. So, emotional intelligence training is essential to improve health workers' empathy for patients.

Maintaining the Quality of Mechanical Thrombectomy after Acute Ischemic Stroke in COVID(-)19 Patients.

The COVID-19 pandemic has become increasingly worse worldwide since it was discovered in China in late December 2019. Easy contact transmission between people and a low to moderate mortality rate may cause failure in medical health services if there is no proper personal protective equipment for personnel. During the pandemic, patients with acute ischemic stroke with large-vessel occlusion who required immediate treatment through mechanical thrombectomy (MT) were still being sent to the emergency room. Knowing how to maintain effective treatment standards has become our concern. We used a retrospective, single-center study to select COVID-19 (-) patients with acute ischemic stroke undergoing mechanical thrombectomy during the years 2020-2021. Patients with acute ischemic stroke with large-vessel occlusion received mechanical thrombectomy were compared with patients admitted from December 2020 to May 2021 (the pre-COVID-19 group) and those from June 2021 to November 2021 (the during COVID-19 group). Furthermore, the time disparity of mechanical thrombectomy was compared between these two groups. Of patients confirmed with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) with large-vessel occlusion (LVO) during the study period, 62 were included. Compared with the pre-COVID-19 group (34 patients; median age, 70.5 years), the during COVID-19 group (28 patients; median age, 71.5 years) showed no major median time difference in door-to-computed-tomography-angiography (CTA) time (19.0 min vs. 20.0 min, p = 0.398) and no major median time difference in door-to-groin-puncture time (118.0 min vs. 109.0 min, p = 0.281). In our study, with a prepared protocol for the pandemic having been established in the healthcare system, we could see no difference between the pre-pandemic and during-pandemic time periods when using mechanical thrombectomy to treat COVID-19 (-) patients of AIS with LVO. By means of a quick-PCR test during triage, there was no time delay to perform MT or any lowering of safety protocol for workers in the healthcare system.

Frenotomy procedure of a cleft lip and palate case

Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease can be transmitted through direct or indirect contact with droplets from the infected person’s respiratory system. The aim of this study was a rapid review of the use of personal protective equipment against coronavirus in the field of dentistry.Methods: This study was a rapid cross-sectional review and research. A search was performed in Scopus and PubMed. The key words were PPE) personal protective equipment) with “Corona virus” OR “Coronavirus” OR “Covid 19” as well as thecombination of “oral health” and “dent” with “Corona virus” OR “Covid 19” OR “coronavirus.” Finally, we selected nine articles and excluded 545 irrelevant articles. We reviewed these nine studies in full text and excluded two of them as they were unrelated to the review of personal protective equipment.Results: One study showed that patients with COVID-19 who do not yet have symptoms might seek emergency dental treatment. Two researchers concluded that dentists had good information about how the virus was transmitted but did not know its symptoms well. One study concluded that the use of filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) during the COVID-19 pandemic is essential to preventing exposure to aerosols and droplets, as it is more fluid-resistant and functions better than surgical masks, which cause flooding around the mouth and nose.Conclusion: This study shows that many dentists do not have enough information about the disease and proper personal protective equipment. This may be due to a lack of precise operating instructions.

Personal protective equipment against coronavirus in the field of dentistry: A rapid review

Introduction: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) disease can be transmitted through direct or indirect contact of droplets. The aim of this study was rapid review of personal protective equipments in the field of dentistry against coronavirus.Method: This study was a rapid review and cross sectional research. A search was performed in Scopus and PubMed. The key words was PPE) personal protective equipment( with "Corona virus "OR "Coronavirus" OR "Covid 19" as well as the combination of "oral health" and "dent" with "Corona virus" OR "Covid 19" OR "coronavirus". Finally, we selected 9 articles and excluded 545 unrelated articles. We reviewed these 9 studies in full text and excluded 2 of them being unrelated to the review of personal protective equipment.Results: A study showed that patients with Covid-19 who do not yet have symptoms may seek emergency treatment. Two researchers concluded that dentists had good information about how the virus was transmitted but did not know its symptoms well. A study concluded that the use of filtering face piece respirators (FFRs) during the Covid-19 epidemic is essential to prevent the transmission of aerosols and droplets, as it has been shown to be more fluid-resistant and better than surgical masks which cause flooding around the mouth and nose. Conclusion: This study shows that to some extent a significant number of dentists do not have enough information about the disease and proper personal protective equipment. This may be due to the lack of precise operating instructions.