Acrylic Acid Research Articles

Effect of Heat Treatment on the Supramolecular Structure of Copolymers Based on Poly(propylene glycol fumarate phthalate) with Acrylic Acid

Previous studies investigating the thermal decomposition of p-PGFPh:AA copolymers in an inert atmosphere have provided only a general understanding of the changes that occur during thermolysis. Comprehensive studies are required to gain a better understanding of these processes [1]. The most comprehensive information on the influence of various factors on both the kinetics and the supramolecular structure of the resulting products can be obtained by combining the method of thermal analysis with IR, mass spectrometry, and scanning electron microscopy. The compounds studied have two different compositions, namely p‑PGFPh:AA 6.77:93.23 mol % and p-PGFPh:AA 86.67:13.33 mol %. These compounds were then subjected to a thermolysis process, which resulted in the emission of gases and a decrease in sample weight. The degradation process can be divided into three stages: 1) Depolymerization of the main chain; 2) Depolymerization of the side chain; 3) Final decomposition. These processes occur sequentially at different temperature ranges. According to TG- and DTG studies, complete decomposition of p-PGFPh:AA copolymers occurred at Tterm = 340–350 °C. In this temperature range, a slight loss of sample mass (less than 10 wt %) was observed along with a slight gas evolution. The main gaseous products from the transformation of the studied samples were CO and CO2. This was supported by IR-CO (2000–2200 cm−1) and CO2 (2310–2370 cm−1) as well as mass spectrometric observations. The final products resulting from the thermolysis of p-PGFPh:AA copolymers were examined under an electron microscope. The results showed a similar morphological pattern of mesostructures with sizes ranging from 0.3–1.5 μm, which were observed depending on the porous structure of the initial polymer material. Based on the experimental data, it can be concluded that the p-PGFPh:AA copolymers (in proportions of 6.77:93.23 mol % and 86.67:13.33 mol %) have a relatively high degree of resistance to heating and do not undergo any changes in chemical composition, particle size and shape. In conclusion, the results clearly indicate that the selection of conditions for pyrolysis plays a crucial role in increasing the thermal stability of polymeric materials. This method allows for purposeful changes in the structure and properties of polymers.

A Fluorescent Hydrogel with AIE Emission for Dehydration-Visualizable Wearable Sensors.

Hydrogel-based wearable sensors eventually experience dehydration, which negatively impacts their function, leading to decreased sensitivity. Monitoring the real-time water retention rate and sensing performance of wearable flexible sensors without dismantling them remains a significant difficulty. In this study, we develop and produce a molecule having aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties in an aqueous environment, which can combine with anionic guar gum (GG) and acrylic acid (AAc) to create an AIE hydrogel. Wearable sensing electronic devices have the capability to track motion signals at various joints of the human body. Additionally, they can effectively and visually monitor dehydration status during extended periods of operation. The fluorescence intensity of the hydrogel is primarily influenced by the level of aggregation of luminous monomers inside the network. This level of aggregation is predominantly governed by the hydrogel's water retention rate. Hence, the extended duration of hydrogel dehydration can be manifested through alterations in their fluorescence characteristics, which are employed for strain sensing. This approach enables users to assess the water retention of hydrogels with greater efficiency, eliminating the requirement for disassembling them from the completed electrical gadget. In summary, the use of AIE-based fluorescent hydrogels will advance the progress of intelligent wearable electronics. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Fabrication of Poly(ionic liquid) Hydrogels Incorporating Liquid Metal Microgels for Enhanced Synergistic Antifouling Applications.

Hydrogels are ideal for antifouling materials due to their high hydrophilicity and low adhesion properties. Herein, poly(ionic liquid) hydrogels integrated with zwitterionic copolymer-functionalized gallium-based liquid metal (PMPC-GLM) microgels were successfully prepared by a one-pot reaction. Poly(ionic liquid) hydrogels (IL-Gel) were obtained by chemical cross-linking the copolymer of ionic liquid, acrylic acid, and acrylamide, and the introduction of ionic liquid (IL) significantly increased the cross-linking density; this approach consequently enhanced the mechanical and antiswelling properties of the hydrogels. The swelling ratio of IL-Gel decreased eight times compared to the original hydrogels. PMPC-GLM microgels were prepared through grafting the zwitterionic polymer PMPC onto the GLM nanodroplet surface, which exhibited efficient antifouling performance attributed to the bactericidal effect of Ga3+ and the antibacterial effect of the zwitterionic polymer layer PMPC. Based on the synergistic effect of PMPC-GLM microgels and IL, the composite hydrogels PMPC-GLM@IL-Gel not only exhibited excellent mechanical and antiswelling properties but also showed outstanding antibacterial and antifouling properties. Consequently, PMPC-GLM@IL-Gel hydrogels achieved inhibition rates of over 90% against bacteria and more than 85% against microalgae.

Modeling of Electrochemical Impedance of Fuel Cell Based on Novel Nanocomposite Membrane

The new hybrid composite materials for PEM fuel cell were synthesized by the UV polymerization of acrylic monomers (acrylonitrile, acrylic acid, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) and a sulfo aromatic monomer, i.e., sodium styrene sulfonate, and the tetraethoxysilane/3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane-based sol–gel system. By means of X-ray spectroscopy, the fractal structure of the obtained materials was characterized. Proton conductivity and viscoelasticity of the obtained materials were determined depending on the content of the inorganic component in nanocomposites. Based on impedance studies, an equivalent scheme is proposed that successfully describes the proton conductivity in the synthesized composite’s electrolyte membranes.

Development and characterization of thermosensing color indicator by pH changes using a temperature-responsive polymer

Poly(NIPAM-co-AAC) (P(NI-AC)) was synthesized by changing the polymerization conditions using poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (NIPAM) as temperature-responsive polymer and acrylic acid (AAC). Thermosensing color indicators, that changes color depending on the external temperature, were fabricated using P(NI-AC), a pH indicator, and agar. The pH of the P(NI-AC) aqueous solution increased above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST, 34°C), and a gradual pH rise and the shrinkage of aggregate diameter continued up to 70 °C under conditions with high AAC polymerization ratio. The LCST of P(NI-AC) aqueous solution with glucose decreased, and the discoloration temperature range of the thermosensing color indicator with glucose shifted to lower temperature side from 37 to 30°C. The LCST of polymer synthesized with NIPAM, AAC, and N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA) increased, and the discoloration temperature range of the thermosensing color indicator shifted to higher temperature side from 39 to 50°C. These results indicated that the discoloration temperature range was successfully adjusted by as much as 20 °C.

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of (E)-3-(3-methoxy-4-substituted phenyl)-acrylic acid derivatives: Role of compound S17 in regulating lipid accumulation via AMPK activation

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasingly recognized as a global public health concern characterized by excessive lipid accumulation in the liver. Ferulic acid (FA), a common foodborne phenolic acid, has been shown to reduce lipid accumulation by activating adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and suppressing the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1). In this study, we synthesized a new class of (E)-3-(3-methoxy-4-substituted phenyl)-acrylic acid derivatives as AMPK activators. Among these derivatives, compound S17 demonstrated a more potent inhibitory effect on lipid accumulation compared to its counterparts. Specifically, S17 notably diminished intracellular triglyceride (TG) levels and the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), which are indicators of liver function. In addition, S17 curtailed intracellular lipid accumulation by activating the AMPK signaling pathway and down-regulating the protein expression of SREBP-1 in free fatty acid (FFA)-induced HepG2 cells. Therefore, findings from this study strongly suggest that compound S17 may serve as a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of NAFLD.

One-step of ionic liquid-assisted stabilization and dispersion: Exfoliated graphene and its applications in stimuli-responsive conductive hydrogels based on chitosan

Conductive hydrogels, as novel flexible biosensors, have demonstrated significant potential in areas such as soft robotics, electronic devices, and wearable technology. Graphene is a promising conductive material, but its dispersibility in aqueous solutions exists difficulties. Here, we discover that untreated graphene, after exfoliation by different ionic liquids, can disperse well in aqueous solutions. We investigate the impact of four ionic liquids with varying alkyl chain lengths ([Bmim]Cl, [Omim]Cl, [Dmim]Cl, [Hmim]Cl) on the dispersibility of grapheme, and a dual physically cross-linked network hydrogel structure is designed using acrylamide (AM), acrylic acid (AA), methyl methacrylate octadecyl ester (SMA), ionic liquid@graphene (ILs@GN), and chitosan (CS). Notably, SMA, CS, AA and AM act as dynamic cross-linking points through hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding, playing a crucial role in energy dissipation. The resulting hydrogel exhibits outstanding stretchability (2250 %), remarkable toughness (1.53 MJ/m3) in tensile deformation performance, high compressive strength (1.13 MPa), rapid electrical responsiveness (response time ∼ 50 ms), high electrical conductivity (12.11 mS/cm), and excellent strain sensing capability (GF = 12.31, strain = 1000 %). These advantages make our composite hydrogel demonstrate high stability in extensive deformations, offering repeatability in pressure and strain and making it a promising candidate for multifunctional sensors and flexible electrodes.

Optimizing Methylene Blue Dye Adsorption onto Liquid Natural Rubber-Based Hydrogel: Kinetics, Isotherms and Reusability

In recent years, notable advancements have taken place in the textile industry, particularly with the widespread use of synthetic dyes such as methylene blue (MB). However, the environmental impact of these dyes has raised significant concerns. Their potential to influence both chemical and biochemical demand poses risks, leading to potential disruptions in aquatic plant photosynthesis. Additionally, concerns exist regarding the toxicity and potential carcinogenicity of these dyes to humans. This study achieved successful hydrogel synthesis through the efficient utilization of ultrasonic methods, combining liquid natural rubber (LNR), acrylic acid (AAc), and pectin (Pc) to adsorb MB from aqueous solutions. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were employed to analyze the structure. Utilizing Response Surface Methodology (RSM), the study investigated the effects of the AAc:LNR weight ratio and Pc weight on hydrogel preparation for MB removal. This led to the development of a quadratic polynomial model with an ANOVA-derived R2 value of 0.9970. Optimal conditions for hydrogel production were identified as a 3.00 g/g AAc:LNR weight ratio and 0.0325g of Pc, resulting in an impressive 99.07% MB removal effectiveness. The limit of detection (LOD) for methylene blue adsorption was calculated at 0.64 ppm. The kinetics and isotherms of MB removal were described by the pseudo-second-order and Freundlich models, respectively. Furthermore, the investigation into hydrogel reusability demonstrated its capability for up to five utilization cycles. The LNR/AAc/Pc hydrogel exhibits promising potential as an effective, cost-efficient, and environmentally conscious adsorbent for MB removal. This makes it applicable to water treatment scenarios involving cationic dyes.

Features of Synthesis of Graft Copolymers of Chitosan and Acrylic Acid

Features of Synthesis of Graft Copolymers of Chitosan and Acrylic Acid

Smart versatile hydrogels tailored by metal-phenolic coordinating carbon and polypyrrole for soft actuation, strain sensing and writing recognition

Biomimetic intelligent conductive hydrogels integrating flexibility, signal sensing, and contactless actuation has become ideal candidates for the production of electronic skins, wearable devices, and soft robotics. However, the development of multifunctional smart hydrogels capable of both sensing and actuating simultaneously to enhance intelligent interaction interfaces remains a significant challenge. Herein, a multifunctional hydrogel composite with integrated sensing and actuating capabilities is proposed through the incorporation of Fe3+-tannic acid (TA) coordination compound-coated carbon nanotubes (Fe-TA@SWNT) and the in-situ formation of conductive polymer polypyrrole (PPy) inside the hydrogel networks composed of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and a copolymer of acrylic acid (AA) and [2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium hydroxide (SBMA). Benefiting from multiple effective dynamic interactions within the internal matrix, the prepared hydrogel exhibits excellent stretchability (1283.42 % elongation) and toughness (1.11 MJ/m3). Additionally, the catechol groups carried by Fe-TA@SWNT, along with the zwitterionic monomer SBMA, provide the hydrogel with repeatable self-adhesion performance. Based on the outstanding photothermal effect of Fe-TA@SWNT and PPy, the hydrogel demonstrates reversible and stable photothermal responsiveness, exhibiting exceptional actuation performance under near-infrared (NIR) radiation. As a strain sensor, the hydrogel shows excellent sensitivity (GF = 3.32), rapid response time, and reliable stability, enabling precise monitoring of various physiological signals in the human body, including joint movements, facial expressions, and heartbeats. Therefore, this work significantly expands the application prospects of multifunctional smart hydrogels in fields of wearable electronics, soft robotics, and remote light-controlled devices.

BC-g-PAA: Characterization and Establishment of the IPN Hydrogel

A study on the manufacture of bacterial cellulose IPN hydrogel crosslinked poly acrylic acid using the MBA crosslinker. This study aims to characterize and observe the reaction to form bacterial cellulose-based hydrogel IPN. The BC-g-PAA was characterized by the degree of cross-linking, swelling ratio, and FTIR analysis. The results of this study found predictions of the reaction process for the formation of IPN Hydrogel in several process stages, namely 1) The polymerization process of bacterial cellulose chains that form cross-linked networks independently, 2) The process of cross-linking Acrylate monomers with MBA crosslinkers in three steps, i.e. initiation, propagation and termination, 3) Reaction process Formation of IPN network. The results of the characterization test for the degree of crosslinking were 54.55%; Swelling ratio of 1631.25%. FTIR analysis shows that there is a peak that identifies the occurrence of crosslinking

Recycling leachate nanofiltration concentrate and preparing a novel and low-cost absorbent dried gel by graft polymerization

Leachate nanofiltration concentrate (LNC), characterized by its complex composition and recalcitrant contaminants, poses a significant environmental challenge. This study explores the synthesis of absorbent gels via free radical polymerization, utilizing LNC as the solvent. Employing urea as the modified material, acrylic acid (AA) as the monomer, N, N′-Methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as the cross-linking agent, and potassium persulfate (KPS) as the initiator, the resulting gel is stable below 180 °C. It demonstrates an impressive absorbency (Q) exceeding 14.50 g/g with key gel synthesis conditions optimized via response surface methodology (RSM). Subsequent application of the prepared LNC gel in LNC treatment via low-temperature evaporation achieves remarkable pollutant removal, meeting relevant water quality standards. This gel-based LNC treatment method achieves notable reductions in carbon emission and cost to 39.2 kgCO2/kgCOD and 3.4 $/kgCOD, respectively. This study provides a cost-effective and environment-friendly approach for LNC reutilization, and exemplifies the concept of utilizing waste to treat waste, thereby mitigating environmental impact of LNC and advancing gel technology in environmental remediation.

Emergent Synchronous Volumetric Oscillation in Hierarchically Structured Self-Oscillating Gel Clusters.

Emergent properties accompanying synchronization among oscillators are vital characteristics in biological systems. Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) oscillators are an artificial model to study the emergence and synchronization in life. This research represents a self-oscillating gel system with clusterable properties to experimentally examine synchronous and emergent properties at a fundamental hierarchical level. Incorporating acrylic acid (AAc) moieties within the gel network facilitates cluster formation through hydrogen bonding in an acidic BZ substrate solution. Upon clustering, both homogeneous and heterogeneous gel assemblies─ranging from double to quadruple clusters─exhibit increased and synchronized periods and amplitudes during the BZ reaction. Notably, in heterogeneous clusters, gel units with initially short periods and small volumetric amplitudes display a significant increase, aligning with the lonfger periods and larger amplitudes of other elements within the cluster, an emergent property. This research can pave the way for a better understanding of synchronous and emergent properties in biological oscillators such as cardiomyocytes.

Hybrid Double-Sided Tape with Asymmetrical Adhesion and Burst Pressure Tolerance for Abdominal Injury Treatment.

Patients with open abdominal (OA) wounds have a mortality risk of up to 30%, and the resulting disabilities would have profound effects on patients. Here, we present a novel double-sided adhesive tape developed for the management of OA wounds. The tape features an asymmetrical structure and employs an acellular dermal matrix (ADM) with asymmetric wettability as a scaffold. It is constructed by integrating a tissue-adhesive hydrogel composed of polydopamine (pDA), quaternary ammonium chitosan (QCS), and acrylic acid cross-linking onto the bottom side of the ADM. Following surface modification with pDA, the ADM would exhibit characteristics resistant to bacterial adhesion. Furthermore, the presence of a developed hydrogel ensures that the tape not only possesses tissue adhesiveness and noninvasive peelability but also effectively mitigates damage caused by oxidative stress. Besides, the ADM inherits the strength of the skin, imparting high burst pressure tolerance to the tape. Based on these remarkable attributes, we demonstrate that this double-sided (D-S) tape facilitates the repair of OA wounds, mitigates damage to exposed intestinal tubes, and reduces the risk of intestinal fistulae and complications. Additionally, the D-S tape is equally applicable to treating other abdominal injuries, such as gastric perforations. It effectively seals the perforation, promotes injury repair, and prevents the formation of postoperative adhesions. These notable features indicate that the presented double-sided tape holds significant potential value in the biomedical field.

Effect of the Content and Type of Binders on Electrochemical Performance of Silicon Anode Materials.

Binders play a critical role in stabilizing the cycling performance of silicon (Si) materials by protecting Si particles from pulverization in cycling processes. Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) are the two most studied binders for Si electrodes, of which PAA is an elastic polymer and CMC is a rigid polymer. Starting with the elastic PAA, we study the effect of binder content on the cycling performance of Si electrodes. It is found that regardless of the particle size of Si materials, there is an optimal binder content between 20% and 25% for the cycling stability of the Si electrodes. Compared with the elastic PAA, the rigid CMC binder causes Si electrodes lower capacity and faster capacity fading. AC-impedance analysis reveals that the lower capacity is due to a higher grain boundary resistance (Rgb) of the CMC-coated electrodes, which induces a high charge-transfer resistance (Rct) and consequently high polarization. In the discharging process of Li/Si cells, the high polarization triggers early termination, resulting in underutilization of the Si active material.On the other hand, the fast capacity fading of the CMC-coated electrodes is attributed to the inferior ability of the rigid binder to protect Si particles from pulverization.

A flexible, soft superabsorbent polyester-cotton blended fabric in-situ coated by poly(sodium acrylate-co-acrylic acid)

A novel pre-synthesized polymer is fabricated with sodium polyacrylate and acrylic acid through free radical polymerization. Interestingly, the pre-synthesized polymer is further polymerized on the polyester-cotton fabric in the presence of glycerol as a cross-linking agent forming superabsorbent fabric. The composite functional fabrics is prepared by two steps, namely synthesis and finishing process. Owing to the vital role of the viscosity of pre-polymer for the superabsorbent property, the effect of monomer concentration, temperature, time, dosage of initiator and degree of neutralization on the viscosity of pre-polymer is thoroughly investigated. Besides, the effects of the degree of neutralization and dosage of polymerization solution as well as cross-linking agent on the water absorption of the composite and unfinished polyester-cotton blended fabrics is compared, respectively. After treatment, the water absorption capacity increases from 1 to 323.52 g/g in 1 h, reaching a maximum value of 417.53 g/g after 3.5 h. Besides, the water transportation obeys a Fickian diffusion mechanism. Furthermore, the composite fabric exhibits an optimum water retention capacity of up to 4 h. This speedy and super-water-absorbing material exhibits great potential in practical applications, such as in sanitary articles, wound dressings, and soil moisture.

Fructose-Based Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane/Poly (Sodium Acrylate) Hydrogels: Design, Synthesis and Environmental Applications

Fructose-Based Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane/Poly (Sodium Acrylate) Hydrogels: Design, Synthesis and Environmental Applications

Prussian Blue Encapsulated with Brush-like Polyorganosiloxane Nanospheres with Tunable Functionality

Faced with higher demands of pigments in various applications, the performance of pigments in a specific system is in urgent need of optimization and improvement. Polyorganosiloxane (POS) stands out among various encapsulating polymeric materials for pigment modification due to its superior thermal stability and alkali resistance. However, the inherent hydrophobicity of POS causes poor stability in aqueous systems, which is usually applied in environmentally friendly applications. Grafting hydrophilic polymer chains on the surface of POS could improve water dispersity. In addition, the encapsulated pigment can also be endowed with various functionalities by selecting or combining grafted polymers. Herein, we reported a strategy to encapsulate Prussian blue (PB27) with POS grafted with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) or poly(N-(2-hydroxyethyl) acrylamide) (PHEAA) to allow better stability and functionality of the composite pigment particles, denoted as PB27@POS@PAA or PB27@POS@PHEAA, respectively. The effect of the number of monomers and the amount of initiator potassium persulfate (KPS) on the brush thickness of the grafted polymers was studied, along with various performance properties and the functionality of PB27@POS@PAA and PB27@POS@PHEAA. The dispersity, alkali resistance, and high-temperature stability are studied. The brush-like composite pigment performs better after centrifugation (5000 rpm, 30 min) or treatment under 90 °C when the dosage of grafting monomer AA or HEAA reaches 400 wt%. Optimal alkali resistance was obtained for PB27@POS@PAA (AA, 200 wt%) with a particle size variation of only 31 nm after 8 h. Comparably, PB27@POS@PHEAA behaved worse under similar conditions. Moreover, PB27@POS grafted with PAA was responsive to pH and that with PHEAA showed excellent antifouling properties, which could also be replaced by other functional monomers if needed.

Multi-omic integration reveals alterations in nasal mucosal biology that mediate air pollutant effects on allergic rhinitis.

Allergic rhinitis is a common inflammatory condition of the nasal mucosa that imposes a considerable health burden. Air pollution has been observed to increase the risk of developing allergic rhinitis. We addressed the hypotheses that early life exposure to air toxics is associated with developing allergic rhinitis, and that these effects are mediated by DNA methylation and gene expression in the nasal mucosa. In a case-control cohort of 505 participants, we geocoded participants' early life exposure to air toxics using data from the US Environmental Protection Agency, assessed physician diagnosis of allergic rhinitis by questionnaire, and collected nasal brushings for whole-genome DNA methylation and transcriptome profiling. We then performed a series of analyses including differential expression, Mendelian randomization, and causal mediation analyses to characterize relationships between early life air toxics, nasal DNA methylation, nasal gene expression, and allergic rhinitis. Among the 505 participants, 275 had allergic rhinitis. The mean age of the participants was 16.4 years (standard deviation = 9.5 years). Early life exposure to air toxics such as acrylic acid, phosphine, antimony compounds, and benzyl chloride was associated with developing allergic rhinitis. These air toxics exerted their effects by altering the nasal DNA methylation and nasal gene expression levels of genes involved in respiratory ciliary function, mast cell activation, pro-inflammatory TGF-β1 signaling, and the regulation of myeloid immune cell function. Our results expand the range of air pollutants implicated in allergic rhinitis and shed light on their underlying biological mechanisms in nasal mucosa.

A Real‐Time Display Screen Based on Organohydrogel with Tunable Fluorescence

AbstractIn this study, a multi‐monomer organohydrogel network is fabricated based on radical polymerization. Acrylic acid (AA) and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) are used as hydrophilic monomers, and methoxyethyl acrylate (MEA) serves as a hydrophobic monomer. To endow the organohydrogel with a photo‐responsive property, a fluorescent monomer, 1′‐acryloyl chloride‐3′,3′‐dimethyl‐6‐nitrospiropyran (SPMA) is added. Under ultraviolet (UV) and visible light irradiation, SPMA undergoes ring‐opening and ring‐closing isomerization reactions, respectively. This leads to enhanced and reduced fluorescence. This fluorescence tunability allows for the local regulation of fluorescence in the organohydrogel using a photomask. By employing UV and visible light, complex information can be repeatedly written and erased on the organohydrogel. Additionally, based on the interactions between dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and water within the system, the organohydrogel exhibits excellent anti‐freezing and water‐holding properties, allowing its use in low‐temperature environments and extended preservation time. The organohydrogel has precise information writing capabilities and is more difficult to falsify as an information encryption platform. This study provides guidance for future researchers to develop information writing capabilities with higher precision and broader applications in various environments using smart materials.