Pronouns Of Address Research Articles

Heritage Speakers of Spanish and Study Abroad ed. by Rebecca Pozzi, Tracy Quan and Chelsea Escalante

Reviewed by: Heritage Speakers of Spanish and Study Abroad ed. by Rebecca Pozzi, Tracy Quan and Chelsea Escalante Guilherme Von Streber Pozzi, Rebecca, Tracy Quan, and Chelsea Escalante, editors. Heritage Speakers of Spanish and Study Abroad. Routledge, 2021. Pp. 306. ISBN 9780367256890. Heritage Speakers of Spanish and Study Abroad addresses an important and often-overlooked topic in language education and linguistics research: Study Abroad (SA) programs and Heritage Speakers (HS) of Spanish. The volume’s editors, Rebecca Pozzi, Tracy Quan, and Chelsea Escalante, share a background in Applied Linguistics and their research, published in noted journals and volumes by Routledge and Multilingual Matters, explores second and heritage language development, acquisition, and language pedagogy. This new edited volume presents studies of the mixed experiences that Spanish HSs go through during these international programs. The focus of the volume lies primarily in language development in the context of SA, yet identity, too, emerges as an equally important aspect that influences these students’ learning and lived experiences. The volume begins with an introduction by the editors that briefly situates the Spanish HS population within the context of SA while also providing an overview of the text. Then, it features five main sections: (1) sociolinguistic acquisition; (2) pragmatics; (3) identity; (4) linguistic development; and (5) program design. The volume has a total of thirteen chapters. All sections introduce any given subtopic with a review of literature. Due to the scarcity of materials, these frequently borrow from domestic Spanish HS language learning experiences and/or L2 study abroad, while often proposing convergence points between them. The volume concludes with an afterword by Christina Sanz that provides future directions for Spanish HS & SA research followed by a detailed topic index. In the first section, “Sociolinguistic Acquisition,” Geeslin and colleagues begin with a review of literature on sociolinguistic competence concerning SA while pointing out to future research paths on the subfield. Then, in “The Long-Term Impact of a Sojourn Abroad,” George and Salgado-Robles present a study on pronoun distinction that suggests that sustained contact with SA hosts increases participants long-term ability to accommodate pronoun choice according to their interlocutors. Next, Peace’s study “Aquí el español es muy diferente ” explores linguistic accommodation and points out that participants—who were of Mexican descent—increased lexical and phonological accommodation when interacting with Spaniard peers. Lastly, Escalante demonstrates in “Individual Differences in Dialectal Accommodation” that degree of linguistic convergence for accommodation highly varies from person to person, based on factors such as background and intrinsic motivations. The second section, “Pragmatics,” starts with Shively’s review of literature on pragmatics visà-vis SA. Based on L2 pragmatics literature, the author suggests that HSs who studied abroad show more pragmatic competence than their US-based HS peers. Moreover, in “The Pragmatic Development of Heritage Speakers of Spanish Studying Abradi in Argentina, ” the volume’s editors explore address pronoun choice variation in Mexican American HSs and their convergence towards use of the second person singular pronoun vos, used in Argentina. Their initial results indicate that HSs in SA do increase pragmatic competence after completing their programs abroad. In the third section, “Identity,” Leeman and Driver’s piece draws attention to a frequently overlooked aspect in SA design: the importance of developing critical awareness towards ideologies before and during SA experience. Next, Menard-Warwick, Kehoe, and Palmer’s piece “The Diverse Experiences of Heritage Speakers at a Guatemalan Language School” comprises a qualitative, interview-based study conducted during SA that focuses on identity construction of three participants. Particular attention is given to the tensions in how linguistic agency develops in the “contact zone” (160). The fourth section, “Linguistic Development,” begins with Escalante, Viera, and Patiño-Vega’s chapter reviewing the literature on development of oral and written abilities of L2 heritage language students abroad. The authors point to new research paths in corpus research, global [End Page 476] proficiency assessment, and methodologies for linguistic development among HSs in SA. Next, Marqués-Pascual reports on her longitudinal study “The Impact of SA on Spanish Heritage Learners’ Writing Development” that focused on 22 HLs during a semester or year abroad in Spain. The author concludes that participants significantly improved writing...

Addressing as a gender-preferential way for suggestive selling in Chinese e-commerce live streaming discourse: A corpus-based approach

This paper explores sellers' addressing behaviours in Chinese e-commerce live streaming discourse by focusing on the impact of gender. Data were drawn from a self-built corpus comprising 120 h of transcribed texts from live streaming on Taobao. By conducting a corpus-based analysis, we compared males' and females' keywords for addressing customers and their performative functions of suggestive selling. The findings show that: (1) both males and females use a small percentage of kinship terms; (2) males' ratio of address pronouns to nouns greatly surpasses females', but their frequency of ‘nín’ (deferential you) is much lower than females'; (3) females are more likely to consistently use nouns with the meaning of baby, whereas males prefer utilising diverse friendship terms; and (4) females frequently use a pattern of ‘thank/greet + baby’ to conduct ritual interactions more often than males. We argue that both males' and females' addressing behaviours function to promote successful selling; however, gender distinctions do exist in terms of their lexical choices and pragmatic uses of addressing words. The current study contributes to both pragmatics and the sociolinguistic study of gender and language.

We-Narratives: Collective Storytelling in Contemporary Fiction

We-Narratives: Collective Storytelling in Contemporary Fiction

(When) Can I say Du to You? The metapragmatics of forms of address on German-Speaking Twitter

On 02.06.2020, the social media team of the Deutsche Bahn, the German railway company, announced on Twitter that for a three-month launching phase, they would use the singular T-form du to address their customers. On the basis of a corpus of public tweets analyzed as metapragmatic comments, I examine which stances users adopt and what these stances tell us about how the German-speaking Twittersphere metapragmatically assesses the appropriateness of pronouns of address in social networks. I show how the shift to the T-form is well accepted only if restricted to Twitter, while being strongly disfavored and deemed inappropriate if understood against the background of a customer-client's relation. While the users in favor of the V-form present their arguments in a direct way, most users who plead for the T-form resort to irony and banter, thus constructing the online persona of ‘cool’ people aware of appropriateness norms on social media. I conclude by showing how the clash between antagonistic — and possibly irreconcilable — positions can then be framed as a conflict between globalized norms fostering the use of T-forms as a conventionalized practice on social media and local norms of politeness, as the V-form remains the unmarked way of addressing an unknown adult in Germany.

The use of the relational function of address pronouns in L2 French before and after study abroad: do interaction and exposure to media make a difference?1

Cette étude porte sur l'acquisition des deux fonctions relationnelles élémentaires des pronoms d'adresse en français: la fonction de solidarité du pronom tu dans l'adresse à un ami et la fonction de déférence de vous dans l'adresse à une personne inconnue ou connue et de rang social plus élevé (Morford, 1997). Des recherches ont montré que les apprenants de L2 emploient les pronoms tu et vous de façon plus appropriée après avoir séjourné dans une communauté francophone (voir, entre autres, Kinginger & Farrell, 2004; Kinginger, 2008). Ces résultats rejoignent un présupposé fréquent selon lequel le séjour immersif permet d'une part une exposition à des interactions authentiques qui impliquent des locuteurs natifs de la langue cible et d'autre part des occasions de participer à de telles interactions. Notre étude analyse l'usage des pronoms et les pratiques langagières hors de la classe de 24 apprenants ghanéens de français L2. La moitié d'entre eux a étudié le français pendant au moins trois ans à l'université tandis que l'autre moitié a, en plus, passé 9 mois en France. Les résultats montrent que la distribution des pronoms d'adresse en français L2 est, quel que soit le destinataire, significativement différente de celle observée en français L1. Quant aux usages des deux groupes, avec et sans séjour en France, ils ne sont pas significativement différents. L'analyse des pratiques langagières hors de la classe (interactions avec les locuteurs natifs et non natifs et exposition à la radio et à des films en français) montre que l'usage approprié des pronoms d'adresse ne dépend pas du volume d'interactions en dehors de la classe ni du volume d'exposition audiovisuelle au français, que ce soit dans le groupe vivant au Ghana ou dans celui ayant séjourné 9 mois en France. Cette étude suggère ainsi que d'autres facteurs sont en jeu dans l'acquisition de la fonction relationnelle élémentaire des pronoms d'adresse en français L2.

The Diachrony of Pronouns of Address in 20th-century European Portuguese

AbstractThe system of pronouns of address in Portuguese is known for its complexity. Although many investigations (mainly case studies) on Brazilian Portuguese have been carried out to this respect, there is lack of in-depth studies about the European variety. In this article, we aim to provide the history of the system of pronouns of address in European Portuguese throughout the 20th century, by analyzing dialect data pertaining to three sociolinguistic corpora. The results highlight that the 20th century meant a time with profound changes in Portugal’s society, since it represents a stage in which European Portuguese established a new paradigm that favoured standard responses and pragmatic solidarity. However, this variety is still inclined to pragmatic distance, for the data reveal that it has also come up with new strategies to maintain deference as the unmarked politeness strategy.

„Du rotziger Blasebalckemacherischer Dieb! Solst du mich dutzen?“ – Funktionen des Personalpronomensduin Gryphius’ „Peter Squentz“

AbstractThis paper examines the variations and functions of the deictic address pronoundu(you) in the satirical Baroque drama “Absurda Comica. Oder Herr Peter Sequentz” written by Andreas Gryphius. Two types of address forms dominate in the drama, which vary in a highly systematic way. The most common one is the honorific formihr‘you’, which appears in addresses to humans of equal social status among both craftsmen and nobles. The more intimate pronoundumainly occurs when the characters address themselves, their body parts or feelings and deities. Even lovers use the polite pronounihr; they switch todusolely when the beloved one is either absent or dead. In addition, there is a switch toduwhen the characters get into a quarrel, which illustrates the well-known connection of address pronouns to the expression of social deixis and politeness as well as the local, context-sensitive mechanisms of pronoun choice. Finally, generic uses ofduare restricted to proverbs in the drama.

Grammatik, Höflichkeit und Gender in der Zweiten Person.

In this paper, I study various manifestations of the grammatical category gender in address-related forms, above all in second person pronouns. It will be shown that its use is intricately connected with politeness – either because the gendered pronouns of address are themselves polite forms or because they can, under certain circumstances, convey nuances of social gender and concomitant connotations. The languages studied include, among others, Japanese, Arabic and other Semitic languages, as well as historical and dialectal varieties of German and Italian.

Doctor-patient relationship: teenagers prefer "tu" to "vous"

The quality of the relationship is important for the medical care of adolescents. The choice of the pronoun of address, "tu" or "vous", could be a determining factor in this relationship. A study of 220 adolescents showed that they preferred to be addressed as "tu". They waited for the doctor to offer it to them.

Las formas de tratamiento en la tradición académica del español

The study of the Spanish address forms constitutes one of the greatest challenges in the domain of the empirical research, due to their great variability in the level of the form and in the use of the language in the pan-hispanic context. In this work we focus, specifically, on the evolution registered in the presentation of the address forms in the Spanish academic tradition. For that, we have examined the address pronouns in the grammars published by the Royal Spanish Academy during the XX and the XXI centuries, or in those sponsored by this institution. In this analysis, we observe the differences between these publications, regarding the information included about the form and the use of the address pronouns tú, vos, usted/ustedes and vosotros: usted (and its plural ustedes) as a formal address form, the differences between the address forms in the European and the American Spanish, the tuteo and the voseo phenomena, and the sociolinguistic and pragmatic variables taken into account in the choice of the different address forms.

Navigating Pronouns of Address as Speakers and Teachers of French: Pedagogical Implications of a Tu/Vous Survey

Navigating Pronouns of Address as Speakers and Teachers of French: Pedagogical Implications of a Tu/Vous Survey

Address pronouns revisited: a case of theatre and translation pragmatics

Address pronouns revisited: a case of theatre and translation pragmatics

The Politeness Systems of Address, Variations across Breton Dialects

This paper provides a synthesis of the various address systems in Breton dialects, and their evolution during the last century. It discusses the available data and provides the elicitation results from recent fieldwork. Three distinct address systems are described: hierarchical T–V (plurals are directed to superiors as a V form), gendered T–V (plurals are directed to women and girls as a V form), and non-dual (the once singular marker noted †2SG is missing in all of the paradigms, and the once plural form noted †V is the unique address pronoun and does not realise a formal marker). These systems are mapped to their respective territories of usage and an analysis is offered of the diachronic evolution and the cross-influences of these three systems over the last century. Most of the speakers in the central and southern area are restricted to a unique address pronoun, like Modern English you. This system is gaining ground towards the coasts, where a distinctive T address among male close friends or relatives gives rise to a T–V gendered system like in Welsh (Watkins). In the remaining North and South-East areas, a hierarchical T–V system organised centrally around age and social status is resisting the extension of the central area much more. Evidence is presented for independent subsystems inside both T–V systems: addresses to animals, to clergymen and to God. Occasional inversion of an expected marker serves emotionally charged interactions (aggressive T, hypocoristic V).

Местоименные формы обращений в английском, русском и корейском языках

The study aims to compare the features of functioning of pronominal forms of address in languages with different structures. The research is novel in that it is the first to conduct a comparative-contrastive analysis of the English, Russian and Korean address pronouns, through which convergent and divergent features of the specified type of addressing are identified. As a result, it was found that English has one neutral pronoun used in all the registers of communication. The author has identified two pronouns in the Russian speech culture and four pronouns in the Korean one. The choice of an address pronoun is determined by pragmatic features of communication in the considered languages.

„Ich werde dich immer Mr. Knightley nennen“

Abstract Translating you into German means deciding between different pronouns of address, a choice that can express either hierarchy, formality or intimacy between speaker and listener. This paper analyses to what extent the pronominal address is used to characterise fictional relationships in the eight German translations of Jane Austen’s novel Emma by comparing them with original German literature written around 1815, the year when the English novel was first published. While the selected parallel texts highlight special relationships like close friendships or romantic love with the pronominal address, the paper shows that this is less frequently the case in the translations.

La negociación en la oralidad fingida: un estudio sobre las formas de tratamiento en la representación artística del Siglo de Oro Español

La presente investigación se dedica al análisis cualitativo del fenómeno de las formas de tratamiento en la oralidad fingida manifiesta en la muestra audiovisual Alatriste (2006), cuyo material de audio en español y portugués forma parte del conjunto de muestras del proyecto CEEMO – estudios en Corpus del Español Escrito con Marcas de Oralidad. Fundamentado en una perspectiva que no desvincula el dinamismo de la lengua del dinamismo social, el análisis del objeto lingüístico con base en la oralidad fingida (SINNER, 2011a; 2011b) del texto fuente/español y el texto traducido/portugués parte de los debates teóricos sobre las dimensiones sociales del poder y la solidaridad (BROWN; GILMAN, 2003 [1960]) y el rescate socio-histórico del fenómeno de las formas de tratamiento (BIDERMAN, 1972-1973; FARACO, 2017 [1996]; KING, 2011). Los resultados alcanzados, que a su vez dialogan con tres cuestiones centrales de investigación, orientan el texto traducido a lo que se interpreta como rejuvenecimiento lingüístico.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A NEGOCIAÇÃO NA ORALIDADE FINGIDA: UM ESTUDO SOBRE AS FORMAS DE TRATAMENTO NA REPRESENTAÇÃO ARTÍSTICA DO SÉCULO DE OURO ESPANHOL A presente pesquisa se dedica à análise qualitativa do fenômeno das formas de tratamento na oralidade fingida que se manifesta na amostra audiovisual Alatriste (2006), cujo material de áudio em espanhol e português faz parte do conjunto de amostras do projeto CEEMO – estudos em Corpus del Español Escrito con Marcas de Oralidad. Fundamentada em uma perspectiva que não desvincula o dinamismo da língua do dinamismo social, a análise do objeto linguístico com base na oralidade fingida (SINNER, 2011a; 2011b) do texto-fonte/espanhol e do texto traduzido/português parte dos debates teóricos sobre as dimensões sociais do poder e da solidariedade (BROWN; GILMAN, 2003 [1960]) e do resgate socio-histórico do fenômeno das formas de tratamento (BIDERMAN, 1972-1973; FARACO, 2017 [1996]; KING, 2011). Os resultados alcançados, que dialogam com as três questões centrais de pesquisa, direcionam o texto traduzido à ideia de rejuvenescimento linguístico.---Original em espanhol.

Concept-based pragmatics instruction

This article presents parts of a replication study on the development of sociopragmatic capacity in beginner and intermediate university students' understanding of German singular address pronouns (du/Sie) through concept-based pragmatics instruction (CBPI). The CBPI intervention consisted of six group sessions with a pre-test - instruction - post-test design. While minor inter-level differences exist, all participants in the intervention exhibited enhanced sociopragmatic capacity. Participants demonstrated a shift from rule-of-thumb-based thinking to a focus on the meaning potential of utterances. By appropriating sociopragmatic concepts through CBPI, learners also gained an understanding of their own agency in the meaning design of address pronouns as well as the consequences of creating particular meanings.

Yazın Çevirisinde Hitap Biçimlerinin İngilizceden Türkçeye Çevirisinin Dilbilimsel Açıdan İncelenmesi

Address terms and address pronouns (T and V forms) play an important role in the organization of societies and social norms. While translating (the pronoun ‘you’) from English into Turkish the translator has to make a choice between the two alternatives (sen (T)-siz (V)) available in the target language. In this paper the choices of the translator as well as the possible sociolinguistic explanations are dealt with through examples taken from the novel Little Women by Louisa May Alcott and its translation into Turkish, Küçük Kadınlar by Müzehher VA-NU. A comparative and descriptive analysis is carried out taking into consideration how the characters address each other throughout the novel and in the translated work. The questions to be asked in terms of the corpus of data are as follows: a) How do family members address each other? b) How do general acquaintances address each other? c) How do strangers address each other? The first two categories are subdivided as i-close ii-distant. The study aims to provide a better understanding of the norms guiding the translator in the formulation of choices in the process of literary translation using linguistic descriptive and explanatory analysis methods. How the translator makes a choice between two alternatives each time “you” or one of the address terms occur in the source text and the factors affecting the choices are the questions to be answered. As a conclusion, it may be stated that the study served to shed light upon the following; effects of sociolinguistic categories in the choice of T/V forms; effect of relationships between the characters in the choice of T/V forms; the address terms used in English and their translations into Turkish and the effect of these in the choices of T/V forms.

The diachronic expansion of Pt. vossa mercê > você and Sp. vuestra merced > usted

O extenso uso de pt. você e de esp. usted na América é um fato incontestável. No entanto, a explicação para a sua expansão diacrônica continua a ser uma questão aberta. Levando em conta que pt. você e esp. usted apareceram na Europa somente no final do século XVI, muitos autores se perguntam como tal expansão foi possível, num momento em que a colonização estava praticamente terminada. O artigo mostra que a questão é mal posta. Pt. você e esp. usted são resultados reduzidos da gramaticalização dos tratamentos medievais pt. vossa mercê e sp. vuestra merced. Tanto os dados diacrônicos como os dados dialetais do século XX, usados pela reconstrução diacrônica, mostram que houve um sem-fim de variantes reduzidas dessas formas nominais já no século XVI. A fixação tardia de uma só destas variantes, pt. você / sp. usted, foi uma simples questão de padronização. Neste processo, a administração colonial civil e militar teve um papel importante. Em Portugal, as variantes relacionadas ao processo diacrônico vossa mercê > você eram muito usadas nos dialetos, mas a elite lisboeta recusou este uso. Por este motivo, o pronome você tem um uso bastante marginal no português europeu.

Discours médiés par ordinateur et stratégies d’adresse

Generally, interviewers and interviewees address each other by the “traditional” deferential pronoun vous in French oral and written media, whereas in specialized magazines and television programs, tu often seems to be the usual address pronoun (cf. Williams & van Compernolle 2009; Coveney 2010). However, Internet forums discussing the use of forms of address (consulted in 2015), point out the prevalence of very traditional opinions, contrasting with the above-mentioned observation. In general, less attention has been paid to nominal forms of address.
 This paper examines the use of pronominal and nominal forms of address in blogs on politics and in forums discussing current political events, that is in two types of Computer-Mediated Communication where the writers lack information about their interlocutor (age, social status, profession…). It shows to what extent their choice is dependent on the type of medium and on the context as well as on the relation between the interlocutors (conflictual, neutral…) and how nominal forms of address accentuate certain aspects of interpersonal relations. It also points out that the generalization of tu in special contexts does not reflect a drastic change in the use of forms of address in general.