Promoter Research Articles

Chemical treatments in maize seeds to improve germination in acidic soils

Objective: To evaluate the effect of different germination promoters on three maize genotypes grown in Dystric Cambisol soils, since germination problems are linked to latency and restrict agronomic management.
 Design/Methodology/Approach: We conducted an experiment at the Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Juan Rodríguez Clara using a split-plot design with a factorial treatment arrangement. The large plot contained genotypes (GEN) G1 = MS-405, G2 = Arlequin, and G3 = MS-404; while the small one comprised promoter (PROMO) HS = humic substance, CI = citrulline, and SA = salicylic acid. We evaluated the following variables: germination speed (GS), emergence percentage (EMERG), stem and leaf volume (S&LV), root volume (RV), chlorophyll (CHL), secondary roots (SECR), stem diameter (DMT), number of leaves (NL), foliar area (FA), root length (RL), and plant height (PH). Then, we conducted a variance analysis and Tukey’s tests (α£0.05).
 Results: For each promoter, we observed main effects in EMERG, CHL, and PH for CI; S&LV, NL, FA, and PH for HS; and RL for SA. In genotypes G2 and G3, variables GS, EMERG, NL, and PH were statistically equivalent, DMT varied only in G2, and there were no statistical differences for S&LV, RV, CHL, SECR, FA, and RL. We observed some simple effects in combinations with CI: GS and PH varied in G3, EMERG in G2 and G3, CHL in G1 and G3, DMT in G1 and G2, and S&LV in G2.
 Study limitations/Implications: Soaking corn for one hour in the solution and weighing the correct amount properly are required, since weighing too much may inhibit germination.
 Findings/Conclusions: Promoter CI at a dose of 1,000 ppm accelerates the emergence speed of genotypes G2 and G3 in acidic soils.

H2A.B is a cancer/testis factor involved in the activation of ribosome biogenesis in Hodgkin lymphoma.

Testis-specific regulators of chromatin function are commonly ectopically expressed in human cancers, but their roles are poorly understood. Examination of 81 primary Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) samples showed that the ectopic expression of the eutherian testis-specific histone variant H2A.B is an inherent feature of HL. In experiments using two HL cell lines derived from different subtypes of HL, H2A.B knockdown inhibited cell proliferation. H2A.B was enriched in both nucleoli of these HL cell lines and primary HL samples. We found that H2A.B enhanced ribosomal DNA (rDNA) transcription, was enriched at the rDNA promoter and transcribed regions, and interacted with RNA Pol I. Depletion of H2A.B caused the loss of RNA Pol I from rDNA chromatin. Remarkably, H2A.B was also required for high levels of ribosomal protein gene expression being located at the transcriptional start site and within the gene body. H2A.B knockdown reduced gene body chromatin accessibility of active RNA Pol II genes concurrent with a decrease in transcription. Taken together, our data show that in HL H2A.B has acquired a new function, the ability to increase ribosome biogenesis.

Structural analysis of alternate sigma factor ComX with RpoC, RpoB and its cognate CIN promoter reveals a distinctive promoter melting mechanism

Alternate sigma factors play a major role in the survival of pathogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus pyogenes in adverse environment conditions. Stress induced sigma factors mediate gene expression under conditions of pathogenesis, dormancy and unusual environmental cues. In the present work, ComX, an alternate sigma factor from S. pyogenes has been characterized. The structures of ComX, RpoB β subunit and RpoC β’ subunit of RNA polymerase have been predicted using comparative and homology modelling respectively and validated. Attempts have been made to study RpoB-RpoC-ComX complex interactions with Double Strand (DS) and Single Strand (SS) pro moter regions. Stability of these complexes and the promoter melting mechanism have been analysed using Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulations. This study suggests that ComX, although identifies promoter analogous to the alternate sigma factor SigH of M. tuberculosis, follows a distinctive promoter flip out mechanism. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Afrontamiento familiar y su relación con el bienestar infantil y familiar: estudio sobre familias en condición de vulnerabilidad

El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer la relación entre la percepción de las estrategias de afrontamiento familiar y la percepción de bienestar familiar e infantil en familias en condición de vulnerabilidad. La investigación es de corte cuantitativo con diseño analítico transversal. Se evaluaron 113 familias a través de cuestionarios sobre afrontamiento y bienestar familiar; adicionalmente, los hijos diligenciaron un inventario de bienestar infantil. Los resultados demostraron que los hijos reportan mayor puntuación media moderada en bienestar familiar, seguido de los padres y, finalmente, las madres. Para el afrontamiento familiar, las madres demostraron niveles de afrontamiento promedio más alto, seguidas de los padres y los hijos. Las correlaciones bivariadas indicaron relaciones significativas entre el bienestar infantil (IBI), el afrontamiento familiar (Family Coping Index - FAMCI) y el bienestar general percibido. La discusión se concentra en la madre como promotora del bienestar al interior de la familia, los estresores que la familia padece y la relación con experiencias de desplazamiento en el pasado que influyen en las estrategias de afrontamiento seleccionadas.

París, Latinoamérica y el mundo: una aproximación a la producción tardía de Alberto Blest Gana

En este articulo propongo leer las novelas escritas y publicadas por Alberto Blest Gana en Paris, poniendo en perspectiva la ampliacion del universo humano y geografico representado. Me interesa, ademas, reflexionar sobre los imaginarios geopoliticos elaborados por el novelista en torno a la dimension de lo global, destacando el nuevo contexto como un elemento promotor de las transformaciones evidenciadas en el corpus. Asimismo, la aproximacion busca poner de manifiesto el surgimiento de una concepcion del mundo mucho mas compleja que la anterior y caracterizada por la problematizacion de las relaciones jerarquicas que se dieron entre Europa y Latinoamerica en este escenario.

Demetylation of the sex-determining region Y gene promoter and incidence of disorder of sex development in cloned dog males.

Canine cloning is occasionally accompanied by abnormal sexual development. Some male donor cells produce cloned pups with female external genitalia and complete male gonadal dysgenesis, which is classified as an XY disorder of sex development (XY DSD). In this study, we examine the potential of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC), a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, to reduce the phenotypic abnormality XY DSD in somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)- derived pups. We used a 9-year-old normal male German Shepherd dog as a cell donor. Donor cells were treated with 10 nM 5-aza-dC for 4 days before being used for SCNT. At the same stage of cell development, significantly lower levels of DNA methylation of the sex-determining region Y (SRY) promoter was observed in the treated donor cells compared to that in the untreated cells (95.2% versus 53.3% on day 4 for the control and treated groups, respectively). No significant differences were observed in the control or treatment groups concerning fusion rate, pregnancy rate (30 days or entire period), the number of pups, or the incidence of XY DSD. However, more XY DSD dogs were observed in the control group (31.25%) than in the treatment group (14.29%). Hypermethylation of the SRY promoter was observed in the XY DSD cloned pups in both the treatment (84.8%) and control groups (91.1 ± 1.4%) compared to the methylation level in the phenotypically normal male pups of the treatment (23.2 ± 20.9%) and control groups (39.1 ± 20.1%). These results suggest that 5-aza-dC treatment of donor cells can reduce the methylation level of the SRY promoter in donor cells, and thus, 5-aza-dC is advantageous for reducing the incidence of XY DSD in canine cloning.

STAT1-induced upregulation of lncRNA LINP1 promotes cell proliferation and inhibits apoptosis via AMPK signaling pathway in papillary thyroid cancer.

The purpose of this study was to detect the relative expression of long non-coding ribonucleic acid (lncRNA) in non-homologous end joining pathway 1 (LINP1) in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) tissues and cells, and to investigate the molecular mechanisms of abnormal expression and biological function of LINP1. The relative expression of LINP1 in PTC tissues and cells was detected via quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR), and the impact of small interfering (si)-LINP1 on the proliferative capacity of PTC cells was studied using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and colony formation assays. After the expression of LINP1 in PTC cells was interfered, flow cytometry was applied to determine the changes in cell cycle distribution and apoptosis rate. The transcription factors binding to the promoter region of LINP1 were predicted by bioinformatics. Next, qRT-PCR assay was adopted to measure the changes in LINP1 expression after interference in the expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1). Finally, the changes in the expressions of molecular markers of the adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway were examined via Western blotting assay after the expressions of STAT1 and LINP1 were interfered. It was shown in qRT-PCR results that LINP1 expression was upregulated in 42 out of 53 cases of PTC tissues and in all PTC cells. After interference in the expression of LINP1 in PTC cells, the results of CCK-8 and colony formation assays indicated that the proliferative capacity of the cells was repressed. According to the results of flow cytometry, the cell cycle was arrested at the G1/G0 phase, and the apoptosis rate was increased. In addition, the bioinformatics predicted that STAT1 could bind to the promoter region of LINP1, and the results of qRT-PCR indicated that the expression of LINP1 declined after STAT1 expression was interfered. Moreover, it was indicated in the Western blotting assay after interference in the expressions of STAT1 and LINP1 that the expression of molecular marker (Phosphorylation AMPK, p-AMPK) of the AMPK signaling pathway was altered but the expression of total AMPK did not change. The transcription factor STAT1 promotes the expression of LINP1 in PTC, and highly expressed LINP1 facilitates the proliferation and inhibits the apoptosis of PTC by suppressing the AMPK signaling pathway.

Effect of different kinds of hydrate promoters on the kinetics of methane hydrate formation in methane-water-oil system

In this work, the effect of hydrate promoters on methane hydrate formation in methane-water-oil system with different initial watercuts from 20 vol% to 100 vol% were studied. For comparison, four promoters based on different promotion mechanisms, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), L-leucine (L-l), tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) and polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) were used. The experimental results show that four hydrate promoters did inhibit the nucleation of methane hydrate in 100 vol% watercut system, but the growth kinetic of methane hydrate was effectively improved compared with the system without hydrate promoter. The induction time decreasesd with the increase of initial watercut under the same concentration of hydrate promoter for the methane-water-oil system, and the total methane consumption used for hydrate formation gradually increased with increasing initial watercut (except Tween80). But the current results also show significant improvement in normalized gas consumption per unit water content with the increase of oil phase volume fraction due to that upon addition of oil phase the methane dissolution and mass transfer rate in the methane-water-oil system improves further, meaning that the formation rate of methane hydrate is enhanced. Because of the emulsifying property of Tween 80, the emulsion structure of the systems within Tween 80 hindered the hydrate growth process to some extent. Out of the four hydrate promoters used in this study, SDS was found to be most effective in enhancing the formation kinetic of methane hydrate as well as reducing the induction time in methane-water-oil system under similar conditions.

The role of GSTπ isoform in the cells signalling and anticancer therapy.

The glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) overexpression in hyperproliferating tumour cells resistant to chemotherapy was demonstrated. An increased GST-π activity weakens the efficacy of anti-cancer drugs by promoting their efflux from cells. This review summarises available information on the physiological role of GSTs, in particular the role of GST-π, in regulation of signalling pathways mechanisms and cellular homeostasis for understanding and explaining the basis for GST-π application as a target for anticancer therapy and implications for clinical practice. GST-π can weaken the effect of TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) on apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1 by inactivation of MAP kinase pathways (c-Jun N-terminal, p38 kinases). GST-π is involved in the metabolism of endogenous lipids mediators, such as 15-detoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2). Reduced binding of 15d-PGJ2 to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors accompanied by GST-π can result in the inhibition of apoptosis. GSTP1 RNA is able to increase the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, what results in negative regulation as regards transcriptional activity thereof and affects the growth factor signalling. However, the oxidation of GST-π results in inhibition of TRAF2-GST-π complexes formation and unblocks cell apoptosis. The inhibition of multidrug resistance related proteins 1 (MRP-1) promoter activity and impairment of MRP-1 function can also act as a potent non-competitive inhibitor of GST-π. GST-π is recognised as an important target in designing new anticancer drugs. These drugs are often substrates for GST-π or have the affinity with its structure, what results in weakening its activity and achieving therapeutic goal.

LINC00662 promotes cell proliferation, migration and invasion of melanoma by sponging miR-890 to upregulate ELK3.

Melanoma is one of the most malignant types of skin tumors and accounts for the majority of skin cancer-related deaths. LINC00662 is a tumor promoter in multiple types of cancer, but the role of LINC00662 in melanoma has not been fully elucidated. The expression levels of LINC00662, miR-890, and ELK3 were detected by Real Time-quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR). MTT assay was performed to measure the cell proliferation ability in A375 and SK-MEL-1 cells. Cell migration and invasion abilities were measured by wound healing assay and transwell assay, respectively. Besides, Luciferase reporter assay was employed to examine the interaction between miR-890 and LINC00662 or ELK3. In the present study, it was demonstrated that melanoma patients with high expression levels of LINC00662 had a shorter survival time than those with low expression levels of LINC00662. LINC00662 exhibited higher expression levels in melanoma tissues and cell lines. Additionally, suppression of LINC00662 impaired cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Furthermore, animal experiments demonstrated that LINC00662 facilitated tumor growth in vivo. LINC00662 was confirmed to bind with miR-890, and ELK3 was identified as a downstream target gene of miR-890. Furthermore, miR-890 was found to negatively regulate ELK3 expression. Through rescue assays, overexpression of ELK3 reversed the inhibitive effects of LINC00662 knockdown or miR-890 mimics on the cell proliferative, migratory, and invasive abilities. Our results demonstrated that LINC00662 facilitated the occurrence and development of melanoma by sponging miR-890 to upregulate ELK3. This discovery implied that LINC00662 may be a promising prognostic and therapeutic biomarker for patients with melanoma.

LA EXPOSICIÓN OLVIDADA. EL CAYC EN CHILE, 1973

En 1972 el Centro de Arte y Comunicación (CAYC), fundado en Buenos Aires en 1968, inauguró la exposición Hacia un perfil del arte latinoamericano. La muestra, curada por el promotor cultural Jorge Glusberg, incluyó 143 piezas correspondientes a 36 artistas de Argentina, América Latina, Estados Unidos y Europa. La exhibición, que viajó por distintos espacios exhibitivos del mundo, apuntaba a explorar, por medio de obras heliográficas, una conceptualización de “lo latinoamericano”, bajo el lente de las tensiones regionales amplificadas por las luchas políticas de aquellos años. En el presente artículo presentaré cómo esta exposición, a pesar de haber sido enviada a Santiago en 1973, con la intención de ser expuesta en el Museo Nacional del Bellas Artes (MNBA), quedó olvidada en los depósitos del museo durante más de 45 años, debido al golpe de Estado. Hoy, gracias al estudio de fuentes documentales, archivos y colecciones diversas, se ha podido reconstruir dicha historia, y proponer una lectura en profundidad, a través del análisis de tres obras consideradas emblemáticas.  

Effect of STAT3 mediated epigenetic regulation in pre-eclampsia: an analysis of trial data.

To study the role of the PI3K-AKT/mTor signalling pathway, mediated by the STAT3 gene, in the epigenetic pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. HTR8/Svneo, JEG-3, JAR, and Bewo trophoblast cell lines were divided into a PE group and a control group. STAT3 gene overexpression and interference silencing, immunofluorescence, Real Time-PCR and Western blot, GST-pull down, CHIP, Dual-Luciferase reporter gene test, Rescue experiment, LC-MS/MS analysis. Methods and materials also comprised CCK-8, transwell invasion, MSP and BSP, flow cytometry and wound-healing assay. Compared with the control group, the expression of DNMT1 mRNA and protein was increased, while the expression of STAT3, PTEN, TSC2 mRNA and protein was decreased. There was improvement after 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AZA-DC) intervention.GST-pull down confirms that STAT3 interacts with PTEN and TSC2. CHIP verifies that STAT3 binds directly to PTEN, and double luciferase reporter experiments verify that STAT3 regulates PTEN promoter activity. STAT3 expression of PTEN is, meanwhile, saved by knock down of PTEN in HTR8/SVneo cells. LC-MS/MS analysis showed upregulation of STAT3, PTEN, TSC2 and TSC2. MSP and BSP analysis screened out the significant difference genes of STAT3, PTEN and TSC2. Following 5-AZA-DC intervention, apoptosis downregulation, invasion upregulation and cell-proliferation upregulation were evinced. Trophoblast STAT3 was an important gene mediating the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia induced by the PI3K-AKT/mTor signal axis. In the context of epigenetic therapy for pre-eclampsia, STAT3 may be deployed as a potential target.

Vermicomposta, auxinas sintéticas y producción de calabacita (Cucurbita pepo L.) en invernadero

Las vermicompostas incrementan la disponibilidad y asimilación de nutrimentos y sustancias naturales promotoras del crecimiento. Adicionalmente, contribuyen en numerosas respuestas fisiológicas en plantas, tales como aumento de crecimiento y rendimiento. Se realizó una investigación con el objetivo de comparar el efecto de auxinas sintéticas y vermicomposta en el crecimiento y rendimiento de calabacita (Cucurbita pepo L.), cultivada bajo condiciones de invernadero. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques al azar con cinco tratamientos: auxinas sintéticas (Amcotone®) aplicadas al follaje (AUX); vermicomposta (VioHache®) incorporada al suelo en dosis de 5 (DBV), 10 (DMV) y 15 Mg ha-1 (DAV); además de un testigo (TES). Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que tanto las auxinas sintéticas como todas las dosis de vermicomposta promovieron el crecimiento de las plantas. Los rendimientos más altos, 40.5 y 37.9 Mg ha-1, fueron obtenidos con DBV y DMV, respectivamente. La calabacita de tamaño mediano (18.9 a 22.8 cm, 3.9 a 4.4 cm, 101 a 225 g) fue la más producida, con 58.6 a 74.5% del rendimiento total. El rendimiento de calabacita mediana obtenido con auxinas sintéticas o vermicomposta se incrementó desde 26.9 (DMV) hasta 61.1% (DBV), comparado con TES (17.5 Mg ha-1).

Antonio Fraguas, etnógrafo

O propósito deste relatorio é contribuír ao coñecemento da obra de Antonio Fraguas Fraguas de contido etnográfico e/ou folclórico, dende os primeiros traballos de campo na parroquia natal de Loureiro (Cotobade), que comezou de bacharel por consello do profesor Antón Losada Diéguez, ata o pasamento en 1999. Cofundador da Sociedade da Lingua en 1924, membro do Seminario de Estudos Galegos, do Instituto de Estudios Gallegos Padre Sarmiento (director durante varios anos da Sección de Etnografía e Folclore), do Plenario do Consello da Cultura Galega (coordinador algún tempo da Sección de Antropoloxía Cultural), director do Museo do Pobo Galego e presidente do Padroado do segundo. Académico numerario da Real Academia Galega (1951, o discurso de ingreso versou sobre as cantigas dos seráns da súa terra de Loureiro), Premio de Investigación da Xunta de Galicia, Cronista Xeral de Galicia, Premio Ramón Otero Pedrayo etc. Entre as publicacións etnográficas, sen ter en conta os artigos en revistas especializadas, sobresaen: La Galicia insólita: Tradiciones gallegas, El traje gallego, Aportacións ao cancioneiro de Cotobade, Romarías e santuarios e A festa popular en Galicia. Gran divulgador da nosa cultura tradicional, ameno conferenciante e colaborador en xornais e revistas.

Construcción del imaginario de una ciudad mediante tecnologías digitales

Para um indivíduo, uma cidade ou região se torna uma manifestação para onde convergem elementos materiais e imateriais, sustentados pela cultura e identidade forjadas através das gerações em um determinado espaço, que adquire forma e significado nas mentes dos habitantes formar o imaginário; refletido em símbolos e outros conceitos expressos na cidade, definindo sua essência. No entanto, as cidades dia a dia recebem o ataque de símbolos externos. Na busca por preservar e exaltar a cultura e a identidade do grupo social frente aos outros, a mídia digital surge como um canal promotor, onde a comunicação mediada por diferentes tecnologias, principalmente sistemas como Facebook e YouTube, se tornou um promotor de cultura e identidade, consolidando assim os significados imaginários e direcionadores, por ser uma marca própria e representativa. Este texto aborda esta situação, explorando o caso de uma cidade no noroeste do México, um país caracterizado pela riqueza histórica, cultural e patrimonial reconhecida em outras partes do mundo, e como a tendência dos vídeos culturais editados e compartilhados pelos usuários para através de plataformas sociais, eles se tornaram participantes do acima. O texto finalmente nos convida a refletir sobre como, a partir do efeito que as ferramentas digitais trazem ao processo de comunicação, é possível determinar se a geração dos benefícios imaginários, bem como os costumes e tradições que estão sendo esquecidos.

Isolation and Characterization of str Promoter from Bacteria Escherichia coli DH5α using Reporter Gene AmilCP (Acropora millepora)

In heat stress conditions, E. coli will produce EF-Tu protein abundantly under the regulation of str promoter. The str promoter from E. coli is known to have sequences that are recognized by two sigma factors (σ70 and σS). The aim of this research was to isolate and characterize str promoter from E. coli DH5a using reporter gene AmilCP. The str promoter from E. coli DH5α (289 bp) had been isolated by Colony PCR using specific primers. Bioinformatics analysis of str promoter showed high conserved areas (100%) for some kinds of E. coli strains. The str promoter was constructed in pSB1C3 vector by modifying OEPC to regulate reporter gene AmilCP. Qualitatively, the ability of str promoter constructs in regulating AmilCP gene was observed as purple-blue colonies of E. coli. Quantitative analysis was performed by measuring cell extract of E. coli at a wavelength of 588 nm after treated at different temperatures (4, 24, 37, 45, 50, 55 and 60 °C) for 1 hour. The ability of str promo ter to express reporter gene AmilCP was compared to one powerful promoter which is the lacUV5 promoter. The results show that both promoters are functional promoters and can be induced by temperature (50 °C).

CAPITAL CULTURAL, LETRAMENTO E FÁBRICAS DE CULTURA EM SÃO PAULO

Este artigo tem o objetivo de registrar os resultados obtidos na pesquisa de Dissertação de Mestrado do Programa de Educação: História, Política, Sociedade, intitulada “Capital cultural e letramento – participantes do Programa Fábricas de Cultura em São Paulo” (MONTEIRO, p. 12-122, 2017). A referida pesquisa foi construída a partir de um referencial teórico pautado nas ideias de Pierre de Bourdieu, Bernard Lahire e na Teoria do Letramento, e teve como proposta compreender o Projeto Espetáculo da Fábrica de Cultura do Jardim São Luís, por um lado, como atividade de contraturno escolar e, por outro, como um espaço promotor de capital cultural. Ao desenvolver o conceito de capital cultural e sua incorporação pelas atividades do Projeto analisou-se, também, a contribuição do aumento do volume desse capital para o letramento dos participantes. A pesquisa estabeleceu categorias de análise para compreender a incorporação do capital cultural como forma de desenvolver habilidades e competências definidas como importantes ao letramento. Pretende-se, assim, expandir as conclusões que possibilitaram afirmar a hipótese levantada durante a referida dissertação: o Projeto Espetáculo, do Programa Fábricas de Cultura, da Secretaria da Cultura do Governo do Estado de São Paulo, pode contribuir à superação dos déficits originários do capital cultural de jovens estudantes e, como consequência, promover melhoras no grau de letramento dos participantes.

Cloning and Expression Analysis of EjNADP-ME2 Gene and Its Promoter in Loquat Fruit

Cloning and Expression Analysis of EjNADP-ME2 Gene and Its Promoter in Loquat Fruit

Análise da operacionalização da política de aquisição de alimentos da agricultura familiar por parte dos municípios: o caso do PNAE em três microrregiões do Oeste Catarinense

O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a governança por parte das prefeituras municipais do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE), conforme a Lei n. 11.947/2009, que prevê a aquisição de alimentos oriundos de agricultores familiares no valor mínimo de 30% dos recursos do Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Educação (FNDE). O trabalho lançou mão de estudo de caso em três microrregiões do Oeste de Santa Catarina (Chapecó, Concórdia e Xanxerê), considerando uma amostra constituída de 31 municípios. Os principais resultados demonstraram que o PNAE vem se apresentando eficaz, atingindo seus principais objetivos, em termos de fortalecimento da agricultura familiar, de proporcionar melhor qualidade nutricional para os alunos e de promover o desenvolvimento local/regional. Por outro lado, esses resultados poderiam ser maiores (ampliando a eficiência da política), caso a governança do Programa por parte das prefeituras municipais fosse mais robusta. A pesquisa verificou, ainda, que apenas quatro prefeituras (13% de nossa amostra) realizam uma gestão considerada adequada do Programa, no sentido de desenvolver ações de organização da produção, auxílio logístico e assessoria técnica aos agricultores.

Carlos Casares e a literatura infantil

A literatura infantil e xuvenil galega débelle moito a Carlos Casares. El foi creador dos primeiros libros en galego para os nenos (A galiña azul ou As laranxas máis laranxas de todas as laranxas). Como tradutor, verqueu ao galego non poucos títulos doutras linguas, entre eles obras de Maria Gripe e, sobre todo, O principiño. De por parte, como editor, no tempo no que dirixiu a Editorial Galaxia o seu traballo supuxo un pulo importante para a literatura dirixida aos pequenos; a el débenselle coleccións como Árbore, Sete mares ou Costa Oeste. Casares era unha persoa divertida que procuraba tecer redes con persoas que traballaban no mundo da edición. A través destes contactos nas feiras internacionais do libro estaba ao tanto do que se publicaba noutros lugares.