The Role of Phytochemicals in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide with an ever-increasing incidence rate. Commonly used treatment modalities for CRC include chemotherapy and radiotherapy, which are often associated with adverse effects and limited efficacy. Literature review indicates that multiple factors play a role in CRC pathogenesis such as genetic predispositions, alteration in the gut microbiome and dietary changes. Therefore, it is important to develop a multi-targeted approach for CRC prevention and treatment. Phytochemicals are naturally occurring compounds that exhibit anti-cancer and antioxidant properties by regulating multiple pathways that are involved in CRC tumorigenesis. Numerous phytochemicals exert therapeutic effects against CRC. In this review, we have discussed the role of some widely acknowledged phytochemicals like curcumin, resveratrol, and sulforaphane in both the CRC onset and progression. These phytochemicals are naturally occurring and are known to exhibit anti-cancer activity against CRC by regulating various key signaling pathways including the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. By regulating vital molecular pathways, the course of CRC can be positively altered. The evidence outlined within this literature review suggests the significance of these phytochemicals as preventive agents and their potential role in developing effective therapies. This review emphasizes the molecular mechanisms of curcumin, resveratrol, and sulforaphane that can effectively target CRC development and progression. Additionally, previously performed in vitro and in vivo studies including these promising phytochemicals have also been briefly summarized.