Proper Names Research Articles

ONLINE PSEUDONYMS OF UKRAINIAN FANFICTION AUTHORS

The article is devoted to a systematic study of the online pseudonyms used by authors of a new genre of popular culture ‒ fan literature (fanfiction). A review of the scientific literature on the topic reveals that the system of virtual pseudonymy is increasingly attracting the attention of linguists. However, its theoretical understanding remains a controversial issue in both Ukrainian and foreign linguistic circles. Based on a pragmatic-communicative analysis, the article establishes an irrefutable connection between network pseudonyms and the personal identity of their bearers. It has been found that the network autonyms of fan literature creators are primarily intended to ensure a person’s membership in a virtual community by enabling registration on a web resource. They also express various components of the author’s individual identity: they mark a person as an amateur artist, express their attitude toward the virtual community and their vision of their place in it, and emphasize certain personal characteristics. In terms of the principles of creation, the studied proper names largely coincide with traditional artistic pseudonyms while also revealing specific features related to the increased attention to the visual form of the name, its length, and the choice of nominal models. This is due to the established traditions and existing technical limitations in the virtual environment. The theoretical substantiation of the phenomenon of online pseudonymity is supplemented by a description of the linguistic features of the online pseudonyms used by fanfic authors. Since the practical study of Internet pseudonyms is characterized by a multiplicity of analytical approaches, an attempt is made to systematically describe the analyzed group of self-names based on the following criteria: motivation, method of creation, features of structure, and semantics. It is shown that the nominative trends in the analyzed community, although largely based on traditional anthroponymic formulas, tend to maximize the formal, grammatical, and semantic differentiation of the constituent bases. This indicates that the authors are revealing their creative potential, and their pseudonyms testify to the heterogeneity of the cultural community. The network pseudonyms of users in the Ukrainian-language segment of the Internet form a diverse and dynamic system, which highlights its prospects for further research.

OIKONIMICON OF LESYA UKRAINKA’S DRAMATURGY

The article analyzes the semantic features of the oikonyms of Lesya Ukrainka’s drama. The main focus is on connotations acquired by oikonyms in the artistic expression of Lesya Ukrainka. Oikonyms, i.e. proper names of settlements, are historical and cultural heritage, since they reflect historical events, life, culture of the people, as well as their customs and traditions. Semantic, derivational and stylistic features of oikonyms depend on the individual characteristics of the author of the work, genre specificity, time of creation, literary direction and method. The purpose of the article is to analyze the functional load and semantic content of oikonyms that occur in Lesya Ukrainka’s dramatic works. The object of the research is the toponymic vocabulary in Lesya Ukrainka’s drama, the subject is the semantic and functional features of oikonyms as a component of the artistic and figurative system of the work. During our research, a number of methods were used, among which the descriptive method (used to analyze factual material), the quantitative counting method (to indicate the number of oikonyms in the work of art), and elements of the component analysis method, have a leading role. Oikonymicon in the artistic space of Lesya Ukrainka’s dramas is an active artistic technique that illustrates the author’s voice, the author’s concept of the characters and of the work in general, an important factor in character formation and plot development. And even the absence of oikonyms in the context of drama or its muted function becomes the manifestation and shade of the most important thing that the dramatist lays into the artistic background of the work. This helps reveal other problems that the author considers too important and for the sake of which gives life to her poetic masterpieces in pain and exhaustion, which suffered such a difficult stage fate and which are only now being read to full extent by a Ukrainian reader. We define the semantic study of the oikonymy of modern writers as the further direction of our exploration.

EXTENTION OF THE SEMANTIC FIELD OF MYTHONIM “ODYSSEY” IN THE ADVERTISING DISCOURSE OF ITALY 2000-2021

The object of this article is mythonyms that move into another class of proper names - pragmatonyms or verbal trademarks. The subject of the article was chosen mythonyms from the ancient Greek poem “The Odyssey” by Homer, which are widely used in modern advertising and commercial practice in Italy to name various products: furniture, interior items, clothing, jewelry, food, technical and medical equipment. The purpose of the article is to refute the generally accepted idea that the meaning of an onym (in our case, a mythonym) is impoverished during transonymization into a verbal trademark. The article identified mythonyms from the Odyssey that most often become pragmatonyms - Odysseus, Penelope, Polyphemus. As a result of their analysis, it was demonstrated that peripheral semes of meaning that are not relevant in the mythonym are actualized in the Italian advertising discourse of 2000-2021. Thus, the semantic field of the mythonym, functioning as a trade name, expands and enriches, and not vice versa. The article highlighted the following updated components of meaning: Odysseus - masculinity and freedom, Penelope - thriftiness and beauty, Polyphemus - creative force in the service of man. In the last mythonym, the core meaning of “the destructive power of the savage” completely changed the meaning to “civilizational power of creation”, and the vector of assessment changed. In this case, advertising discourse reflects the linguistic and cultural tendency that exists in Southern Italy to master and appropriate the symbolic space of Mediterranean culture not so much through the figure of Odysseus, but through the Sicilian Polyphemus. The study used a two-stage corpus analysis method: a continuous sample of product names to identify mythonyms from the Odyssey (68 product names) and a representative sample of products with the names Odysseus, Penelope, Polyphemus.

Adult neurogenesis is necessary for functional regeneration of a forebrain neural circuit

In adult songbirds, new neurons are born in large numbers in the proliferative ventricular zone in the telencephalon and migrate to the adjacent song control region HVC (acronym used as proper name) [A. Reiner et al., J. Comp. Neurol. 473, 377-414 (2004)]. Many of these new neurons send long axonal projections to the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA). The HVC-RA circuit is essential for producing stereotyped learned song. The function of adult neurogenesis in this circuit has not been clear. A previous study suggested that it is important for the production of well-structured songs [R. E. Cohen, M. Macedo-Lima, K. E. Miller, E. A. Brenowitz, J. Neurosci. 36, 8947-8956 (2016)]. We tested this hypothesis by infusing the neuroblast migration inhibitor cyclopamine into HVC of male Gambel's white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii) to block seasonal regeneration of the HVC-RA circuit. Decreasing the number of new neurons in HVC prevented both the increase in spontaneous electrical activity of RA neurons and the improved structure of songs that would normally occur as sparrows enter breeding condition. These results show that the incorporation of new neurons into the adult HVC is necessary for the recovery of both electrical activity and song behavior in breeding birds and demonstrate the value of the bird song system as a model for investigating adult neurogenesis at the level of long projection neural circuits.

Pind. Nem. 11.11: Ἀρκεσίλαν or Ἁγησίλαν? Considerations Around a varia lectio

This article focuses on the varia lectio Ἀγησίλαν provided by cod. B instead of Ἀρκεσίλαν, for Pind. Nem. 11.11. Ἀγησίλαν is usually rejected as unmetrical (Henry) or corrected into Ἁγεσίλαν (Maas), but the comparison with other Pindaric proper names – such as Ἁγησίας, Ἁγησίδαμος and Ἁγησίμαχος – suggests that we print Ἁγησίλαν (Schroeder). This form would provide a metrical responsion between hemm and cho cr which is attested also in Aristoph. Vesp. 274 Æ 282. By adopting Ἁγησίλαν, we should infer that the father of Aristagoras of Tenedos, the young laudandus of Nem. 11, was named Agesilaos: if so, we could not exclude that Aristagoras’ brother was Theoxenus, the other ‘son of Agesilaos’ (υἱὸν Ἁγησίλα) praised in Pind. fr. 123 Maehl., as Schneider first suggested.

The Perception of Eponym in Modern Linguistics: Dynamics of Concepts and Definitions

Key words: eponymization, onimization, transonimization, signified, signifier, anthroponym, toponym, semanticization, desemanticization In the article, the perception of the linguistic reality of eponym in modern linguistics has been studied. On the basis of it the term eponym and the process of eponymization have been characterized and clarified. The study was conducted by comparative analysis. In the work, due to the need to solve the set problems, an examination and analysis of the linguistic observations of the concept of eponym has been performed. As a result, the proposed views have been grouped into three main groups: 1. the starting unit of the eponymization process is considered an eponym, 2. the word generated in the end result of the eponymization process is considered an eponym, 3. both sides of the eponymization process are considered eponyms – both the starting unit and the final word. It has been considered acceptable to use the term eponym only for the linguistic unit resulting from the process of eponymization, since theoretically all proper names can become eponyms. In the work, an attempt has been made to clarify the characteristics of the concept of eponym. Thus, it has been defined as a proper or common name, which emerged as a result of the semanticization or polyfunctionalization of the homonymous proper name. It has been noted that an eponym is a word created as a result of the process of eponymization, which has the primary function for a linguistic sign unit, i. e., to name the phenomenon by reflecting it in the system of linguistic sign units. For the process of eponymization, which has been considered beyond the limits of the change of lexical meaning, two main ways have been put forward: semanticization and polyfunctionalization of the proper name. The process of eponymization, which is related to the development of various social spheres that determine human activity, has been evaluated as an important means of enriching the vocabulary of the language, examination of which leads to the necessity for intercultural, sociolinguistic and interdisciplinary studies.

Linguodidactic potential of computer games in teaching English and Chinese languages

Introduction. The modern world makes high demands of the level of future specialists professional training, who must have a wide range of competencies, including knowledge of foreign languages. Today, knowledge of not only English, but also Chinese is becoming increasingly popular. The methodology of teaching foreign languages has never stood still and is constantly evolving. Methodologists are constantly striving to find new teaching methods that would help achieve the most effective results. Today, the introduction of information technology into modern foreign language teaching, namely the use of computer games in the educational process, is of particular interest. The purpose of the study is to identify the linguodidactic potential of computer games in learning the English and Chinese languages. Materials and methods. To analyze the possibilities of using computer games in teaching foreign languages, an analysis of scientific and methodological articles from periodicals, dissertation research and monographs of Russian and foreign authors on this issue was carried out. As a material, we considered and analyzed one of the most popular Chinese games among teenagers and youth, “Genshin Impact”. Research results. The open-world multiplayer role-playing game “Genshin Impact” is analyzed. The linguistic and cultural potential of this game has been revealed, which helps the player not only expand their vocabulary, listening skills, but also knowledge about the culture and history of different countries. The main types of vocabulary that are of interest are proper names and historicisms. Regional studies material can be divided into real-life states and peoples that served as a source of inspiration for developers; prototypes of the game’s geographic locations; references to real historical eras; references to real historical figures; cultural parallels; references to legends, myths and religions of different nations. Conclusion. The results obtained indicate that computer games not only have rich linguistic material, which is perfect for learning a foreign language, but also extensive regional data. Thus, integrating computer games into the educational process not only increases interest and motivation, but also broadens the horizons of its players and instills in them an interest to study world history

Mkrtich Sargsyan’s Fairytale-Novel “Brave Nazar”

The re-evaluation and new interpretations of the characters of positive and negative heroes in folklore are not new in the Armenian and world literature. Armenian greatest writers Hovhannes Tumanyan, Avetik Isahakyan, Derenik Demirchyan, Stepan Zoryan, Hamastegh and others have touched on the character of Brave Nazar. As a talented novelist, Mkrtich Sargsyan was deeply aware of the responsibility he undertook by writing an extensive work, a fairy tale-novel, which has been highly appreciated in the literary world. Mkrtich Sargsyan created many toponyms corresponding to the places of residence and the behavior of the heroes: Sarsaghstan, Talanstan, as well as proper names: Pespes, Dghird, whore Pepush, folklore singer Aigun, Azatuni, Varduni, Khrokhtuni, playwrights Chkunyan, Tsakhkuni, actor Nmanakyan playing the role of Nazar. Nazar is not a one-faced character: on the one hand he is a coward, lazy, boastful peasant who gradually becomes a king, adopting typical behavior of a cruel, bloodthirsty ruler, sometimes as an intelligent king though. The characters of women in Nazar’s life are interesting: the virtuous, intelligent, beautiful woman Nazan, who transforms in the palace, and the whore Pepush, who eventually seduces Nazar. Sargsyan’s interpretations of the philosophy of fear are also interesting. There are almost no secondary characters in the fairy-tale novel, all of them have their justified roles in Nazar’s life. Pespes and Dghird are also among them. Nazar’s armor and flag are also notable. Mkrtich Sargsyan’s work is also rich in brilliant use of language imagery and expressive means.

La referencia lingüística y la decolonización de los nombres propios en las lenguas de señas

The subject of the proper name is the subject of reference. Proper names are paradigmatic examples because they refer to unique entities in the world (uniqueness). In sign languages, there are gestural expressions that identify people in deaf communities and are distinguished from the spelling of their name given in Latin alphabet. Studies on this topic have described the signed proper name according to hand configurations and its other articulatory characteristics, according to some general principles about the significance of having the proper name in the community and how it functions. However, almost no mention is made of the basic concepts involved in the theoretical formulation of names and uniqueness. In this paper, we argue that descriptions of this topic are deliberately simplistic and reductionist, not because there is a desire to marginalize sign languages, but because we have been historically conditioned to act this way. From a decolonial critique and an anti-representationalist perspective of language, we show the controversies that shape the issue of proper names and propose an integrated view that advances in the deconstruction of polarizations and false dichotomies in the linguistic and identity discourse.

Ономастическое пространство произведений Расула Гамзатова

The article examines the onomastic space of poetry by the outstanding poet of the 20th century Rasul Gamzatov. This study reveals the role of proper names in the poet’s work, reflects the im-portance of onyms in the realization of the creative idea of the works, in reflecting the individual author’s picture of the world. The article classifies proper names according to semantic and struc-tural categories. The analysis of onyms is conducted and their place in the “core-periphery” sys-tem of the onomastic field is determined. In the onomastic space of the works of the author under study, it was possible to identify the following types of onyms that can be classified as paratextu-al: designation, title, epigraph, dedication. During the analysis of the onomastic space, it was es-tablished that proper names, both intertextual and paratextual, play an important and organic role in the stylistic system of the author’s texts, since, possessing a wealth of semantic connections, complex associations and connotations, contribute to the formation of the general imagery of Rasul Gamzatov’s works.

최치원의 <西川羅城圖記> 연구

Along with <Boannamrok-idogi(補安南錄異圖記)>, Choi Chi-won's <Seocheon-naseongdogi(西川羅城圖記)>, is the oldest recording documents in existence and the only clue to examine the characteristics of the recording documents written during his stay in Tang Dynasty, and in this regard, a precise analysis for each of Choi Chi-won's works is required. Not only this, but the significance of <Seocheon-naseongdogi> is not small in that it can enhance the historical understanding of the Seocheon Naseong(西川羅城), which does not remain today. This paper started from the problematic awareness that despite the fact that <Seocheon-naseongdogi> hold an important position in literature as well as recording documents, its aesthetic value has not been fully explored. This paper clarifies the background of the construction of Seocheon Naseong and discusses deeply the narrative characteristics of <Seocheon-naseongdogi> that are differentiated from other fortress wall construction recording documents. Gobyeon(高騈, 821~887) built a larger fortress wall outside the old fortress to prevent Chengdu from the invasion of Namjo Kingdom, in the third year of the reign of Emperor Geonbu (876), the next year after his appointment as governor in military forces in Seocheon. When Gobyeon reported the completion of the construction of fortress by dedicating the <Seocheon-Naseongdo> depicting the image of fortress wall, Emperor Heejong of Tang Dynasty was very impressed and had Wanghui (王徽), an chief officer in Hallim Academy (818~891) write a writing commending his merits and engrave the words on the monument for his achievements. On the other hand, Choi Chi-won was the local governor in Yulsoo county, Seonjoo in the third year of the reign of Emperor Gyeonbu (876) and entered under the wing of Gobyeon in the first year of the reign of Emperor Gwangmyeong (880). So he was not under the command of Gobyeon at the time of the construction of Seocheon Naseong. In the third year of the reign of Emperor Chunghwa (883), Choi Chi-won read the <Seocheon-naseongdo> and wrote the inscription on his <Seocheon-Naseongdogi>, to record the historical site. The narrative characteristics of <Seocheon-naseongdogi> can be divided into the following three categories. The first is to focus on the description object, the second is to expand the scene by delaying the development of the narrative, and the third is to secure narrative completeness through detailed description. Through this, the narrative focuses on the event of 'Naseong Construction' and focuses on the process and outcome, but delays the pace of the narrative in the scene that he wants to emphasize and expresses it visually as if showing a video. In terms of the connection between the scenes, the probability of the incident was secured by mentioning the construction of the fortress in advance, and by presenting specific information such as proper names in the text through the self footnote without directly exposing them, it had both literary charm and the documentary qualities of the inscription. In addition, by describing in detail the process from the dedication of <Seocheon-naseongdo> to the erection of the monument, it enhanced the narrative completeness and performed the function of filling in the historical gaps. In short, <Seocheon-naseongdogi> focuses on the record of facts, but it also leaves room for it to be savored as a literary work.

TYPES OF ALLUSIONS IN BOHDAN TOMENCHUK’S POETRY ABOUT THE WAR

The paper examines allusions in Bohdan Tomenchuk’s poetry collection “Embroider, Mother, a bulletproof vest.” The various types of allusions are grouped based on their functions (activation of historical memory, adherence to literary tradition, text-structuring), themes (historical, mythological), and typology (ranging from nominal and quotation-type to associative). An attempt was made to differentiate the concept of allusion from quotation and reminiscence, while also juxtaposing it with intertext and intertextuality for comparison. In the poet’s texts about the modern Russian-Ukrainian war, the references to literary works are accompanied by numerous allusions to historical reality. These are references of the nominal type (topographical or proper names connected with certain historical events in the reader's mind). The author's distinctive approach involves overlapping different types of allusions, namely those of historical and literary nature, as well as historical and mythological. Behind a direct allusion, an associative one may emerge, linking to a text from a different time period through shared words, phrases, or thematic aura. The involvement of allusion in Tomenchuk’s poetry often occurs on the basis of the allegation (the new text ‘absorbs’ the previous one, without entering into a controversy with the original text). In this case, we deal with intertext (a text within a text). When an allusion entering a new text gets engaged in a dialogue with the original text, we deal with intertextuality as a process of textual interaction. By involving an allusion, the author makes it an element of the structure that serves as an impetus for the reader to navigate within a receptive context, searching among known texts relevant for interpreting the allusion while disregarding distant ones. Intertextuality engages cognition here. Sometimes allusion is not just an element of a structure but a structural principle, and it is proper to name it a structuring allusion. Various allusions in B. Tomenchuk’s poetry make it possible to fit the widest range of emotions and thoughts in a small textual space, to integrate the new experience of war into a broad historical and literary canvas with a biblical and mythological background.

Humorous elements in virtual onymic creations

Informal use of anthroponymy is an integral part of the lexical resource of every language. The subject of this article is issues related to media onomastics (the review concerns terminology in internet forums). The aim of the article is the material exemplification of proper names, emphasising their formal features and ways of functioning on a specific communication plane. The task is to show certain tendencies and motivations in the field of creating virtual proper names in terms of their humorous value. In accordance with the adopted research perspective and the purpose of this article, when explaining the process of creating media onyms, reference was made to the mechanisms of name-forming derivation and the theory of humour, in particular the theory of incongruity. The specific communication channel creates new opportunities for language users and is an interesting research field for onomasts because, with the development of computer technology, the terminology began to go beyond the traditionally accepted standards.

STRUCTURAL AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF BRITISH TOPONYMS

The article is devoted to the review of structural and semantic features of British toponyms. The study of toponyms helps to understand the linguistic image of the world, highlighting ethnic experience and culture. Toponyms are important as means of transmitting historical, cultural, and other information across generations, which makes their study relevant in linguistics. The proper names of British territories are very diverse, as the country has been home to various civilizations and peoples for many centuries, each of which contributed to the language through their own names. In this work, 200 toponyms from three regions of Great Britain were investigated. According to the origin, the researched toponyms are divided into native and borrowed. Native proper names predominate in England, while toponyms of Scandinavian origin are found in the northern regions and the west of the country. Wales and Scotland are characterized mainly by Celtic names. Borrowed toponyms are distinguished according to four linguistic sources: Celtic, Latin, Scandinavian and Norman-French. English contains more loanwords because it is open to receiving words from other languages due to contact with other cultures and colonial heritage. In general, people who named geographical objects were guided by the features of the landscape where this object was located. This category of toponyms occurs in all three parts of Britain and has many subgroups. The emergence of this group is a logical consequence of the fact that the ancestors of the British named their surroundings according to what they saw. When creating and choosing toponyms, a certain pragmatic orientation can be observed, which depends on various factors, such as the historical context of naming, the level of cultural development, social, political, religious or patriotic motives of persons who give certain names to geographical objects. This layer of vocabulary is of great interest to researchers because it can collect linguistic, sociocultural and historical experience.

TRANSLATING CHINESE TOPONYMS INTO RUSSIAN IN VIEW OF THEIR SEMANTIC AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS

As part of the proper names system, toponyms represent a particular layer of every language that hardens the choice of strategy to translate them into foreign languages. An analysis of the ways of translating Russian toponyms into Chinese has revealed that Chinese translation rules are structured and adaptive to the semantic characteristics of individual components of toponyms. In contrast, the Russian translation practice still needs more unity in translating Chinese toponyms. Based on the results of the comparison and summary of the Chinese experience of translating Russian toponyms into Chinese, the current paper presents rules for applying semantic loaning to the translation of Chinese toponyms with regard to the cultural and semantic characteristics of individual components of toponyms. These rules contribute to structuring the translation of Chinese toponyms into Russian and uncover their semantic, geographical, natural, and cultural characteristics, thus providing speakers of the target language with the same amount of information about a place accessible to the source language speakers.

Поняття нікнейма: сутність, основні функції

Network name as a primary factor in self-presentation shapes the first impression of the user in the virtual world, becoming an integral component of achieving the set goal. The purpose of this article is to analyze the concept of a nickname, define its essence, highlight characteristic features, and understand its main functions. In particular, the specific character of nickname definitions in lexicographical works and scientific research papers have been studied. It has been determined that contemporary linguistic works actively discuss the issue of internet communication in general and the functioning of linguistic naming units in particular. The revised the following characteristics of nicknames highlighted by the vast majority of researchers have been identified: definition of this concept suggested in the paper is crucial for our research. Moreover, a real or fictional name, a pseudonym, an alias utilized by users for internet communication; the place of use – chats, forums, blogs; the place of communication – the global network, communication on the internet in general. Furthermore, it is important to highlight specific features of nicknames, considering that communication in social networks, chats, forums, and self-presentation in them undergo constant changes. Therefore, this article characterizes the common and distinctive features of a network name and similar onyms as the login name (loginonyms) (presented in computer discourse), an alias, pseudonym, and cryptonym (recognized in onomastics). Common features of a nickname and an alias include the ability to create an unlimited number of onyms for one person, therefore hiding the real identity and modeling a fictional one; as well as non-conventionality of the form and fictionality of the name. Similarly to login names (loginonyms), nicknames are specific types of proper names in the field of Internet communication. Moreover, cryptonym, login name (loginonym), and network name are used in written form. Additionally, the article defines the marking features of network names. Since a nickname is a multifunctional phenomenon, the functional-semantic potential of nicknames is outlined in this scientific research. As a result, it has been revealed that the functions of network names should be categorized depending on the place of their use.

ОТРАЖЕНИЕ ОБРАЗОВ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ КАРТИНЫ МИРА В ПОЭЗИИ ОЛЖАСА СУЛЕЙМЕНОВА

The article is devoted to the study of such topical issue as ethnic distinctness of works written by translingual authors in the context of the value paradigm of the national view of the world. The notion of “national view of the world” is characterized from the point of view of traditionalism and dynamism of its content. The article considers peculiarities of transculturalism and translingualism and pays special attention to the problem of bilingual and multilingual creative personality’s ethnic self-identification. The author also analyzes the notion “image of linguoculture” and studies the significance of Kazakh linguocultural images in the process of transferring the national content of life and its axiological meanings. The study is based on the material of the poetic discourse of Olzhas Suleymenov. As a result of contextual analysis of the poetic texts of the Kazakh poet, linguistic and cultural images reflecting fragments of the Kazakh national picture of the world were revealed. The article presents objectified images of the Kazakh linguistic culture in lyrical texts, which reflect national customs and traditions, images of the historical past of the Kazakh steppes, traditional images of Kazakh folklore and literature, proper names, objects of national life, cuisine, clothing, crafts of the Kazakhs. As the analysis showed, the translingual poetic creativity of the classic of modern Kazakh literature contributes to the formation of the paradigm of cultural values of the Kazakh national worldview

On the transfer into French of Romanian culture-specific items designating proper names of holidays

On the transfer into French of Romanian culture-specific items designating proper names of holidays

ASPECTS OF NEW HIGH GERMAN LANGUAGE FORMATION OF THE 18th CENTURY (Gabriel Bodenehr’s Plan of Kamianets-Podilskyi, 1726)

The research examines the peculiarities of the formation of the German language in the New High German period using the example of the plan of the Ukrainian city in Podil – Kamianets-Podilskyi. This document was created in 1726 in the city of Augsburg (northern Germany) by the famous German engraver and cartographer Gabriel Bodenehr. The work aims to study the process of the formation of the New High German language at its early stage in historical, cultural, regional and linguistic contexts; to illustrate them on the example of the text of the explication of the city plan. The task of this research is to characterize the peculiarities of the process of normalization of the German language in the New High German period; to determine changes in language levels on the example of the German text of the explanation of the city plan of Kamianets-Podilskyi. To achieve the specified goal and solve the tasks, the following research methods were used: descriptive, comparative-historical, biographical, comparative, and linguistic. As a result of the research, it was found that the text of the plan, although it was written in the New High German period, which is characterized by the desire to create a language standard and the departure from regional dialects, still retains its regional flavour and reference to the written norm of the Viennese chancellery. The conducted research proved that the orthographic and phonetic levels were most affected by the region, where there are significant variations of graphemes in marking the length and shortness of the sound, qualitative changes in vowel sounds, orthographic and graphic features of consonant markings, gravitation to the norms of the Viennese chancellery, as well as a gradual rejection of orthographic norms of the Middle High German period. Certain changes at the morphological level were found in the explication text, which testifies to the formation and consolidation of some grammatical categories (tense forms of verbs, use of passive constructions, declension of nouns and adjectives). The information focus of the text determines its lexical content, which can be seen in the author’s extensive use of anthroponyms (names of architectural and church buildings) and toponyms. The historical and cultural context of the development of the city of Kamianets-Podilskyi is reflected in the author’s use of proper names (names of historical figures, religious orders, political and military groups) and a significant number of borrowings from French, Turkish/Arabic, Latin, and Italian languages. It has been established that the syntactic level is the most normalized and closest to the modern German language. Therefore, the conducted linguistic analysis of the text of the city plan testified that in the first half of the 18th century, there was no complete unification of the written norm of the German literary language. However, separate attempts were made to standardize it. Among the promising research areas, it is worth conducting a comparative analysis of other city plans of this period in order to identify common features in the development of the German language.

THE CODE OF THE INCANTATION IN KATERYNA KALYTKO’S COLLECTION PEOPLE WITH VERBS

Over the last decade, a significant vector of Ukrainian literature was the reception of the traumatic stress caused by the Russian-Ukrainian war. The works of Kateryna Kalytko, representing intensive metamodern explorations in contemporary poetry, occupy a significant place in this trend. The article interprets the poet’s idiostyle based on the collection People with Verbs (2022). This study focuses on the analysis of folklore archetypes in the author’s poetry, motifs, and verbal structures, whose origins are rooted in ancient Ukrainian incantational traditions. It also covers the interpretation of the poet’s meditative experience with the magic of language, its role in strengthening the spiritual axiology of a person suffering from terrorist aggression, and the establishment of a stoical worldview despite the fragility of life. This article aims to establish the concept of ‘incantation’ as a unifying system within the metaphorical world of the poetry collection People with Verbs. The term ‘incantation’ is interpreted as the functioning of verbal constructions aimed at healing from trauma, and the composition of incantatory metaphorical texts, inspired by the belief in the magical power of words. The paper applies such methods as comparative, structural, semiotic, anthropological, and hermeneutical analysis, as well as elements of the psychological school of literary studies. The study proves the actualization of the sacred worldview pre-system in the artistic thinking of contemporary Ukrainian poets, as illustrated by Kateryna Kalytko’s collection People with Verbs. It focuses on the author’s reflections and meditations during the war, appeals to suggestive speech preserved by genetic memory, and the use of its structures as a form of defence and resistance. The binary time-spatial model of the poet is marked by the cult of night, which corresponds to the ritual and spiritual practice in the field of the mystical. Kateryna Kalytko intensively operates with pagan archetypes and signs, and resorts to the use of proper names, emphasizing that even their pronunciation has a protective energy. The figurative system of corporeality, which is in line with the tradition of incantations, is indicative of the poetics of the collection. It concerns the specific markings (eyes, head, lips, muscles, lungs, heart, spine, knees, joints, throat, intestines, entrails, veins, etc.) that are part of the metaphorical structures of the incantatory nature. There are parallels with the healing modus of folk spells, firstly, the poetess tries to stop the bloodshed and protect the defenders with her words. In the spirit of the ethnocultural tradition, Kateryna Kalytko endows certain lexical signs with the function of verbal amulets (earth, roots, river, boat, stones, wood, forest, house, fire, wind, bird, feather, beast, iron, ash, crystal, etc.) At the same time, the poet’s metaphor is an objectification of the extrasensory perception of the act of speaking. The focus of Kateryna Kalytko’s artistic studio is the articulatory apparatus, the miracle of the birth of sound and voice, as evidenced by a number of tropes, whose centre is the word “throat”. The poet also tries to comprehend the changes in phonetics, vocabulary, morphology, and stylistics caused by the war. Kateryna Kalytko’s poetic search is correlated with the philosophical interpretation of the phenomenon of language by M. Heidegger, H.-G. Gadamer, and K. Jasperas. For the author, in accordance with the realities of war, the well-known statement “language is home” is transformed into the metaphor “language is a shelter”. Thus, in Kateryna Kalytko’s idiostyle, one can guess the pathos of whisperers, fortune tellers, healers, and molfars who resist evil with words. At the same time, the image of the author-medium is complemented by the hypostases of a witness of the Russian-Ukrainian war and a philologist.