Hydroxypropyl Research Articles

Mn/CeO2 contains enriched surface lewis acid sites and pore structures accelerated catalytic oxidation of propane at low temperature

The development of highly efficient non-precious metal catalysts for the low-temperature catalytic oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is a critical imperative in VOCs control. In this study, a series of highly active CeMnOx catalysts with Mn-doped CeO2 were investigated. The catalysts (WHSV=30,000 mL g−1 h−1) exhibited the highest catalytic propane oxidation activity (T90 = 230 °C) and excellent stability over 600 h, When the Mn:Ce ratio was 2.5. The introduction of Mn doping resulted in modifications to the pore structure of CeO2, leading to an increase in specific surface area and enhanced gas transfer kinetics. Additionally, it induced surface electronic defects and elevated the concentration of acidic sites, thereby facilitating the adsorption and activation of propane. Consequently, these improvements contributed to an enhanced catalytic performance of the catalyst. The in-situ DRIFTS infrared spectra revealed that Mn doping reduced the activation energy of the reaction and facilitated the conversion of acetone groups as well as decomposition of carboxylic acid groups.

Air-Stable Boranes and Borinanes Encapsulated in Organogels for Anionic Ring-Opening (Co)Polymerization.

Organoborane reagents play a pivotal role as Lewis acids in acid-base pairs used in anionic polymerization and in other reactions; yet their high sensitivity to oxygen and moisture necessitates effective stabilization to prevent their oxidation and thus maintain their catalytic activity. In this study, we present novel encapsulation methods employing a cost-effective hexatriacontane (C36H74, C36) organogel to stabilize sensitive organoborane reagents, including triethyl borane (TEB) and a borinane-based ammonium salt (B3NBr). These organoboranes encapsulated in stable, self-standing organogel blocks enable their safe handling in open laboratory environments without the need for a glovebox. Upon heating such borane-containing organogel blocks organoboranes could be freed from the organogel and used to mediate both the homopolymerization of propylene oxide (PO) and the copolymerization of PO with CO2. Furthermore, efficient recovery of the C36 gelator from polymerization mixtures is achieved, with mass recovery ranging from 70 % to 90 %. This encapsulation method offers a practical and efficient solution for stabilizing, storing, and handling highly reactive organoborane reagents, thereby broadening their applicability and utilization in various chemical transformations.

Direct propylene epoxidation with molecular oxygen over titanosilicate zeolites.

The direct epoxidation of propylene with molecular oxygen represents a desired route for propylene oxide (PO) production with 100% theoretical atomic economy. However, this aerobic epoxidation reaction suffers from the apparent trade-off between propylene conversion and PO selectivity, and remains a key challenge in catalysis. We report that Ti-Beta zeolites containing isolated framework Ti species can efficiently catalyze the aerobic epoxidation of propylene. Stable propylene conversion of 25% and PO selectivity of up to 90% are achieved at the same time, matching the levels of industrial ethylene aerobic epoxidation processes. H-terminated pentacoordinated Ti species in Beta zeolite frameworks are identified as the preferred active sites for propylene aerobic epoxidation and the reaction is initiated by the participation of lattice oxygen in Ti-OH. These results are expected to spark new technology for the industrial production of PO toward more sustainable chemistry and chemical engineering.

Chemical reactions as a means of installing adlayers on electron transport layers

Adlayers are often placed at metal-on-organic interfaces as a common strategy to alleviate damage during metal deposition by thermal evaporation. Methods of chemically installing adlayers have been recently demonstrated on organic semiconductors that address these interfacial issues while providing many secondary benefits. Chemical installation has yet to be attempted at the cathode-electron transport layer (ETL) interface within organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs), offering a powerful option to optimize electron injection, improve surface wetting, and reduce metal penetration. Here, a reaction between TPBi (2,2′,2′’-(1,2,5-benzinetriyl)-tris(1-phenyl-1-H-benzimidazole) and propylene oxide results in a controllable 1–3 nm thick layer of propylene oxide as shown by high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The reactive addition of the adlayer at temperatures below 40℃ does not affect the morphology of the thin film and reaches a high degree of coverage within 3 h. Integration of this layer into a phosphorescent OLED does not introduce any significant negative impact on device function. This result opens up the possibility of introducing further specific functionality into the adlayer to engineer OLED performance.

Single B-doped palladium electrocatalyst Enabling direct cathodic coupling of carbon dioxide with methanol into dimethyl carbonate

Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is a green chemical of large market demand with widespread applications. Direct cathodic coupling of carbon dioxide (CO2) with methanol (CH3OH) into DMC represents a green and sustainable electrochemical route yet remains a great challenge. Reported electrochemical syntheses of DMC from CO2 and CH3OH necessitate the use of toxic methyl iodine or carcinogenic propene oxide. Herein, we for the first time employ a nanosized B-doped palladium catalyst (Pd-B) to realize the direct electrosynthesis of DMC through cathodic coupling of CO2 and CH3OH, which no longer requires any hazardous reagent. Under the optimal condition, the DMC Faradaic efficiency reaches to 47.5 % at 30 mA/cm2, and the yield of DMC is up to 257.3 umol.h−1. A thorough mechanistic investigation has proven that the DMC electrochemical synthesis in our work involves three cascade reactions including CO2-to-CO reduction, methanol-to-methoxide (CH3O–) activation and coupling of CO with CH3O–, simultaneously occurring on the surface of Pd-B catalyst assisted by bromine (Br2) generated at the anode. Two key intermediates in the decisive coupling step, CH3OCO* and CH3O*, are detected on the surface of Pd-B catalyst by In situ ATR-SEIRAS. This work provides a first example of direct cathodic coupling of CO2 and CH3OH into DMC, and the mechanistic investigations in this work will benefit the future design of advanced Pd-based catalysts toward DMC electrosynthesis.

An experimental and modeling study of propane oxidation kinetics in low temperature supercritical water

Propane oxidation in supercritical water was investigated at iso-thermal iso-baric conditions using a batch reactor facility. Mixtures were comprised of 0.014 % propane by volume with an equivalence ratio of 0.8 and a total density of 222 mg/mL or 610 mg/mL. Reaction times ranged from 8 to 30 min for a temperature of 375ºC at 220 or 400 bar, or 400ºC at 220 bar. Major reaction products were CO and CO2 and minor products were propene, acetone, ethene, ethanol, methane, methanol and hydrogen. New detailed chemical kinetic models were developed by combining and refining existing models using genetic optimization. Model predictions exhibited excellent agreement with experimental observations, and indicated that rates of H-abstraction and OH addition reactions involving alkanes and alkenes are affected by the supercritical water environment. Model accuracy was highly sensitive to the rates of CH3O2H = CH3O + OH and CH3 + H2O2 = CH4 + HO2.

Development and In vivo Evaluation of Nanogel Drug Delivery System for Promoting Wound Healing in Diabetic Induced Rats

Recently, researchers have looked at the use of nanotechnology as a drug-delivery system for topical and transdermal applications. The transport of medications and active ingredients to the skin via formulations, including nanoparticles, is a subject of substantial contemporary interest. The present work is proposed to prepare the atorvastatin nanogels to promote wound healing in a diabetic animalmodel.Atorvastatin nanogels were prepared by precipitation polymerization technique using hydroxy propyl methacrylate as polymer. The drug and polymer were selected in ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7 and 1:8. Additionally, the produced nanogel was evaluated in vivo and examined for its particle size, trapping effectiveness, and drug release in vitro. The particle size of the prepared various formulations (F1-F8) showed a size range of 68 to 80nm, and entrapment efficiency was seen to be in the range of 58.36-86.75%. The cumulative percentage of drug release was reported to be 61.96 to 73.76 percent over a period of 12hours during the in vitro drug release investigation, which was conducted using phosphate buffer at pH 7.4.The drug release followeda non-fiction mechanism of release kinetics. On the other hand, in vivo comparative study showed a complete wound healing effect for nanogels on the 11th day, whereas for conventional gel on the 15th day.This study indicates that nanogels formulation heals the diabetic wound completely at a faster rate, and also the drug atorvastatin also can be used for diabetic wound healing.

Macroporous high‐entropy spinel oxide monoliths as efficient oxygen evolution electrocatalyst

AbstractIn this paper, macroporous high‐entropy spinel oxide (HESO) (Fe0.2Ni0.2Co0.2Mn0.2Zn0.2)3O4 monoliths were successfully fabricated via a sol–gel method followed by calcination. Appropriate polyacrylic acid and propylene oxide contents allow the formation of three‐dimensional co‐continuous xerogel monoliths, and the water/glycerol ratio controls the macropore size of monoliths. Subsequent calcination achieves the precipitation of HESO (Fe0.2Ni0.2Co0.2Mn0.2Zn0.2)3O4 with a singular phase and exceptional structural stability. The macroporous HESO (Fe0.2Ni0.2Co0.2Mn0.2Zn0.2)3O4 demonstrates remarkable performance in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with an overpotential of 333 mV at 100 mA cm−2 and a Tafel slope of 43.2 mV dec–1, surpassing that of RuO2 (391 mV) under identical conditions. Furthermore, the catalytic stability of the HESO catalyst remains superior even after 24 h of testing. This process offers a promising avenue for the development of macroporous high‐entropy oxide OER catalysts for overall water splitting.

Engineering Oxygen Vacancies of Co-Mn-Ni-Fe-Al High-Entropy Spinel Oxides by Adjusting Co Content for Enhanced Catalytic Combustion of Propane.

Transition metal-based oxides with similar oxidation activities for catalytic hydrocarbon combustion have attracted much attention. In this study, a new class of metal high-entropy oxides (CoxMnNiFeAl)3O4 (x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) with a porous structure was fabricated through a simple and inexpensive NaCl template-assisted sol-gel approach, which was employed for the catalytic oxidation of propane. The results indicated that the content of cobalt has a great impact on its activity, and the (Co4MnNiFeAl)3O4 catalyst exhibited the best catalytic activity. At the high space velocity of 60 000 mL·g-1·h-1, the optimized one with high-temperature treatment can still achieve 90% propane conversion at 309 °C, which is 68 and 178 °C lower than those of the (CoMnNiFeAl)3O4 catalyst and pure cobalt oxide, respectively. Meanwhile, it has the lowest apparent activation energy (46.6 KJ·mol-1) and the fastest reaction rate (26.976 × 10-6 mol·gcat-1·s-1 at 290 °C). The improved performance of the (Co4MnNiFeAl)3O4 catalyst could be attributed to the enhancement of low-temperature reducibility, the increased number of reactive surface oxygen species, and the cocktail effect of the high-entropy oxides. This work provides new insights into the preparation of efficient light alkane degradation catalysts and a realistic approach for the large-scale application of high-entropy oxides in the field of oxidation catalysts.

Synergic Catalysis: the Importance of Intermetallic Separation in Co(III)K(I) Catalysts for Ring Opening Copolymerizations.

Dinuclear polymerization catalysts can show high activity and control. Understanding how to design for synergy between the metals is important to improving catalytic performances. Three heterodinuclear Co(III)K(I) catalysts, featuring very similar coordination chemistries, are prepared with different intermetallic separations. The catalysts are compared for the ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP) of propene oxide (PO) with CO2 or with phthalic anhydride (PA). The catalyst with a fixed, wide intermetallic separation, LwideCoK(OAc)2 (Co-K = 8.06 Å), shows very high activity for PO/PA ROCOP, but is inactive for PO/CO2 ROCOP. On the other hand, the catalyst with a fixed, narrow intermetallic separation, LshortCoK(OAc)2 (Co-K, 3.59 Å), shows high activity for PO/CO2 ROCOP, but is much less active for PO/PA ROCOP. A bicomponent catalyst system, comprising a monometallic complex LmonoCoOAc used with an equivalent of KOAc[18-crown-6], shows high activity for both PO/CO2 and PO/PA ROCOP, provided the catalyst concentration is sufficiently high, but underperforms at low catalyst loadings. It is proposed that the two lead catalysts, LwideCoK(OAc)2 and LshortCoK(OAc)2, operate by different mechanisms for PO/PA and PO/CO2 ROCOP. The new wide separation catalyst, LwideCoK(OAc)2, shows some of the best performances yet reported for PO/PA ROCOP, and suggests other catalysts featuring larger intermetallic separations should be targeted for epoxide/anhydride copolymerizations.

Research on the dangerous scenarios of propylene oxide leakage from tank in a chemical plant in an industrial park of Tongling City, China

ABSTRACT Propylene oxide (PO) is toxic, flammable and explosive. Accidents from the release of PO from large-scale storage tanks can have disastrous consequences associated with meteorological conditions. Therefore, this study explores the dangerous scenarios of PO leakage from a 1000 m3 spherical tank in a chemical plant located in an industrial park during various seasons using the Aerial Location of Hazardous Atmospheres software. Our results show that the maximum hazard distance of poisoning, flash fire and vapour cloud explosion caused by leakage and diffusion from the PO storage tank occur in the summer season and the affected distances were 2900, 372, and 374 m, respectively. In regard the thermal radiation resulting from a pool fire scenario, the longest threat distance was 110 m in the summer. For the boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion (BLEVE), the maximum thermal effect was 2100 m in winter. The BLEVE scenario has the largest impact area and its toxic vapour cloud is the primary accident. Adequate safety management and technical measures should be put in place for the prevention and emergency response of accidental PO release in the factory.

CFD-aided enhancement of propylene oxide decomposition in a tubular reactor with a corrugated cooling jacket

_This research delves into the decomposition kinetics of propylene oxide within a novel reactor design characterized by a corrugated inner wall for enhanced cooling. By applying Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), this study aims to optimize the reactor's heat transfer capabilities to achieve precise control over the exothermic decomposition process. This approach addresses a previously unexplored area in CFD application, proposing a model that fine-tunes the decomposition efficiency of propylene oxide by considering the interplay of key parameters such as inlet mixture temperature, activation energy, flow rate, and the resulting thermal profile. The primary goal is to advance the development of more efficient and environmentally friendly chemical processing techniques in the propylene oxide industry. The study highlights the critical relationship between activation energy (74–76 kJ/mol), process temperature (29–37 °C), and cooling efficiency in optimizing the decomposition process. Significant findings indicate that higher inlet temperatures (37 °C) and lower activation energies (74 kJ/mol) lead to superior conversion rates. The study presents a clear correlation between temperature elevation, reduced activation energy, and enhanced conversion rates, demonstrating that optimizing these parameters can lead to significantly improved conversion efficiencies, potentially approaching 100 % under ideal conditions.

One‐Pot Cascade Reaction from Epoxide to Carboxylic Acids Using Bifunctional Fe‐ZSM‐5

AbstractThe quest for sustainable synthesis of carboxylic acids has led to the exploration of innovative routes and catalysts for the oxidative cleavage of carbon−carbon double bonds, prevalent in bio‐derived molecules. This process involves multiple steps including epoxidation, hydrolysis and vicinal diol cleavage, often catalysed by unsustainable homogeneous or noble‐metal catalysts. In this study, we present the utilization of Fe‐ZSM‐5 as a versatile bifunctional catalyst capable of catalysing both hydrolysis and vicinal diol cleavage steps, utilizing propylene oxide as model compound and H2O2 as oxidizing agent. The prepared Fe‐ZSM‐5 features the zeolite intrinsic Lewis and Brønsted acidity functions, essential for the hydrolysis step, as well as high fractions of monomeric FeOx species, crucial for the subsequent vicinal diol cleavage, leading to streamlined carboxylic acids formation in a one‐pot, two‐step process. Moreover, by combining Fe‐ZSM‐5 with TS‐1, renowned for its epoxidation activity, we demonstrate the complete cascade reaction in one pot, under mild conditions, starting from ethylene. Our study expands the utility of cost‐effective zeolite‐based catalysts enriched with abundant Fe metal for the one‐pot oxidative cleavage of C=C double bonds, offering a promising pathway towards sustainable carboxylic acid synthesis.

Formulation and evaluation of bioadhesive buccal Films of Domperidone co-crystals by using Tamarind kernel powder as mucoadhesive polymer

As solubility plays key role in drug dissolution and bioavailability lots of techniques to enhance solubility are evolved. One of the techniques is co crystallization. The main aim of the work is to enhance the solubility of domperidone by co crystallization using coformers like Para amino benzoic acid and succinic acid. The cocrystals were evaluated for melting point and solubility enhancement. these cocrystals were used to prepare buccal films by solvent casting method. In the preparation of buccal films Tamarind kernel powder obtained from the seeds of Tamarind is used as mucoadhesive polymer and Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose as film former, Polyethylene glycol 6000 as plasticizer, dehydrated banana powder as super disintegrant, sodium saccharin as sweetener and mixture of ethanol and water as solvents. The mucoadhesive strength of Tamarind kernel powder was determined using modified physical balance method. Four buccal films were prepared in which PDBF1 and PDBF2 are the two buccal films prepared using cocrystals of domperidone and Para amino benzoic acid and other two buccal films SDBF1 and SDBF2 with cocrystals of domperidone and Succinic acid. The buccal films were evaluated for different tests like folding endurance, swelling index and Surface pH. In vitro diffusion studies were conducted by Franz diffusion cell using egg membrane as semipermeable membrane and phosphate buffer of pH 7.4. The buccal films prepared with cocrystals of domperidone and succinic acid at weight ratio 1:2 has shown 86%drug release. The work has concluded that there is fold increase in aqueous solubility of Domperidone and the optimized formula is SDBF2 and Tamarind kernel powder can be used as mucoadhesive polymer in novel drug delivery systems. Keywords: co crystals, solvent evaporation, muco adhesive, buccal films, solvent evaporation

Dissipative particle dynamics simulation and experimental studies of pseudo-gemini surfactants with different hydrophobic chain lengths

In this work new pseudo-gemini type surfactants are constructed via a simple, energy and material efficient way, using piperazine, propylene oxide and seven different fatty acids: capric, lauric, myristic, stearic, oleic and linolenic. The compounds are characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and FTIR studies. Micellization and adsorption properties of the novel pseudo-gemini surfactants are investigated via surface tension and conductivity measurements. Antimicrobial properties are evaluated using the simple disk diffusion test method. Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD) simulations are performed to model aggregation behavior of the new pseudo-gemini surfactants. Experimental studies revealed that Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) of the obtained pseudo-gemini surfactants are lower than 1 mmol/L. Theoretically calculated CMC values are slightly higher than experimental CMC values. However, overall, very good agreement between theoretical and experimental CMC values is observed. Radial Distribution Function (RDF) and radius of gyration (Rg) plots are analyzed to gain further insight into aggregation of the surfactant molecules in aqueous environment. The DPD model of the pseudo-gemini amphiphiles successfully predicts the most important traits of the aggregation process.

One-step combustion synthesis of high-performance nanosized Co3O4 and Ag-Co3O4 catalysts for propane total oxidation

Devising an effective strategy to refine the physicochemical properties of Co3O4 and tune the Ag-Co interaction is pivotal for developing superior Ag-Co3O4 catalysts targeting VOCs abatement. In this study, nanosized Co3O4 and Ag-Co3O4 (Ag content of 0.5–5.0 wt%) catalysts were prepared via a facile one-pot urea combustion method. The as-prepared catalysts were characterized using various techniques and their performance in propane total oxidation was evaluated. Compared to its counterpart obtained through the direct decomposition of cobalt nitrate, the nanosized Co3O4 exhibited a larger surface area, more oxygen vacancies, better reducibility, and thus superior propane oxidation activity. The addition of Ag can further enhance the catalytic performance by significantly improving the redox properties of Co3O4. The best performance was achieved with the catalyst 3.5 wt% Ag-Co3O4, which mineralized 90 % of propane into CO2 at 200 °C and exhibited excellent cycling stability and long-term durability. In addition, 3.5 wt% Ag-Co3O4 demonstrated high activity under various conditions, including high propane concentration (6000 ppm), high space velocity (160,000 mL g−1h−1), and high water content (10 vol%), making it a promising candidate for practical VOCs removal.

Elevating catalyst performance: How hierarchical Alumina's phases enhance Cu/Al2O3 in reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) reaction

A hierarchical structure alumina with high surface area was synthesized using a sol-gel method assisted by propylene oxide (PO), which was subsequently converted into alumina exhibiting different transitional phases (γ, δ, θ) through varying calcination temperatures. These aluminas were employed as substrates for the active copper phase in the RWGS catalyst, facilitating a systematic exploration of how the alumina phase influences catalyst performance. The characterized catalysts underwent assessments using techniques such as N2 adsorption-desorption, XRD, H2-TPR, CO2-TPD, FESEM, and HRTEM. An examination of the impact of copper loading (ranging from 5.0 to 20.0 wt%) in the Cu/γ-Al2O3 catalyst on RWGS performance revealed that the catalyst containing 15.0 wt% Cu exhibited the highest CO2 conversion rate, achieving 8% at 300 °C under a 1CO2:1H2 ratio at atmospheric pressure. This specific catalyst demonstrated 100% selectivity for CO. Evaluating the extended stability of Cu catalysts supported by γ-, δ-, and θ-Al2O3 phases, all loaded with the same amount of Cu (15.0 wt%), was carried out at 450 °C. The δ- and θ-Al2O3-supported catalysts were able to maintain approximately 100% of their initial catalytic activities after 72 h, whereas the activity of the catalyst supported by γ-Al2O3 decreased. The examination of the crystalline phases of the catalyst support and stability testing demonstrated the significant impact of porosity on mass transfer and the diffusion processes of reactants and production on the structure of the catalyst. This study revealed how adjusting the macropore size and porosity within various crystalline phases can optimize the filling degree and achieve an ideal balance between reaction and mass transfer rates.

Environmental impacts and mitigation potentials of CO2-based biodegradable plastic based on life cycle assessment – A case study of poly(propylene carbonate)

CO2-based biodegradable plastics are potential solutions for reducing fossil-fuel consumption, mitigating climate change, and addressing plastic pollution by reducing plastic waste accumulation. Poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) is a commercial CO2-based biodegradable plastic derived from CO2 and propylene oxide (PO), and it has been used in flexible packaging and mulching film applications. However, the environmental performance of PPC is still unknown. Since China has become the largest producer of PPC in the world, this study takes the industrial production technologies of PPC and its feedstocks in China as an example. The cradle-to-gate life-cycle inventory of PPC resin was compiled, and life-cycle impact assessment was performed to assess the environmental impacts of PPC and mitigation potentials based on the ReCiPe 2016 method. Results indicated that PPC synthesis has the greatest impact on the environment (contributions of 38–95% of 16 environmental impact categories), followed by PO production. Technological innovation and renewable energy substitution scenarios were developed to explore the mitigation potential of PPC. We found that supercritical polymerization technology has greater mitigation potential than photovoltaic power substitution, which could reduce 17 impact categories of PPC by 17–96% by reducing energy and dichloromethane consumption during PPC synthesis. Photovoltaic power substitution reduced 2–22% of 11 impact categories of PPC. Compared with conventional plastics, PPC had advantages over conventional plastics in terms of 17 impact categories. The environmental impacts of PPC were 2–98% lower than those of conventional plastics. This study emphasizes the importance of technological innovation in reducing the lifecycle environmental impacts of PPC and provides a basis for environmental performance of CO2-based biodegradable plastics and the potential to replace conventional plastics. Policy implications for innovations in synthesis technology, sustainable feedstocks and environmental impact assessment were proposed, which could provide valuable insights for practitioners and policymakers in enhancing the sustainability of the plastics industry through biodegradable plastic alternatives.

Enhancing the functional characteristics of sago starch through dual chemical modification by hydroxypropylation and succinylation

Sago starch is a locally abundant starch indigenous of Indonesia. Despite its abundance, it is underutilized and restricted to food and packaging applications due to its limited functional characteristics. The value of native sago starch can be increased through modifications that improve its functionality, such as dual chemical modification. This sophisticated approach is more effective than single modification and makes the starch suitable for wider applications. Our study aimed to determine if dual chemical modification involving hydroxypropylation and succinylation would optimize the functional properties of sago starch. The sago starch was first modified by hydroxypropylation with 7 % (w/w) propylene oxide under alkaline conditions for 3 hours. This process resulted in hydroxypropylated starch with a substitution degree of 0.107. We then subjected the starch to succinylation using succinic anhydride at 1 % to 5 % of the starch weight in an alkaline solution for 2 hours.We achieved optimal functional characteristics of the dual-modified sago starch in the sample modified with 3 % (w/w) of succinic anhydride. The succinyl degree of substitution, water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, swelling power, and solubility of the dual-modified starch were 0.093, 4.16 g g⁻¹ , 7.20 g g⁻¹, 34.25 g g⁻¹, and 16:55 %, respectively. We conducted pasting properties analyses, infrared spectroscopy, and morphological structure analysis to determine the changes in the characteristics of the sago starch after hydroxypropylation and succinylation. The dual chemical modification successfully enhanced the functional characteristics of sago starch, particularly, its amphiphilic ability and swelling power. These results warrant further research and development in commercial applications.

Quantum Chemical Modeling of the Full Catalytic Cycle for Selective Oxidation of Propane to Propene on the M1 Phase of Mo–Te–Nb–O Mixed-Metal Oxide Catalysts

Quantum Chemical Modeling of the Full Catalytic Cycle for Selective Oxidation of Propane to Propene on the M1 Phase of Mo–Te–Nb–O Mixed-Metal Oxide Catalysts