Proper Numbers Research Articles

Wie übersetzt NMT Eigennamen und Zahlen?

AbstractSince September 2016, when Google implemented the neural machine translation (NMT) technique in Google Translate (GNMT), the overall quality of machine translation (MT) has improved significantly, narrowing the gap between MT and human translation (HT). One detail aspect of MT quality is how the system can cope with the translation of proper names and numbers, so-called Named Entities (NEs). This paper outlines the principles underlying the GNMT translation of NEs and analyzes form changes including errors that are encountered during NMT-based translation and the causes of those form changes. First, on the basis of Wu et al. (2016), a simple model for GNMT-based NE translation is created, and within this model NE translations in 60 target texts are analyzed and compared to those of a professional translator. According to this model, GNMT-derived NE-form changes can roughly be attributed to four causes: segmentation, memory, features of training corpora, and functionality in the attention system.

A hurdle finite mixture lognormal crash rate estimation model for addressing heterogeneous characteristics of influential factors

ABSTRACTCrash rates are discrete-continuous mixed quantities and left-censored at zero. Past studies have contributed in many aspects to connecting crash rates with factors, but the distributional characteristics of crash rates, especially in the positive domain, and the capability of capturing heterogeneous influential patterns of factors are still deficient. This study proposes a hurdle finite mixture lognormal (HUFML) model that allows each observation to come from more than one distribution. The proposed model can take account of the potentially heterogeneous patterns of influence of factors on crash rates, as well as provide a more flexible distribution framework for fitting the positive crash rates. To estimate parameters for this model, an expectation-maximization (E-M) algorithm is also formulated. The HUFML model is applied to an observed crash data set with the number of component distributions ranging from one to ten. Under proper component numbers, the HUFML model is superior to the traditional hurdle lognormal (HUL) model. More importantly, the finite-mixture setting is found to be effective for capturing heterogeneous patterns of influence for certain variables that cannot be captured by the traditional HUL model.

Downward Trend in Maternal Mortality Ratio in Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran

Background & aim: Maternal mortality is defined as the death during pregnancy or up to 42 days postpartum. This study sought to determine the trend of maternal mortality ratio (MMR) and its associated factors in Khorasan Razavi province, Iran. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in Khorasan Razavi Province, North East of Iran, during 2010 to 2014. Data was collected from the reports of Maternal Mortality Committee of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. The MMR was calculated for each period, and its trend was estimated. Chi-square test was used to find the relationship between mode of delivery and direct or indirect causes of maternal death. Results: According to the results, 94 maternal deaths occurred during 2010 to 2014. The total MMR was 17.68 (95%CI: 13.59-21.77) per 100,000 live births. The mean maternal age was 30.7±6.1 years old. Most of the deaths (75.6%) occurred during postpartum period, from which 81% happened following a high-risk pregnancy. In addition, 50% of the mothers had proper numbers of visits during pregnancy. The most direct and indirect causes of maternal death were maternal hemorrhage (24.5%) and cardiovascular diseases (12.8%), respectively. The relative risk of maternal mortality associated with cesarean section was 1.3 in comparison to normal vaginal delivery. Conclusion: The estimation of MMR is essential for decision-making and resource allocation. To reach this goal, a good registration system is needed to register all deaths and their exact causes.

Analysis of flexural behavior of a simple supported thin beam under concentrated multiloads using trigonometric series method

For accurately predicting the local stresses around the loading points, a stress function in the form of trigonometric series (TS) was applied to obtain the displacements and stresses for simply supported thin beams under concentrated multiloads. The convergences of TS solutions were testified for both displacements and stresses, where the convergence criteria were established and the proper iteration numbers were given. Besides, the accuracy of TS solutions was verified by finite element analysis, where the stress concentration effect is obvious for the shear stresses around the loading sections, not following the parabolic distribution proposed in literatures. Finally, taking thin beams under multi-wheels loads as an example, parameter studies were then performed to examine the effects of wheels' numbers, distances and locations on the flexural response of beams. Numerical results were summarized into a series of curves indicating the distribution of displacements and stresses for various parameters.

Adjacent-vertex-distinguishing proper total colouring number of

Coloring is a fundamental problem in scientific computation and engineering design. In recent years, a variety of colorings frequently appeared and solved many problems in production. For example, adjacent-vertex-distinguishing proper total coloring, adjacent-vertex-distinguishing proper edge coloring, smarandachely-adjacent-vertex-distinguishing proper edge coloring. It is an important also difficult problem to discuss the coloring numbers of a given graph class. And we focus on the adjacent-vertex-distinguishing proper total coloring numbers in this paper. We study the adjacent-vertex-distinguishing proper total coloring numbers of joint graphs

Non-toxic and clean crosslinking system for protein materials: Effect of extenders on crosslinking performance

One of the biggest disadvantages of protein cross-linking method is the toxicity of cross-linking agents. In this paper, a clean and non-toxic cross-linking system for protein materials using citric acid (CA) as crosslinker and polyols as cross-linking extender was established. Incorporation of polyols could enhance cross-linking performance of CA by forming branched network among protein molecules. Effect of polyol structure on the cross-linking performance was studied systematically, and keratin fiber was used as an example of protein materials. Extenders containing both primary and secondary hydroxyl groups were more effective in enhancing cross-linking efficiency. Changes in the amounts of carboxyl group, amine group and sulfhydryl group of keratin fiber after cross-linking were measured via potentiometric and conductometric titrations to quantify the cross-linking efficiency. Cross-linking mechanism was also illustrated. With proper numbers of primary hydroxyl groups, secondary hydroxyl groups and backbone length, polyols could be efficient in enhancing performance of this cross-linking system. This novel clean cross-linking system could be used for not only protein engineering, but also other areas where utilization of cross-linking agents are contemplated.

REST corepressors RCOR1 and RCOR2 and the repressor INSM1 regulate the proliferation–differentiation balance in the developing brain

The transcriptional events that lead to the cessation of neural proliferation, and therefore enable the production of proper numbers of differentiated neurons and glia, are still largely uncharacterized. Here, we report that the transcription factor Insulinoma-associated 1 (INSM1) forms complexes with RE1 Silencing Transcription factor (REST) corepressors RCOR1 and RCOR2 in progenitors in embryonic mouse brain. Mice lacking both RCOR1 and RCOR2 in developing brain die perinatally and generate an abnormally high number of neural progenitors at the expense of differentiated neurons and oligodendrocyte precursor cells. In addition, Rcor1/2 deletion detrimentally affects complex morphological processes such as closure of the interganglionic sulcus. We find that INSM1, a transcription factor that induces cell-cycle arrest, is coexpressed with RCOR1/2 in a subset of neural progenitors and forms complexes with RCOR1/2 in embryonic brain. Further, the Insm1-/- mouse phenocopies predominant brain phenotypes of the Rcor1/2 knockout. A large number of genes are concordantly misregulated in both knockout genotypes, and a majority of the down-regulated genes are targets of REST. Rest transcripts are up-regulated in both knockouts, and reducing transcripts to control levels in the Rcor1/2 knockout partially rescues the defect in interganglionic sulcus closure. Our findings indicate that an INSM1/RCOR1/2 complex controls the balance of proliferation and differentiation during brain development.

A radial axis defined by semaphorin-to-neuropilin signaling controls pancreatic islet morphogenesis.

The islets of Langerhans are endocrine organs characteristically dispersed throughout the pancreas. During development, endocrine progenitors delaminate, migrate radially and cluster to form islets. Despite the distinctive distribution of islets, spatially localized signals that control islet morphogenesis have not been discovered. Here, we identify a radial signaling axis that instructs developing islet cells to disperse throughout the pancreas. A screen of pancreatic extracellular signals identified factors that stimulated islet cell development. These included semaphorin 3a, a guidance cue in neural development without known functions in the pancreas. In the fetal pancreas, peripheral mesenchymal cells expressed Sema3a, while central nascent islet cells produced the semaphorin receptor neuropilin 2 (Nrp2). Nrp2 mutant islet cells developed in proper numbers, but had defects in migration and were unresponsive to purified Sema3a. Mutant Nrp2 islets aggregated centrally and failed to disperse radially. Thus, Sema3a-Nrp2 signaling along an unrecognized pancreatic developmental axis constitutes a chemoattractant system essential for generating the hallmark morphogenetic properties of pancreatic islets. Unexpectedly, Sema3a- and Nrp2-mediated control of islet morphogenesis is strikingly homologous to mechanisms that regulate radial neuronal migration and cortical lamination in the developing mammalian brain.

아스팔트콘크리트 궤도용 궤도변위 저항 장치 개발

아스팔트콘크리트 궤도는 아스팔트콘크리트 도상 위에 광폭침목 및 콘크리트 패널이 직결되는 궤도 형식으로서 각종 종 횡방향 외력에 대한 저항력이 요구된다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 광폭침목형 및 콘크리트 패널형 아스팔트콘크리트 궤도에 대해 종 횡방향 저항력 실험을 수행하고 궤도변위 저항 장치에 요구되는 필요 전단 저항력을 산정하였다. 또한 궤도변위 저항 장치로서 콘크리트 블록형 앵커 및 강관형 앵커를 개발하고 각각의 앵커 실험체에 대한 수평전단 실험을 수행하여 앵커 종류별 전단 저항력을 도출하였다. 그리고 아스팔트콘크리트 궤도에 궤도변위 저항 장치 적용 시, 전단 저항 성능 및 경제성 등을 고려하여 궤도변위 저항 장치 적정 개수 및 배치 설계(안)을 제시하였다. Asphalt concrete track (ACT) is a track system connecting wide sleepers and concrete panels on top of an asphalt concrete layer; such a system requires adequate resistance force against various longitudinal and lateral external loads. In this study, a series of experiments were carried out to assess the longitudinal and lateral resistance force of a wide sleeper and concrete panel type ACT. The required shear resistance force of the horizontal displacement restraint device (HDRD) was evaluated. Furthermore, a concrete block type anchor and a steel pipe type anchor were developed as HDRDs. The shear resistance force was decided based on the experimental results of horizontal shear tests for each anchor system. In addition, proper numbers and arrangement design guidelines for the HDRDs were suggested considering the shear resisting capacity and economics for HDRDs applied to ACT.

Neural Stem Cells to Cerebral Cortex: Emerging Mechanisms Regulating Progenitor Behavior and Productivity.

This review accompanies a 2016 SFN mini-symposium presenting examples of current studies that address a central question: How do neural stem cells (NSCs) divide in different ways to produce heterogeneous daughter types at the right time and in proper numbers to build a cerebral cortex with the appropriate size and structure? We will focus on four aspects of corticogenesis: cytokinesis events that follow apical mitoses of NSCs; coordinating abscission with delamination from the apical membrane; timing of neurogenesis and its indirect regulation through emergence of intermediate progenitors; and capacity of single NSCs to generate the correct number and laminar fate of cortical neurons. Defects in these mechanisms can cause microcephaly and other brain malformations, and understanding them is critical to designing diagnostic tools and preventive and corrective therapies.

Theoretical Screening of Novel 5-picrylamino- 1,2,3,4-tetrazole (PAT) and 5,5′-styphnylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrazole (SAT) Derivatives: A New Molecular Design Strategy of Multi-Nitrogen Energetic Materials by Introducing Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonds and π–π Stacking Interactions

ABSTRACTOn the basis of a design strategy that results in the introduction of intramolecular hydrogen-bonds and π–π stacking interactions leading to low-sensitive and high-energy materials (LSHMs), –NH2/–NO2 fused derivatives of 5-picrylamino- 1,2,3,4-tetrazole (PAT) and 5,5′-styphnylamino- 1,2,3,4-tetrazole (SAT) were designed and investigated theoretically. Density functional theory has been explored to investigate the geometric, electronic structures, band gaps, and heats of formation. The detonation performance was evaluated by using Kamlet-Jacobs equations based on the calculated densities and enthalpy of formation (EOF). The thermal stability of these compounds was studied by calculating bond dissociation energies and energy gaps. Proper numbers of 5-aminotetrazole (5-AT) moieties can enhance the EOFs of explosives, further improving the detonation performance as well as nitro group. Though introducing more nitro-groups into TATB frameworks, NH-moieties can retain the intramolecular hydrogen-bond, which can enhance the crystal-packing and physico-chemical stability. Meanwhile, noncovalent interaction (NCI) plots reflects that intermolecular interaction also has a crucial influence on the mechanical sensitivity for the designed derivatives, except for the energy gap (ΔE) and bond dissociation energy (BDE). UV/Vis spectra and 15N isotropic magnetic shielding were further computed for characterizing and predicting the molecular structure and reaction mechanism towards the future experiments. The predicted performance implies that the designed molecules are expected to be promising candidates for multi-nitrogen energetic materials.

Dimensionally and Physically Proper Lift, Drag, and Thrust-Related Numbers as Figures of Merit: Normalized Lift, Drag, and Thrust, ηL, ηD, and ηT

AbstractTextbooks state that the lift, drag, and thrust coefficients CL, CD, and CT, are numbers that must be dimensionally proper (i.e., dimensionless) for their use in comparing different data se...

Determination Method for Topology Configuration of Hybrid Cascaded H-Bridge Rectifiers

To reduce system complexity and implementation costs, fully-controlled H-bridge (FHB) modules and diode H-bridge PFC (DHB) modules are cascaded to form a hybrid cascaded H-bridge rectifier (HCHR). In this paper, the advantages of such a HCHR over other cascaded rectifiers are analyzed depending on the numbers of FHB modules and DHB modules. Therefore, to assign proper numbers to these two kinds of modules for the HCHR, a configuration determination method is investigated under balanced and imbalanced loads. Three principles are also presented to guide the configuration determination for the HCHR. In addition, the constraints for selecting the step-up ratio and filter inductance are derived based on a phasor diagram analysis. The proposed configuration determination method is validated by simulations under three different conditions in the PSIM environment. Finally, experiments are carried out on a scaled-down prototype where the configuration can be easily adjusted. The feasibility of the proposed theory is then verified by experimental results.

On the type series of Scinax perpusillus (Lutz & Lutz, 1939) (Anura: Hylidae).

The literature regarding the type series of Scinax perpusillus (Lutz & Lutz, 1939) presents two distinct numbers for the holotype. In 1973, thirty-four years after the description, Bertha Lutz associated numbers to the type series. This numbering has been followed by subsequent reviewers of Scinax ever since, with exception of Peixoto (1987) who assigned another number to the holotype. Our reevaluation of the literature and examination of the type series allowed us to access that, in both cases, the numbers were incorrectly assigned to the specimens and determine the proper museum numbers for this series.

Note on vertex and total proper connection numbers

This note introduces the vertex proper connection number of a graph and provides a relationship to the chromatic number of minimally connected subgraphs. Also a notion of total proper connection is introduced and a question is asked about a possible relationship between the total proper connection number and the vertex and edge proper connection numbers.

Proper Connection Numbers of Complementary Graphs

A path P in an edge-colored graph G is called a proper path if no two adjacent edges of P are colored the same, and G is proper connected if every two vertices of G are connected by a proper path in G. The proper connection number of a connected graph G, denoted by $$\textit{pc}(G)$$ , is the minimum number of colors that are needed to make G proper connected. In this paper, we investigate the proper connection number of the complement of a graph G according to some constraints of G itself. Also, we characterize the graphs on n vertices that have proper connection number $$n-2$$ . Using this result, we give a Nordhaus–Gaddum-type theorem for the proper connection number. We prove that if G and $$\overline{G}$$ are both connected, then $$4\le \textit{pc}(G)+\textit{pc}(\overline{G})\le n$$ , and the upper bound holds if and only if G or $$\overline{G}$$ is the n-vertex tree with maximum degree $$n-2$$ .

New dimensionless number for gas–liquid flow in pipes

Two-phase flow modeling is a general problem in science and engineering. Two-phase flow phenomenon is inherently complicated and characterized by a large number of flow variables. It is historically known that the lack of proper dimensionless numbers in two-phase flow is one of the major shortcomings as compared to single-phase flow. A new dimensionless number (Slippage Number) for gas–liquid flow in pipes is proposed in this paper. The number is defined as the ratio of the difference in the gravitational forces between slip and no-slip conditions to the inertial force of the gas. It is found to be a function of Froude number based on the mixture velocity especially in the elongated bubble, slug, churn, bubble, and high film thickness wavy annular flow patterns. The liquid holdup data for a wide range of fluid and flow conditions (different viscosities, densities, pipe diameters, inclination angles, gas and liquid flow rates) can be correlated with a single curve using the Slippage Number. The value of the number varies from highest to lowest for bubble, elongated bubble, slug, churn, stratified and annular flow patterns, respectively. It is close to zero for homogeneous flow patterns like mist and dispersed bubble flows. We also show that this number may be used as a flow pattern identifier.

Characterizations of graphs having large proper connection numbers

Characterizations of graphs having large proper connection numbers

Enhanced Pathogen Detection on Fresh Produce Using Micron-Scale Magnetoelastic Biosensors

Phage-immobilized magnetoelastic (ME) biosensors have proven promising in detecting food surface contamination rapidly and inexpensively. These biosensors are wireless, mass-sensitive biosensors and can be placed directly on food surfaces to detect the presence of target pathogens. Previously, millimeter-scale strip-shaped ME biosensors have been used to demonstrate direct detection of Salmonella Typhimurium on various fresh produce surfaces, including tomatoes, apples, shell eggs, and watermelons. Since the biosensor must come into direct contact with Salmonella bacteria, food surfaces with large roughness and curvatures (e.g., leafy green vegetables) may allow the bacteria to avoid direct contact, thereby avoiding detection. Hence, the primary goal of this paper is to investigate the effects of food surface topography and sensor size on the detection capabilities of the biosensors. Spinach leaf surfaces were selected as model surfaces, and detection experiments were conducted with differently sized micron-scale biosensors. Spinach leaf roughness and curvatures of both adaxial (topside) and abaxial (underside) surfaces were measured using a laser confocal microscope. The experimental results showed that in spinach as the sensor is made smaller, the physical contact between the biosensors and bacteria are improved. Smaller sensors thereby enhance detection capabilities. When proper numbers of biosensors were used, micron-scale biosensors were found to yield improved limits of detection over previously investigated millimeter-scale biosensors.

Proper connection number and connected dominating sets

The proper connection number pc(G) of a connected graph G is defined as the minimum number of colors needed to color its edges, so that every pair of distinct vertices of G is connected by at least one path in G such that no two adjacent edges of the path are colored the same, and such a path is called a proper path. In this paper, we show that for every connected graph with diameter 2 and minimum degree at least 2, its proper connection number is at most 3 and the bound is sharp. Then, we give an upper bound 3nδ+1−1 of the proper connection number for every connected graph of order n≥4 and minimum degree δ. We also show that for every connected graph G, the proper connection number pc(G) is upper bounded by pc(G[D])+2, where D is a connected two-way (two-step) dominating set of G. Bounds of the form pc(G)≤4 or pc(G)=2, for many special graph classes follow as easy corollaries from this result, which include connected interval graphs, asteroidal triple-free graphs, circular arc graphs, threshold graphs and chain graphs, all with minimum degree at least 2. Furthermore, we get the sharp upper bound 3 for the proper connection numbers of interval graphs and circular arc graphs through analyzing their structures.