Propaganda Methods Research Articles

ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОЇ ВІЙНИ

The article has analyzed views of domestic and foreign authors on the essence and content of the concepts of "information warfare", "psychological war" and "information-psychological war" as components of a hybrid war. Within the psychological paradigm, information warfare is understood as the latent impact of information on individual, group and mass consciousness through methods of propaganda, misinformation, manipulation to form new views on the socio-political organization of society through changes in values and basic attitudes. The concept of "world psychological warfare", various theoretical approaches, tools of information and theoretical approach are considered. The tools of the information warfare against Ukraine are propaganda; manipulation; attempts to change public opinion; psychological and psychotropic pressure; spreading rumors, blocking TV and radio broadcasts; removal of Ukrainian channels in the occupied territories; disinformation and distribution of fake news; distribution of fake information. The defining features of the concepts of "information warfare" and "psychological war" are that information warfare is conducted mostly in cyberspace, while psychological – in social space. The organizational differences of the information influence of the Russian Federation in the basic training of law enforcement specialists are investigated. The main directions of work, forms of information warfare activities which were carried out by the Russian party are characterized. The main psychological challenges of modern information wars are shown. The psychological challenges caused by the war are identified, which are conditionally divided into the following four groups: challenges to Ukrainians as a community; challenges to the mental health of the individual; challenges to psychological well-being; challenges to Ukrainian psychologists as a professional community. In the course of the study, recommendations for confrontation in the information warfare were formed. The main necessary measures to counteract the information aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine are suggested.

Propaganda uchenij zapadno-hristianskih cerkvej v Sankt-Peterburge pervoj poloviny XVIII v.

The paper presents the analysis of the Western Christian missionaries’ activities, which took place in St. Petersburg in the first half of the 18th century and included propaganda of their doctrine among the city population. The work analyzes the legislative acts of the Russian government on restricting the priests’ missionary activity (combating propaganda), considers the methods of propaganda and specific examples of its manifestation. The authors attempted to compare the Catholic and Protestant missionaries’ activities in St. Petersburg. Having conducted the study, the authors concluded that despite the freedoms given to other faiths representatives, the government also built barriers to their teachings’ propaganda among the autocracy subjects - the state naturally protected the official Orthodox religion, which formed the moral foundations and the main institutions in the society.

IDEOLOGY – ARCHITECTURE RELATIONSHIP: NAZI ARCHITECTURE

Hitler’s Germany witnessed the most influential political power activities in world history before and during the Second World War. Germany’s collapse both politically and economically in the early 1930s enabled Hitler to take action. This structure, which relied on the new political stance behind it, has ensured its legitimacy and ideology with propaganda works. Nazis used the social power of architecture as a tool to support the new order that they were establishing. Aim: This study aims to investigate the effects on the forming and shaping of the city and the designed buildings, planned according to the Nazi ideology fundamentals. Method: In the article, concepts of ideology and propaganda are discussed. The propaganda methods used during the Hitler period are briefly explained. Through the relationship between ideology and architecture, the reflections of ideology on Nazi architecture have been determined. By evaluating the relationship of Hitler's architectural preferences with ideology, it was determined how it was treated as a propaganda tool. Findings: It was determined that the effects of Hitler's ideology on the shaping of Nazi architecture had an independent style of national socialism and classicism established on European typology and morphology. The relationship between the monumental architecture utilized in Nazi Germany and the styles in the history of architecture was detected. Although it is impossible to classify Hitler's architectural preferences under a single title and to say that the Third Reich has an official architectural style, it was determined that Nazi Architecture, founded on the neoclassical basis, was developed and changed around this framework. Conclusion: For architecture to thrive, it needs an innovative, unrestricted and creative environment rather than a repressive one. Politics is expected to be supportive rather than conflicting with architecture. Instead of imitation, supporting historical searches with creativity will develop architecture.

Влияние правовой пропаганды на формирование правосознания и правового мышления

The importance of forming a high level of legal consciousness in moderntimes isemphasized,taking into account all the transformational changes in various fields, and the determining role of legal propaganda in this process. The author highlights the special role of the axiological function of legal propaganda, theimportance of which increases in times of crisis. Modern integration processes are accompaniedbyanindispensablechange in legal thinking, while the means, intensity and purposefulness of legal propaganda varysignificantlydepending on the type of legal consciousness and the subject in which legal thinking is beingformed. It isemphasized that depending on the type of legal consciousness, various methods of legal propaganda will beeffective, forexample, the ordinary level of legal consciousness will be characterized more by specific situational propaganda.At the ordinary level of legal consciousness, a psychological component is more often distinguished, whileatahigher level, legal ideology will prevail. It is concluded that all the results of the ideological effect of therighttopublic relations can have an informational and propaganda aspect, it is noted that modernlegal propagandaischaracterized by its socio-regulatory and legal-pedagogical impact on the individual.

THE MANAGEMENT OF AGITATION AND PROPAGANDA ACTIVITIES IN IZMAIL REGION UkrSSR IN 1944–1945

The work aims to study the formation of a system of ideological influence on the Izmail region’s population in 1944–1945. Based on archival sources and materials of the regional press, the tasks of agitation and propaganda activities, the general forms and methods used by the Communist Party to spread ideology among the population of the annexed region were revealed. The author paid particular attention to determining the role of the regional party leadership in managing and conducting agitation and propaganda. The methodology. The study is based on the principles of historicism, scientificity, objectivity, systematics, specificity, and reliance on historical sources. With the aid of the historical-typological method, it was possible to determine the main tasks, forms, and methods of agitation and propaganda. The historical-comparative method opens the way to reveal the peculiarities of ideological work with various categories of the citizens and to determine the specific features of the Communist Party’s agitation and propaganda activities in the Izmail region. The application of historical-systemic and historical-genetic methods contributed to the consideration of various measures to ideologize the population in co-relation, to identify the causal links between the methods and results of propaganda policy. The scientific novelty. For the first time, a comprehensive analysis of agitation and propaganda activities in the Izmail region after the territory was returned to the USSR has been carried out. The conclusions. The analysis of the party documentation of the Izmail regional committee of the Communist Party gives reason to assume that immediately after the region returned to the USSR, the Soviet leadership launched active information and propaganda activities among the population. During 1944–1945, a network of agitation teams, groups of lecturers and speakers was formed to spread communist ideology among various segments of the population, a system of party propaganda bodies was created, events to celebrate new Soviet holidays were organized, and radio broadcasting and adaptation for the cinema were organized. The media, cultural and educational institutions, Komsomol organizations, and pioneers played a significant role in propaganda activities. Propaganda and agitation departments established at the region, city, and district committees of the Communist Party were constantly monitoring the ideological activity progress.

The Influence of Political Capital on Peasants’ Migration Behavior and Its Implications

This study examined the influence of political capital on the migration behavior of peasant households in China’s equitable urbanization. While existing research has proven that political capital can increase the wages of migrant workers, leading to a higher possibility of their rural-to-urban migration, the direct impact of political capital on migration behavior has not received sufficient attention. As China is one of the largest emerging economies, the impact of political capital on the economy and political transformation is typical. This paper reports a survey of 1120 farmer households from Xinxiang, a traditional agricultural area in central China. Using a binary logit model to test whether peasant households will migrate and a multinomial logit model to test where they will migrate to, this study examined whether political capital had a significant influence on the migration behavior of peasant households. The results suggest that the peasant households with political capital have a higher possibility of moving to urban areas, even though there is a better habitational option, namely, a new village in the local rural area. This suggests that reducing the difference in the political capital of migrants through policy propaganda and other methods is an efficient and effective way to achieve and improve equitable access to urbanization.

Metode Dakwah Dr. KH. Asep Saifuddin Chalim, MA di Pondok Pesantren Amanatul Ummah Pacet-Mojokerto

In implementing the da'wah method in an Islamic educational institution such as the Islamic boarding school the figure of a cleric is an important role holder in determining success. A Kiai or leader of a boarding school is required to have the ability and intelligence in his role as a preacher so that the message of preaching is conveyed to the mad’ū effectively and efficiently and on target. Therefore researchers interested in conducting research on the Da'wah Method Dr. KH. Asep Saifuddin Chalim, MA. Based on the statement above, a question arises. How is the concept of Dr. dawah's method KH. Asep Saifuddin Chalim, MA? How is the application of the propaganda method Dr. KH. Asep Saifuddin Chalim, MA? And what obstacles are faced in applying the method of da'wah. In this study the authors used a qualitative method, with data analysis using symbolic interaction theory. And data collection techniques using analytic descriptive techniques, namely data collected in the form of words, images, documentation and not numbers. Obtained from the results of observation, in-depth interviews with sources and documentation that will produce interpretation for the author. According to the author's analysis, the da'wah method Dr. KH. Asep Saifuddin Chalim, MA in the Islamic Boarding School of Amanatul Ummah Pacet-Mojokerto through observation and research, the writer can conclude, that with morals and religious knowledge as well as always istiqomah in carrying out the practices of the Sunnah and always remembering the seven keys to success, all those dreamed of will be achieved mind.

Russian Propaganda During the First World War: Technologies and Forms

The purpose of the article is to analyse the use of political propaganda methods employed by the Russian Empire before and during the First World War, in particular, on the Ukrainian lands, which became a direct theatre of military operations and a field of confrontation between intelligence and counterintelligence services of belligerent powers, which exercised manipulative influence upon great masses of population and implemented special technologies for the formation of public opinion. The research methodology is based on the principles of objectivity, systematicity, dialectics, historicism and interdisciplinarity. The study is grounded on problemchronological, institutional and historical methods, as well as social psychology methods, used in propaganda practices. Scientific novelty: on the basis of printed materials: brochures, First World War periodicals, published posters and woodcuts (lubki prints), as well as memoirs of people, involved in the organization of propaganda campaigns, certain objects, technologies and forms of propaganda, in particular, the involvement of intelligence officers of the Russian Imperial Army in manipulative technologies, were defined. The widespread use of propaganda and counter-propaganda by the states that were the main players of the First World War, became a kind of hallmark of that war. In Russia, unlike other states, there were no special bodies and no such bodies were created later to influence public opinion in their own, hostile or neutral states. The peculiarity of the propaganda of the Russian Empire was the use of mainly constructive (positive) propaganda aimed at neutralizing social conflicts within the state, uniting the population and the authorities and their joint struggle against the enemy. The ideas of Pan-Slavism and Neo-Slavism were actively applied in the international realm. They were aimed at the unity of the Slavic world under the auspices of Russia as the defender of the Slavic peoples and the Orthodox Christian faith. The use of destructive propaganda technologies was aimed at creating the image of the “enemy” and uniting patriotic forces against it. At the same time, Russia failed to offer Slavic peoples of the empire, in particular Ukrainians, to realize their political aspirations in resolving the national issue; it did not feel a change of mood and did not restructure the content of propaganda rhetoric, which eventually led to its defeat in the information and psychological space.

A ‘world of method and intrigue’: Muriel Spark's Literary Intelligence

In 1944, Muriel Spark was recruited by the Foreign Office to work as a Duty Secretary in the Political Warfare Executive at Milton Bryan. ‘I played a very small part,’ Spark wrote in her autobiography, ‘but as a fly on the wall I took in a whole world of method and intrigue in the dark field of Black Propaganda or Psychological Warfare, and the successful and purposeful deceit of the enemy.’ Drawing on research in Spark's personal and literary archives at the McFarlin Library, Tulsa, and the National Library of Scotland, this essay explores the ways in which this ‘world of method and intrigue’ is taken in and reformulated in Spark's writing. Political espionage takes centre-stage in several of Spark's fictions, and a preoccupation with secrecy and spying runs through her work. But the methods of black propaganda can also be read as a secret sharer of some of Spark's most characteristic aesthetic strategies. Focusing in particular on Spark's most direct treatment of her secret war work – The Hothouse by the East River – critical tension centres on reading Spark's literary intelligence less as a re-enactment than as a subversion of the logics of disinformation.

Ukrainian Revolution of 1917—1921 in the Propaganda Discourse of the Russian Bolshevism: Tymofii Levchuk’s Film “A Kyiv Citizen” (1958)

The history of cinema is one of those unique cultural phenomena, which constantly attracts the attention of researchers. This phenomenon, especially in the 20th century, determined not only the direction of aesthetic transformations of the cultural development but also had an impact on the formation of ideologies and the strengthening of political regimes. This topic is relevant because the methods of propaganda that were actively used by totalitarian regimes (including the Soviet totalitarian rule) are now actively used by the undemocratic Russian administration to achieve political goals. The construction of the “Ukrainian bourgeois nationalist” image in Soviet cinema is of special interest in the context of Russia's “hybrid warfare” against Ukraine, which continues today. The instrumental technologies of ideological manipulation used in the creation of films have shown their effectiveness in shaping the worldview of the “new Soviet man”. Forms of this type of consciousness still continue to influence the political choices of many citizens of our state. The film “A Kyiv Citizen”, studied in the article, was created in 1958 by the Ukrainian Soviet film director T. Levchuk at the Kyiv O. Dovzhenko Studio. The film is a classic example of the ideologically biased film production. On the example of this film, we can observe technological principles and constructive models used by the Soviet regime to falsify the history of Ukraine in the 20th century, in particular the events of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917–1921. In the film “A Kyiv Citizen”, the events of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917–1921 were counterfeited in order to illustrate to the audience the Soviet version of the history of Ukraine and the events related to the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks. In such a way, the Soviet propaganda tried to form in the viewer a type of psychological perception of reality loyal to the “Soviet empire”. In particular, the facts related to the Bolsheviks' attempt to seize power in Kyiv in October 1917, the battles for the Arsenal plant in January 1918, and the conclusion of a peace treaty between the Ukrainian People's Republic and Germany were falsified.

The Topic of the Soviet-­Ukrainian War (1917–1921) in Ukrainian Cinematography of the 1920s

Most of the films about the revolution and the Soviet­Ukrainian war (1917–1921), made by AUPhCA in 1928–1930, proved to be uninteresting and did not gain big success among the audience. These films were made mostly by the methods of propaganda, posters, without much depth into the essence of the phenomenon, the script was built on a certain pattern — a parallel demonstration of good, brave guerrillas and scornful whites, i.e. on the one hand stupid bourgeois, mocking and torturing their class enemies, on the other hand — smart, heroic, friendly representatives of working class. According to some contemporaries, films about the events of the Soviet­Ukrainian war required other forms, a different embodiment. From naked propaganda, from stencil scheme to a more in­depth identification of the moments of class struggle, from a simplified external reflection of events, to a more specific individualization of the participants of the events. However, these films played an important role in the development of adventure cinema.

“Kiev Citizen” Movie by T. Levchuk: Ukrainian Revolution of 1917—1921 in the Ukrainian Soviet Cinematography

Cinematography is one of those unique cultural phenomena, whose history has always attracted historians’ interest. In the 20th century, this phenomenon did not only determine the direction of cultural transformations development but also impacted the formation of ideologies and political regimes. Today this topic is especially relevant considering the fact that the propaganda methods, intrinsic of dictatorship systems, namely the Soviet totalitarian regime, are actively used by the antidemocratic Russian power for achieving its political goals. The special interest in the context of the “hybrid warfare” which is currently going on between Russia and Ukraine, causes the construction in the Soviet period cinematography of the image of a “Ukrainian bourgeois nationalist” as the instrumental technologies of ideological manipulations used in such movies proved their effectiveness for shaping the outlook of a “new Russian citizen”. Such phenomenon, especially in the 20th century, determined not only the direction of aesthetic transformations of cultural development but also had an impact on the formation of ideologies and strengthening of political regimes. This topic is relevant because the methods of propaganda that were actively used by totalitarian regimes (including the Soviet totalitarian one) are now actively applied by the undemocratic Russian regime to achieve political goals. The construction of the image of the "Ukrainian bourgeois nationalist" in the Soviet cinema constitutes special interest in the context of today’s Russia’s "hybrid warfare" against Ukraine. The instrumental technologies of ideological manipulation used in the creation of films have shown their effectiveness in shaping the worldview of the “new Soviet man.” Forms of this type of consciousness still continue to influence the political choices of many citizens of our state. The film “Kiev Citizen”, studied in the article, was created in 1958 by Ukrainian Soviet film director T. Levchuk at Kyiv O. Dovzhenko Studio. This film is a classic example of ideologically biased film production. Using this movie, we can observe technological principles and constructive models of falsification of the 20th–century history of Ukraine by the Soviet regime, in particular the events of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917–1921. In the film “Kiev Citizen”, the events of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917–1921 were falsified in order to illustrate the audience the Soviet version of the history of Ukraine and the events connected with the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks. Soviet propaganda tried to form in this way the audience loyal to the “Soviet empire” type of psychological perception of reality. In particular, the facts related to the Bolsheviks’ attempt to seize power in Kyiv in October 1917, the battles for the Arsenal plant in January 1918, and the conclusion of a peace treaty between the Ukrainian People’s Republic and Germany were falsified.

Russian Propaganda Discourse about the crises in Iraq via RT Arabic: An Analytic Study for the Period 10 Oct. 2019-10 Dec. 2019

Russia, has been one of the first powers that has returned to the areas of its historical influence and relations Arab region. It has seized the opportunity of the crises that have hit the Arab region to return to it and interfere in its affairs, especially in Iraq. To achieve that, it has employed its media and propaganda machines to justify these interferences and to establish communication with the Arab governments and peoples. RT Arabic is one of its most prominent media to give the Russian viewpoint regarding the crises in the Iraq. This study, therefore, aims at identifying the nature of the Russian propaganda discourse addressed to the Iraq, pinpointing the most prominent crises RT Arabic highlighted, identifying the characteristics and roles of the active powers and finding the means of proof and frame of reference adopted in this discourse. The study also aims at revealing the propaganda methods used in this site by applying the survey methods, content-analysis tools and tools of analyzing the discourse. The problem of this study comes from posing the question: What is the Russian propaganda discourse regarding the crises of Iraq on RT Arabic website? RT Arabic has been chosen for this study. The researcher used the comprehensive restriction method for all the contents published by the site for three months: from 1 Oct. 2019 to 31 Dec. 2019. The contents were about the crises that took place in Iraq. In which Russia is an active party, the total has reached (861) publications.

SDGs Value and Islamic Philantrophy Through Zakah Institution During the Covid-19

Introduction to The Problem: The mission of the zakat institution as a philanthropic booster is very necessary. As an economic empowerment for the poor and to support micro businesses. Especially when the covid 19 pandemic condition requires a wealth distribution of income and consumption from the sufficient in the weak economy condition.Objective Study: The aims of this study is to identify the optimization of the zakat institution program which involves poverty reduction and the utilization of the poor and disadvantaged. This is in line with SDG’s 1 and 8 values on poverty reduction and the provision of decent work.Methodology: This study uses an explanatory qualitative approach. A solution review of the process of managing and utilizing money waqf at LAZ Yatim Mandiri, using primary data by in-depth interviews with waqf doers and continued with source triangulation, focus group discussion that talks about covid 19 in many perspective, accompanied by the opinion of 15 academicians and 4 experts (fiqh) waqf.Findings: The result of this study showed that the potential for endowments must be balanced with increasing Nazir awareness and understanding to manage endowments of money in order to continue to be useful. Ascertaining the direction of philanthropic movements during pandemic to collect funds and distribute them to the poor and pandemic affected victims is a crucial point. The important advice that LAZ should make is to maintain the intensity of friendship with muzakki or donors and the needy, to create a socially oriented business and also can be appropriate and feasible with the propaganda method used. this needs to be done considering that in addition to humanity issues, other issues that have a severe impact on the covid pandemic 19 are the microeconomic sector and MSME.

French Prisoners of War in South of Soviet Russia in Spring and Summer of 1919

The article examines the plot about the stay of French servicemen in captivity in the south of Russia at the end of the intervention of the Entente countries (spring-summer 1919). The relevance of the study is due to the need to revise the point of view established in Russian historiography about the voluntary and massive transition of the French military to the side of the Bolsheviks. The author dwells on the circumstances of captivity and the period of detention of foreigners. Particular attention is paid to the attempt by the Bolsheviks to spread the ideas of the left movement and attract prisoners to the ranks of the Red Army. This activity was carried out through the creation of communist groups at the Foreign Collegium in Odessa. Using the example of the work of the French Communist Group employees, it was possible to identify agitation and propaganda methods of persuading the compatriots to the side of the Bolsheviks. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that for the reconstruction of the methods of campaigning, the author involved materials from the archives of the French Ministry of Defense, which make it possible to determine the circle of agitators and concretize methods of recruiting foreigners. The author proved that there was no mass transition to the side of the Bolsheviks, the agitators managed to persuade only a few prisoners of the French and most of the servicemen remained faithful to this oath.

The textual perspective of the image construction of the Communist Party of China during the Anti-Japanese War

The image of a political party is a kind of intangible asset, which profoundly affects the future development trend of a political party to some extent. During the Anti-Japanese War, the image construction of the Communist Party of China had various forms. As the symbolic construction and expression method of the party's external image, text was a key media resource. The Communist Party of China has successfully shaped the advanced image of the Party in the war of resistance for the people and actively fighting the war of resistance through various text propaganda methods, such as the articles of leaders, news periodicals, foreign manifestos, and propaganda reports by foreign journalists. With the evidence of the specific Anti-Japanese War actions, this image has gradually gained popularity among the people, enhanced the prestige and influence of the Party in the minds of the people, provided potential support for the vigorous development of the Party in the future, and indirectly provided a relatively stable popular foundation for the victory of the Party in the Liberation War later.

Study on the Experience of Public Health System Construction in China's COVID-19 Prevention.

Background: China's experience in the process of COVID-19 prevention provides a reference for other countries in the world. This article studied the experience of public health system construction in China's COVID-19 prevention.Methods: Based on literature review and theoretical analysis, this paper constructs a theoretical framework of national public health system construction in health crisis. Based on this theoretical framework, combined with the policies and measures formulated by the Chinese government in the process of COVID-19 prevention, this article evaluate the advantages and deficiencies of China's public health system construction in response to COVID-19.Results: The Chinese government ensured the adequate supply of health resources, improved people's ability to pay medical expenses, and adopted advanced public health propaganda methods based on the Internet to help people grasp the basic information and development trend of COVID-19 in the process of COVID-19 prevention. At the same time, the utilization efficiency of health resources was low in China, people's ability to pay for medical expenses was unequal, and the disclosure of virus information in the early stage of the outbreak of COVID-19 is not timely.Conclusions: Other countries can learn from the advantages of China's public health system construction and avoid China's deficiencies in the process of public health system construction, which will help them improve the efficiency of COVID-19 prevention.

Propaganda, obviously: How propaganda analysis fixates on the hidden and misses the conspicuous

Propaganda analysis has long focused on revealing the rhetorical tricks and hidden special interests behind persuasion campaigns. But what are critics to do when propaganda is obvious? In the late 1930s the Institute for Propaganda Analysis faced this question while investigating the public poli-ticking of A&P, then the largest retailer in the United States. While contemporary critics lambasted A&P for their secretive campaign, particularly their use of front groups, A&P used many relatively overt methods of propaganda to win political victories. Propaganda analysis then, as now, fixated on the concealed, failing to adequately critique conspicuous communicative power.

The Image of the Other as a Structural Characteristic of the Cultural Border on the Example of Ukraine and Donbass

The article is devoted to the specifics of the cultural frontier of Russian culture. The relevance of the article is due to the strengthening in the post-Soviet period of cultural conflicts on the border of Russian civilization. These conflicts on cultural grounds even lead to military action against the bearers of Russian culture, as has been the case in the Ukrainian war against Donbass since 2014. The article examines the borderland as a zone of intercultural interaction, carries out a cultural analysis of the border between cultures and identities, highlights the structural characteristic of the cultural border ‒ the image of the Other. Based on the conducted cultural analysis, the structure of the cultural space of Ukraine and the Donbass, including the wartime situation since 2014 is investigated. The study of the media content of Ukrainian information projects and similar projects in the LPR is carried out on the basis of an information-analytical methodology. Two permanent Ukrainian media projects of the Internews-Ukraine: Revision of History and Propagandarium, which work intensively in the Russian-speaking regions of Ukraine creating and broadcasting the image of the Russian as the Other by methods of aggressive anti-Russian propaganda are considered. We also analyze the activity of the Lugansk cultural site “Dandelion”, which has been operating in Lugansk since 2015 and reflects the cultural life of the city and the republic during this period. An analysis of the site’s materials shows that in the republic in wartime conditions, Russian and world culture is preserved and mastered, intensive work is underway to integrate the republics of Donbass into the cultural space of modern Russia, relying on the historical memory of these territories. The article substantiates that Ukrainian culture is currently a borderland culture, since the image of the Other as the Russian dominates its structure and is imposed on the Russians of Ukraine by propaganda methods. At the same time, the culture of modern Donbass is developing as Russian culture in which the image of the Other as a modern Ukrainian, a carrier of anti-Russian identity is formed. Keywords: Russia, Ukraine, Donbass, borderland culture, the image of the Other, anti-Russian propaganda

Information impact in hybrid wars: new opportunities and propaganda crisis

Despite a significant change in the balance of instruments on the platform of "hybrid wars", the information impact caused by global transformations remains its core and the most mature, tested element of the system as a whole. The methods of classical propaganda have always played an essential role within the framework of the toolkit for informational influence. Even now, when the possibilities of information and political manipulations are used to a greater extent, propaganda influence remains an important tool for managing global and subglobal political and information processes. But the new political and technological environment imposes significant other requirements on the models and formatting support of propaganda activities, non-compliance with which has already led to a significant weakening of the status of propaganda, including the state one in the system of interstate competition and competition between states and non-state (corporate and social) structures. This has been shown by studies of a number of important recent cases. In the future, the requirements for a new quality of propaganda activities will only become more complicated, both from the point of view of technological support and from the point of view of the integration of propaganda actions into the global and regional information and socio-political context.