Promising Phytochemicals Research Articles

Elucidating molecular and cellular targets and the antiprostate cancer potentials of promising phytochemicals: a review.

Prostate cancer (PCa) has become the major health problem and the leading causes of cancer mortality among men. PCa often progresses from an early androgen-dependent form of cancer to a late (metastatic) androgen-independent cancer, for which no effective treatment options are available. Current therapies target testosterone depletion, androgen axis inhibition, androgen receptor (AR) downregulation and regulation PSA expression. These conventional treatment options, however, are intense and pose severe side effects. From the past few years, plant-derived compounds or phytochemicals have attracted much attention by the researchers worldwide for their promising approach in inhibiting the development and growth of cancer. This review emphasizes mechanistic role of promising phytochemicals on PCa. This review imparts to score anticancer efficacy of promising phyto-agents luteolin, fisetin, coumestrol and hesperidin with focus on the mechanistic action in management and treatment of PCa. These phytocompounds were also selected for their best binding affinity with the ARs on the basis of molecular docking studies.

An Updated Review on Medicinal Plants with Hepato-protective Activity

Many precious medicines from traditional medicinal plants can be produced using a phototherapeutic approach to modern drug research. Finding pure phytochemicals that can be used as medicines requires time and money. The treatment of liver problems involves the use of numerous herbs and polyherbal mixtures. However, the treatments are ineffective in the majority of severe instances. Even though many of these plants and mixtures were subjected to experimental evaluations, the research was frequently insufficient and uncompleted. It was found that the therapeutic effects were evaluated in animals with subclinical liver damage brought on by a few substances. Antioxidants included in common foods can offer this kind of defence against liver damage brought on by hazardous substances’ oxidative processes. Therefore, hepato-protective natural products such as Phyllanthus amarus, Silybum marianum, Solanum nigrum, Tephrosia purpurea, Eclipta alba, Cichorium intybus, Phyllanthus Niruri, Centella asiatica, Capparis spinosa, Terminalia arjuna, Cassia occidentalis, Fumaria parviflora, Embelia ribes, Boerhaavia diffusa, Tamarix gallica, Achillea millefolium, Terminalia chebula, Ocimum sanctum, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Foeniculum vulgare, Garcinia mangostana, Acacia Catechu, Pergularia daemia, Annona squamosa, Flacourtia indica. The goal of the current review is to gather information on promising phytochemicals from medicinal plants that have been evaluated in hepatotoxicity models utilising cutting-edge scientific methods.

Curcumin and 10-undecenoic acid as natural quorum sensing inhibitors of LuxS/AI-2 of Bacillus subtilis and LasI/LasR of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The quorum sensing (QS) system is related to cell-to-cell communication as a function of population density, which regulates several physiological functions including biofilm formation and virulence gene expression. QS inhibitors have emerged as a promising strategy to tackle virulence and biofilm development. Among a wide variety of phytochemicals, many of them have been described as QS inhibitors. Driven by their promising clues, this study aimed to identify active phytochemicals against LuxS/autoinducer-2 (AI-2) (as the universal QS system) from Bacillus subtilis and LasI/LasR (as a specific QS system) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, through in silico analysis followed by in vitro validation. The optimized virtual screening protocols were applied to screen a phytochemical database containing 3479 drug-like compounds. The most promising phytochemicals were curcumin, pioglitazone hydrochloride, and 10-undecenoic acid. In vitro analysis corroborated the QS inhibitory activity of curcumin and 10-undecenoic acid, however, pioglitazone hydrochloride showed no relevant effect. Inhibitory effects on LuxS/AI-2 QS system triggered reduction of 33–77% by curcumin (at 1.25–5 µg/mL) and 36–64% by 10-undecenoic acid (at 12.5–50 µg/mL). Inhibition of LasI/LasR QS system was 21% by curcumin (at 200 µg/mL) and 10–54% by 10-undecenoic acid (at 15.625–250 µg/mL). In conclusion, in silico analysis allowed the identification of curcumin and, for the first time, 10-undecenoic acid (showing low cost, high availability, and low toxicity) as alternatives to counteract bacterial pathogenicity and virulence, avoiding the imposition of selective pressure usually related to classic industrial disinfection and antibiotics therapy.

Virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulation studies to predict the binding of Sisymbrium irio L. derived phytochemicals against Staphylococcus aureus dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)

The discovery of antibiotics initiated the era of drug innovation and implementation for human and animal health. Very soon, antibiotic resistance started evolving due to over-prescription and heavy usage of drugs leading to deleterious side effects. However, using plant extracts or medicinal plants has emerged as a new approach to dealing with the current problem. One such medicinal plant Sisymbrium irio L. is widely used in Unani therapy as an antimicrobial, analgesic, antipyretic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, bronchoprotective etc. The phytochemicals extracted from the aerial part of the plant have been used as a natural compound library and screened against a well-known anti-bacterial drug target Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) enzyme of Staphylococcus aureus. The top two phytochemicals with lower docking score along with the positive control were subjected to molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies to examine the stabilities of the complexes over 100 ns, followed by binding free energy estimation. The Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD), Root Mean Square Fluctuation (RMSF) and Radius of Gyration (Rg) yielded established results throughout the MD run. Moreover, the derived phytochemicals exhibited lower binding free energy values than the positive control that can be tested for its in vitro efficacy, followed by further optimization to attain a potent therapeutic against S. aureus. Taken together, the present study suggests two promising phytochemicals derived from the aerial part of the plant S. irio with stable MD simulation results, strong binding affinity and no side effects.

Pharmacological effects and therapeutic potential of natural compounds in neuropsychiatric disorders: An update.

Neuropsychiatric diseases are a group of disorders that cause significant morbidity and disability. The symptoms of psychiatric disorders include anxiety, depression, eating disorders, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and conduct disorder. Various medicinal plants are frequently used as therapeutics in traditional medicine in different parts of the world. Nowadays, using medicinal plants as an alternative medication has been considered due to their biological safety. Despite the wide range of medications, many patients are unable to tolerate the side effects and eventually lose their response. By considering the therapeutic advantages of medicinal plants in the case of side effects, patients may prefer to use them instead of chemical drugs. Today, the use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine is diverse and increasing, and these plants are a precious heritage for humanity. Investigation about traditional medicine continues, and several studies have indicated the basic pharmacology and clinical efficacy of herbal medicine. In this article, we discuss five of the most important and common psychiatric illnesses investigated in various studies along with conventional therapies and their pharmacological therapies. For this comprehensive review, data were obtained from electronic databases such as MedLine/PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, EMBASE, DynaMed Plus, ScienceDirect, and TRIP database. Preclinical pharmacology studies have confirmed that some bioactive compounds may have beneficial therapeutic effects in some common psychiatric disorders. The mechanisms of action of the analyzed biocompounds are presented in detail. The bioactive compounds analyzed in this review are promising phytochemicals for adjuvant and complementary drug candidates in the pharmacotherapy of neuropsychiatric diseases. Although comparative studies have been carefully reviewed in the preclinical pharmacology field, no clinical studies have been found to confirm the efficacy of herbal medicines compared to FDA-approved medicines for the treatment of mental disorders. Therefore, future clinical studies are needed to accelerate the potential use of natural compounds in the management of these diseases.

From Foods to Chemotherapeutics: The Antioxidant Potential of Dietary Phytochemicals

Food plants have been recognized for their medicinal properties for millennia, a concept supported by epidemiological studies indicating long-term health benefits for people consuming greater amounts of fruits and vegetables. As our technology and instrumentation advance, researchers have the ability to identify promising phytochemicals, and examine their potential benefits, or detriments, to human health. While results from trials investigating single chemical supplementation have sometimes produced negative health results, studies investigating the synergistic action of phytochemicals—either within our diet or as an adjuvant to radiation or chemotherapy—appear promising. Utilizing phytochemicals as synergistic agents may lower the chemotherapeutic doses needed to incur physiological results, while also using chemicals with fewer toxic effects. This review investigates a variety of plant-produced chemicals humans typically ingest, their impacts on overall health patterns, molecular mechanisms associated with their health impacts, and the potential of their synergistic use for therapeutic purposes.

Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Phytochemicals in Alzheimer's Disease: Focus on Polyphenols and Monoterpenes.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic, complex neurodegenerative disorder mainly characterized by the irreversible loss of memory and cognitive functions. Different hypotheses have been proposed thus far to explain the etiology of this devastating disorder, including those centered on the Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide aggregation, Tau hyperphosphorylation, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Nonetheless, the therapeutic strategies conceived thus far to treat AD neurodegeneration have proven unsuccessful, probably due to the use of single-target drugs unable to arrest the progressive deterioration of brain functions. For this reason, the theoretical description of the AD etiology has recently switched from over-emphasizing a single deleterious process to considering AD neurodegeneration as the result of different pathogenic mechanisms and their interplay. Moreover, much relevance has recently been conferred to several comorbidities inducing insulin resistance and brain energy hypometabolism, including diabetes and obesity. As consequence, much interest is currently accorded in AD treatment to a multi-target approach interfering with different pathways at the same time, and to life-style interventions aimed at preventing the modifiable risk-factors strictly associated with aging. In this context, phytochemical compounds are emerging as an enormous source to draw on in the search for multi-target agents completing or assisting the traditional pharmacological medicine. Intriguingly, many plant-derived compounds have proven their efficacy in counteracting several pathogenic processes such as the Aβ aggregation, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance. Many strategies have also been conceived to overcome the limitations of some promising phytochemicals related to their poor pharmacokinetic profiles, including nanotechnology and synthetic routes. Considering the emerging therapeutic potential of natural medicine, the aim of the present review is therefore to highlight the most promising phytochemical compounds belonging to two major classes, polyphenols and monoterpenes, and to report the main findings about their mechanisms of action relating to the AD pathogenesis.

Phytochemical, antioxidant and GC-MS analysis of crude extract of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn rhizomes grown in hilly areas of Jharkhand

Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. commonly known as Kali Musli is having significant medicinal value. It is used for remedies to various diseases in rural India. Nevertheless, their traditional practice lacks proper justification and validation. Hence, the present study is exploring a comprehensive account of phytochemical profiling and anti-oxidant activities in Curculigo orchioides. The methanolic extract of the plant rhizome is analyzed for their secondary metabolites through phytochemical screening and estimation. DPPH radical scavenging activity confirms the antioxidant activity of the plant. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of phenols, tannins, alkaloids, saponins and flavonoinds. Estimation of the phytochemical gave the results: 103.36 mg of GAE/gm of phenol, 118.86 mg of GAE/gm of tannins, 21.20 mg/gm of alkaloids, 13.00mg/gm of saponins and 96.80 mg of QE/gm of flavonoids. Its further analysis takes place through GC-MS. In addition, antioxidant test showed IC50 values of Curculigo orchioides, 49.529 μg/ml where gallic acid is taken as standard, 39.91 μg/ml. It gives, encouraging results from the phytochemical analysis and antioxidant test. Hence, it can be concluded that Curculigo orchioides contains promising phytochemicals and antioxidants activities.

Celastrol and Resveratrol Modulate SIRT Genes Expression and Exert Anticancer Activity in Colon Cancer Cells and Cancer Stem-like Cells.

Simple SummaryThe recovery rate in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) remains low and declines with successive lines of treatment. This phenomenon is caused by the development of drug resistance and the presence of colorectal cancer stem cells (CSCs). Phytochemicals, like -celastrol and resveratrol, are very promising for colon cancer therapy, owing to their low or no toxicity and their pleiotropic activity, enabling them to interact with various biological targets. In the present study, the potential anticancer mechanisms of both compounds against metastatic colon cancer cells and the capacity to eradicate CSCs were investigated.Metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a hard-to-cure neoplasm worldwide. Its curability declines with successive lines of treatment due to the development of various cancer resistance mechanisms and the presence of colorectal cancer stem cells (CSCs). Celastrol and resveratrol are very promising phytochemicals for colon cancer therapy, owing to their pleiotropic activity that enables them to interact with various biological targets. In the present study, the anticancer activities of both compounds were investigated in metastatic colon cancer cells (LoVo cells) and cancer stem-like cells (LoVo/DX). We showed that celastrol is a very potent anti-tumor compound against metastatic colon cancer, capable of attenuating CSC-like cells at the molecular and cellular levels. In contrast, resveratrol has a much greater effect on colon cancer cells that are expressing standard sensitivity to anticancer drugs, than on CSC-like cells. In addition, both polyphenols have different influences on the expression of SIRT genes, which seems to be at least partly related to their anti-tumor activity.

Study on Kinetics of Trans-Resveratrol, Total Phenolic Content, and Antioxidant Activity Increase in Vine Waste during Post-Pruning Storage

There is increasing evidence surrounding the health benefits of E-resveratrol; this has triggered interest in stilbenoids in grapes, wine, and by-products. On the one hand, there is an enormous amount of underutilized vine waste, rich in bioactive substances during wine production. On the other hand, there is a growing demand for promising phytochemicals, for dietary and pharmaceutical purposes. Vine shoots are promising sources of stilbenoids; they have economic potential because they are sources of high-value phytochemicals. Recent studies have shown that, due to biosynthesis pathway genes, especially STS (forming trans-resveratrol), which is abundant during storage periods of vine shoots—trans-resveratrol accumulates up to 40-fold. The objective of this research was to determine the most economical part of vine waste to be exploited, and to study the kinetics of resveratrol increase in a 90-day period, to determine the optimal storage period to reach a maximum trans-resveratrol content. Total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AA) were studied to determine possible correlations. In Fetească Neagră vine shoot varieties stored at laboratory temperatures, trans-resveratrol content increased to a maximum (2712.86 mg/kg D.W.) at day 70, and then slightly decreased until day 90. TPC remained constant and there was a slight increase in AA. Vine shoots contained the largest amounts of trans-resveratrol (1658.22 mg/kg D.W.), followed by tendrils (169.92 mg/kg D.W.), and leaves (43.54 mg/kg D.W.).

1,8 Cineole and Ellagic acid inhibit hepatocarcinogenesis via upregulation of MiR-122 and suppression of TGF-β1, FSCN1, Vimentin, VEGF, and MMP-9.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most burdened tumors worldwide, with a complex and multifactorial pathogenesis. Current treatment approaches involve different molecular targets. Phytochemicals have shown considerable promise in the prevention and treatment of HCC. We investigated the efficacy of two natural components, 1,8 cineole (Cin) and ellagic acid (EA), against diethylnitrosamine/2-acetylaminofluorene (DEN/2-AAF) induced HCC in rats. DEN/2-AAF showed deterioration of hepatic cells with an impaired functional capacity of the liver. In addition, the levels of tumor markers including alpha-fetoprotein, arginase-1, alpha-L-fucosidase, and ferritin were significantly increased, whereas the hepatic miR-122 level was significantly decreased in induced-HCC rats. Interestingly, treatment with Cin (100mg/kg) and EA (60mg/kg) powerfully restored these biochemical alterations. Moreover, Cin and EA treatment exhibited significant downregulation in transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), Fascin-1 (FSCN1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) key marker, vimentin, along with a restoration of histopathological findings compared to HCC group. Such effects were comparable to Doxorubicin (DOX) (2mg/kg); however, a little additive effect was evident through combining these phytochemicals with DOX. Altogether, this study highlighted 1,8 cineole and ellagic acid for the first time as promising phytochemicals for the treatment of hepatocarcinogenesis via regulating multiple targets.

A Review of Plants for Hepatic Disorders

The liver is an important organ that aids in the anabolism and elimination of xenobiotics from the body. Liver malfunction is a serious public health problem which affects not only doctors and nurses, but also the pharmaceutical industry and a governing authority of drugs. Excessive alcohol use, toxic chemicals (particular antibiotics, chemotherapeutic drugs, carbon tetrachloride (CCL4), thioacetamide (TAA), and microorganisms all induce liver cell harm. In this scenario, the current synthetic medications to treat liver problems promote more liver damage. As a result, herbal drugs have grown in popularity and are widely used. For a long time, plants have been utilized to treat hepatic illness. There are a variety of herbal preparations on the market. The goal of this review is to compile information on promising phytochemicals from medicinal plants that have been investigated in hepatotoxicity models utilising cutting-edge scientific methods.

Pharmacotherapeutics and molecular docking studies of alpha-synuclein modulators as promising therapeutics for Parkinson’s disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative ailment that affects dopamine-producing neurons in a specific area of the brain called the substantia nigra of the ventral midbrain. It is clinically characterized by movement disorder and marked with unusual synaptic protein alpha-synuclein accumulation in the brain. To date, only a few Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs are available on the market for the treatment of PD. Nonetheless, these drugs show parasympathomimetic related adverse events and remarkably higher toxicity; hence, it is important to find more efficacious molecules to treat PD. In our study, We chosen 22 natural compounds as inhibitors that potentially block the alpha-synuclein clump—the pathological hallmark of PD—and provide new avenues for its treatment. Most of these molecules exhibited good pharmacokinetic behaviors, making them decisively favorable drug candidates to cure PD. Molecular docking studies were performed to investigate the binding interactions between natural compounds and alpha-synuclein as anti-Parkinson drug targets. Among the examined compounds, curcumin and piperine emerged as promising phytochemicals with the highest binding affinity, key residual stable bindings and showed a good inhibitory features. Thus, the present study indicates that curcumin and piperine hold the potential to be developed as treatment options against PD. Experimental validations are needed for insights into their mechanism of action and potential clinical application.

Hepatoprotective Effect of Indigenous Medicinal Plants-A Review

Liver is an important part in human beings and plays a very important and major role in metabolism and excretion of xenobiotics from the body. Further, hepatotoxicity is caused by different types of toxic chemicals, such as antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents, paracetamol (C8H9NO2), thioacetamide (C2H5NS), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), silymarin (C25H22O10), ethanol (C2H5OH) and excessive alcohol intake and microbes is well researched. The markedly available synthetic drugs to treat liver sickness in this condition also cause further damage to the liver. Therefore, herbal medicines have become increasingly famous and their utilization is wide-spread. In medicinal plant derived drugs have been utilized in the treatment of liver diseases for a long time the protection of a healthy liver has been essential for the overall well-being of an individual. Liver injury induced by toxins is more common now-a-days. Herbal remedies are focused in the pharmaceutical industry to evolve a safe route for liver disorders and it is very low cost, no side effects compare with synthetic drugs. Therefore, hepatoprotective plants such as Avicennia alba, Anisochilus carnosus, Baliospermum montanum, Centella asiatica, Clitoria ternatea, Eclipta alba, Justicia adhatada, Phyllanthus emblica, Pisonia Grandis and Syzgium cuminiare were reviewed. The present review is aimed at compiling data on promising phytochemicals from medicinal plants that have tested in hepatotoxicity models using modern scientific system.

The Role of Phytochemicals in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide with an ever-increasing incidence rate. Commonly used treatment modalities for CRC include chemotherapy and radiotherapy, which are often associated with adverse effects and limited efficacy. Literature review indicates that multiple factors play a role in CRC pathogenesis such as genetic predispositions, alteration in the gut microbiome and dietary changes. Therefore, it is important to develop a multi-targeted approach for CRC prevention and treatment. Phytochemicals are naturally occurring compounds that exhibit anti-cancer and antioxidant properties by regulating multiple pathways that are involved in CRC tumorigenesis. Numerous phytochemicals exert therapeutic effects against CRC. In this review, we have discussed the role of some widely acknowledged phytochemicals like curcumin, resveratrol, and sulforaphane in both the CRC onset and progression. These phytochemicals are naturally occurring and are known to exhibit anti-cancer activity against CRC by regulating various key signaling pathways including the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. By regulating vital molecular pathways, the course of CRC can be positively altered. The evidence outlined within this literature review suggests the significance of these phytochemicals as preventive agents and their potential role in developing effective therapies. This review emphasizes the molecular mechanisms of curcumin, resveratrol, and sulforaphane that can effectively target CRC development and progression. Additionally, previously performed in vitro and in vivo studies including these promising phytochemicals have also been briefly summarized.

Curcumin May Prevent Basement Membrane Disassembly by Matrix Metalloproteinases and Progression of the Bladder Cancer.

Authors present a review of crucial mechanisms contributing to the invasion of the basement membrane (BM) of the urothelium by cancer cells and to the progression of bladder cancer (BC). The breeching of the urothelial BM, facilitated by an aberrant activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) is particularly perilous. Inhibition of activation of these proteinases constitutes a logic opportunity to restrain progression. Because of limited efficacy of current therapeutic methods, the search for the development of alternative approaches constitutes “the hot spot” of modern oncology. Recent studies revealed significant anticancer potential of natural phytochemicals. Especially, curcumin has emerged as a one of the most promising phytochemicals and showed its efficacy in several human malignancies. Therefore, this article addresses experimental and clinical data indicating multi-directional inhibitory effect of curcumin on the growth of bladder cancer. We particularly concentrate on the mechanisms, by which curcumin inhibits the MMP’s activities, thereby securing BM integrity and alleviating the eventual cancer invasion into the bladder muscles. Authors review the recently accumulating data, that curcumin constitutes a potent factor contributing to the more effective treatment of the bladder cancer.

Phytochemical Mining of Potential SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitors from Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC.

Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC is a medicinal plant widely used against various ailments throughout Asian and African cultures. The reported efficacy of B. balsamifera and its phytochemicals against respiratory disorders suggests that it can be a potential therapeutic against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is also a respiratory disease. This potential was demonstrated through an in silico assessment utilizing B. balsamifera phytochemicals and targeting the severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus-2 main protease (SARS-CoV-2 Mpro), an enzyme that plays an important role in the infection process by SARS-CoV-2. The general strategy implemented was termed phytochemical mining in tandem with virtual screening (PM-VS). Data gathering of B. balsamifera phytochemicals reported in the literature was first conducted (PM stage) followed by VS through automated molecular docking of multiple ligands. The present study obtained the most comprehensive phytochemical record and organization of B. balsamifera phytochemicals (a total of 331). Surprisingly, 113 of the unique phytochemicals were promising SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors, of which 12 were re-discovered antiviral drugs from the plant. The promising inhibitors also reveal interesting in silico drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) properties. Further analysis of the promising phytochemicals and their interactions with SARS-CoV-2 Mpro hints at the phenylpropanoid moiety (Ph-C3-) as a potential pharmacophore of the target enzyme. This study illustrated the utility of PM-VS in the preliminary stages of drug discovery and development; however, further studies (e.g. exhaustive VS and definitive “ex silico” experiments) are needed to confirm the present finding.

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PERSPECTIVES OF DIVERSE NATURAL RESOURCES

irritants. It is characterized by redness, swollen joints, joint pain, stiffness, and loss of joint function. Inflammation is currently treated by NSAIDs. Unfortunately, these drugs cause an increased risk of blood clots resulting in heart attacks and strokes. Therefore, the developments of potent anti-inflammatory drugs from natural products are now under consideration. Natural products are a rich source for the discovery of new drugs because of their chemical diversity. A natural product from medicinal plants plays a major role to cure many diseases associated with inflammation. The conventional drug available in the market to treat inflammation produces various side effects. Due to these side effects, there is a need for the search for newer drugs with fewer or no side effects. There are hundreds of phytoconstituents reported to have many pharmacological activities although most of these reports are of academic interest and very few find an entry in clinical trials. The present review is directed towards the compilation of data on promising phytochemicals from herbal plants that have been tested in inflammatory models using modern scientific systems

A review on the important phytochemicals and their role in psoriasis

Psoriasis may emerge at any stage of life irrespective of age, sex or geographic location. It is identified as a chronic immune-linked inflammatory skin disease that affects all human races. Psoriasis is often more Caucasian than non-Caucasian groups of human races and in geographic areas, like higher latitudes and Western countries. Therefore, attention should be paid to both genetic and environmental causes of psoriasis. Natural products have significantly contributed and encouraged the advances in skin disease treatment like psoriasis. The maximum number of phytochemicals is now being used worldwide, including various plants, herbs, and formulations. In addition, some phytochemicals like psoralen, aloe-emodin, curcumin etc. have also been isolated in pure form and have also shown their efficacy in the management of psoriasis. The presence of such phytochemicals confirms the effectiveness of few herbal therapies. This paper reviews some of the promising phytochemicals and their potential molecular target sites and mechanism of action, which may aid in designing and producing more precise and selective antipsoriatic agents. Exploring and recognizing phytochemicals as to how they function will facilitate more site-specific delivery methods for psoriasis care.

Colloidal and vesicular delivery system for herbal bioactive constituents.

The main objective of the present review is to explore and examine the effectiveness of currently developed novel techniques to resolve the issues which are associated with the herbal constituents/extract. A systematic thorough search and collection of reviewed information from Science direct, PubMed and Google Scholar databases based on various sets of key phrases have been performed. All the findings from these data have been studied and briefed based on their relevant and irrelevant information. Herbal drugs are gaining more popularity in the modern world due to their applications in curing various ailments with minimum toxic effects, side effect or adverse effect. However, various challenges exist with herbal extracts/plant actives such as poor solubility (water/lipid), poor permeation, lack of targeting specificity, instability in highly acidic pH, and liver metabolism, etc. Nowadays with the expansion in the technology, novel drug delivery system provides avenues and newer opportunity towards the delivery of herbal drugs with improved physical chemical properties, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic. Developing nano-strategies like Polymeric nanoparticles, Liposomes, Niosomes, Microspheres, Phytosomes, Nanoemulsion and Self Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System, etc. imparts benefits for delivery of phyto formulation and herbal bioactives. Nano formulation of phytoconstituents/ herbal extract could lead to enhancement of aqueous solubility, dissolution, bioavailability, stability, reduce toxicity, permeation, sustained delivery, protection from enzymatic degradation, etc. CONCLUSION: Based on the above findings, the conclusion can be drawn that the nano sized novel drug delivery systems of herbal and herbal bioactives have a potential future for upgrading the pharmacological action and defeating or overcoming the issues related with these constituents. The aims of the present review was to summarize and critically analyze the recent development of nano sized strategies for promising phytochemicals delivery systems along with their therapeutic applications supported by experimental evidence and discussing the opportunities for further aspects.